Remote Sensing Activities in NICT

Transcription

1 Remote Sensing Activities in NICT Nobuhiro Takahashi National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Polar Snowfall Hydrology Mission WS

2 Contents Atomspheric Remote Sensing Researches in NICT GPM EarthCARE Lidar Sensing Network THz Activities in Global Satellite Mapping of Precpitation (GSMaP) project 2

3 Research structure in NICT Information and Network Systems Applied Electromagnetic Research Wireless Communications Basic and Advanced Research Radiowave Remote Sensing Group Environment Sensing and Network Group Space Environment Group Electromagnetic Compatibility Group Sensing network 3D-sensing of megacity atmosphere - Doppler lidar - mulipul wind profiler GPM EarthCARE Lidar Global preipitation measurement (with JAXA and NASA) -Ka-band radar (BBM to EM) -Calibrator -Dual-frequency algorithm -TRMM Cloud Aeorosol Radiation Experiment - Cloud profiling radar (CPR) - Level 1 algorithm CO2 measurement with spaceborne DIAL - differenctial absorption lidar 3 THz & SMILES subtropical environment remote sensing Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder on Spacestation New remote sensing technology with THz region Remote sensing facility -COBRA(C-band polarimetric radar) -400MHz & 1.3 GHz wind profile -Long range ocean radar

4 Development of Remote Sensing Technologies at NICT GPM --- electrical EM for KaPR EarhCARE --- CPR(except for antenna and signal processor) KuPR (JAXA) Dual Frequency Radar Multi-frequency Radiometer H2-A Launch Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit ~65 Inclination ~400 km Altitude ~5 km Horizontal Resolution 250 m Vertical Resolution KaPR (NICT&JAXA) KaPR EM (1/8 model) Dual frquency precipitation radar (DPR) Frequency: Ku-band (13.6 GHz), Ka-band (35.5 GHz) Sensitivity: Ku-band --- same as TRMM PR (18 dbz) Ka-band db better than TRMM PR (12 dbz) Field of view: Swath width 245 km; Footprint 5 km Antenna type: Active Phased Array Antenna CPR Quasi Optic Feed Sun-synchronous orbit, nominal altitude or km Launch schedule: 2012 Mission period: 2 (+1) years Sensors Atmospheric LIDAR (ATLID) Cloud Profiling RADAR (CPR) Multi Spectrum Imager (MSI) Broad Band Radiometer (BBR) Some specifications of CPR Tx frequency : GHz Tx peak power : 1.8 kw Pulse width : 3.3μs Antenna diameter : 2.5 m IFOV : 650 m Beam direction : Nadir only Minimum sensitivity : -36dBZ (10-km averaged) Data sampling interval : 100 m (V), 1 km (H) Doppler measurement : Pulse-pair method CO2 monitoring with lider Air-borne DIAL Subtropical Environment remote sensing facility for GPM validation CO 2 CO 2 Far field antenna pattern measurement (Apr. 2007) 400 MHz & 1.3 GHz wind profilers 4 COBRA (C-band, polarimetric radar) 2μm Eye-Safe Laser CO 2 cell Receiver Teles cope Ground Based DIAL

5 Development of Remote Sensing Technologies at NICT Sensing Network --- 3D-Sensing of Megacity Atmosphere Eye-safe Laser beam Sync. system 10km To observe precise urban area winds -> 3-D wind radar system 3D wind radar planned Wind measurement Wind of block-scale to City-scale: -> Scanning 3D Doppler lidars SIMLES/THz --- High frequency measurment of atomosphere Limb sounder measurement microwave to higher frequency (500 GHz) UARS/MLS Odin/SMR EOS/MLS JEM/SMILES 2009 Ozone measurement from JEM Use of THz region Synchronized thru network --- Targets --- Clouds: ICE Cloud (scattering) Size Distribution - Sensitivity for μm - Shape with polarization observation Humidity: Particularly upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) Molecules: related with pollution and global worming Pollution molecules such as CO, H 2 CO, HCN, CH 3 CN, O 3 Global worming species such as NNO, CH4, CH3Cl 5

6 Actitivies relating to the snowfall measurement GPM/DPR rain/snow classification by differential attenuation (Ku and Ka) dual frequency algorithm applicable for DSD estimation 6-dB better sensitivity (12dBZ) than TRMM/PR EarthCARE/CPR High sensitivity measurement: -36 dbz (10 km average) Doppler measurement of polar snow. THz measurement --- New look of (light) snow with THz region (Just started the basic study). Sensing Network technology --- possibility to deploy dual doppler lidars and multiple (portable) wind profilers Now the time to consider Post-GPM, -EarthCARE program 6

7 GSMaP Project : Global precipitation mapping GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation): Started 2002 under JST/CREST (- Nov. 2007), 25 members, lead by Prof. Ken ichi Okamoto (Osaka Prefecture Univ.) GSMaP objective:development of reliable microwave radiometer algorithm Based on the common physical precipitation model with precipitation radar. Achievements: rain type classification (10 types), profile model, DSD model, bright band model Recent challengings: echo top estimation, non-uniform beam filling, snow model TRMM TMI Aqua AMSR-E ADEOS-II AMSR DMSP SSM/I 3 Geostationary Satellite GSMaP Microwave Radiometer Algorithms Cloud Motion Vector Kalman filter from IR infrormation MWR Product 0.25º grid 6 hours 1 day 1 month Combined IR/MWR Product 0.1º grid 1 hour 6-hourly rain map GSMaP_MWR Hourly rain map GSMaP_MVK 7

8 Backup slides 8

9 Development of CPR for EarthCARE Sensors Atmospheric LIDAR (ATLID) Cloud Profiling RADAR (CPR) Multi Spectrum Imager (MSI) Broad Band Radiometer (BBR) Satellite Orbit Sun-synchronous (Local time 13:30 (TBD)) nominal altitude or km repeat coverage cycle: 11 days or 31 days Launch schedule: 2012 Mission period: 2 (+1) years According to the IPCC report the average surface temperature will increase but with large uncertainties. The estimated increase at the end of the 21st century ranges from 1.4 to 5.8 degrees depending the model used. The half of the uncertainty comes from our ignorance of the effect of clouds and aerosols on climate. Their accurate measurements are the must for predicting the warming. Some specifications of CPR Tx frequency : GHz Tx peak power : 1.8 kw Pulse width : 3.3μs Antenna diameter : 2.5 m IFOV : 650 m Beam direction : Nadir only Minimum sensitivity : -36dBZ (10-km averaged) Data sampling interval : 100 m (V), 1 km (H) Doppler measurement : Pulse-pair method 9 EarthCARE is a joint satellite mission of ESA and JAXA to measure the 3D structure of clouds and aerosol distribution with a combination of cloud radar and lidar in order to improve the predictability of global warming. NICT develops the space-borne cloud profiling radar (CPR) jointly with JAXA for this mission.

10 EarthCARE 衛星搭載雲レーダの概要 (1) CPR ( 雲レーダ ) 主反射鏡 アンテナ展開機構 アンテナ支持部 衛星直下の雲の鉛直分布を測定できるミリ波帯パルスレーダ 雲から返ってくるエコーの強さより 雲の濃さや雲粒の大きさだけでなく ドップラ速度の測定により鉛直方向の動きを測定する 機器搭載プラットフォーム アンテナ給電部 EarthCARE 衛星用雲レーダ概観図 主な仕様 観測高度 地表から 0.5 km~20 k 高度サンプリング 100 m 雲観測感度 -36 dbz ( 大気上端にて 送信周波数 GHz ピーク送信出力 1.5 kw 以上 送信パルス幅 3.33 マイクロ秒 主反射鏡直径 2.5 m アンテナビーム幅 度 ドップラ測定手法 パルスペア法 収納時 10

11 EarthCARE 衛星搭載雲レーダの概要 (2) 送信管 送信波 アップコンバータ アンテナ受信信号準光学給電部低雑音増幅器ダウンコンバータ データ処理部 2 送信管 2 受信部 2 電源部アンテナ給電部送信部 2 データ処理部 1 受信部 1 送信管 1 送信部 1 機器搭載プラットフォームの内部 パルス変調器 局部発信器 データ処理部 2 次反射鏡 円偏波変換干渉器 雲レーダのブロック図 11 受信系ミラー アンテナ給電部の内部 送受分離用グリッド 送信系ミラー

12 Technology Development for the global easurement of CO2 with Space-borne DIAL (Differential Absorption Lidar Lidar) Basic technology development for high sensitivity measurement of global warming gasses (such as CO2) from a next-generation satellite Feasibility study and system design verification with ground-based and airborne systems We have already developed a high-power laser (#1 in the world: 400 mj in the 2-micron band) 2006: Conceptual design of a ground-based system, component technology development Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Air-borne DIAL CO 2 CO 2 cell 12 2μm Eye-Safe Laser Receiver Telescope Ground Based DIAL observation

13 3D-Sensing of Megacity Atmosphere to observe local environment in urban areas Concerns on environments in mega-cities; However, cannot be resolved or captured in existing weather-forecast/environ. monitoring systems Clouds over belt highway-8 contain hazardous chemicals Needs 3-D & Hig-Res. Obs. System of Urban Atmosphere Remote-sensing instruments/ NICT (Ntnl. Inst. of Info. Comm. Tech.) of Ministry of Telecom. & Kyoto Univ. Chemistry & Air quality/ Univ. of Tokyo Heavy rains and Floods inside mega-cities Network-connected sensors 3-D remote-sensing High-res. (2km mesh) urban weather forecast/japan Met. Agency Demonstrate effectiveness of technology Show usefulness in social services Heat island in Tokyo Red: above50 C Policy making & social benefit (human life & property) 13

14 3D-sensing of Megacity: : Concerns and Observations Current status: difficulty to forecast sub-city-scale events. Ox transport 2001/7/20 13:30 JST O3 (ppbv) To observe precise urban area winds -> 3-D wind radar system Existing wind profilers S Wind measurement 3D wind radar planned Wind measurement Transport by wind is important. Ox is evident Not in source region, but suburban area. of Tokyo Vertical profile only. Assuming homogeniety in the area S. Synchronized thru network Data points in a 3-D volume No assumption of spatial homogeniety can observe fine-structure of the field Urban climate 40 Obs. (Tokyo) 35 Wind of block-scale to City-scale: -> Scanning 3D Doppler lidars km 10.0m/s Local Model of Met. Agency / /00 06 Heat-island in Tokyo was not reproduced by Japan Met. Agency models. Sync. system 14 Eye-safe Laser beam 10km 50km 50km 50km