Interference Mitigation Using a Multiple Feed Array for Radio Astronomy

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1 Interference Mitigation Using a Multiple Feed Array for Radio Astronomy Chad Hansen, Karl F Warnick, and Brian D Jeffs Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Brigham Young University Provo, UT J Richard Fisher and Richard Bradley National Radio Astronomy Observatory Green Bank, West Virginia July 13, 2004

2 RFI Mitigation Techniques: Spatial filtering Requires multiple spatially separated looks at interferer Adaptive cancellation Time blanking

3 Array Feed - Design Goals High Sensitivity Sensitivity = Gain System Temperature ~ SNR T sys =T receiver + T spillover + T Interference + T atmosphere +T cmb Beam steering Beam shape control Gain stability RFI Mitigation

4 Previous Work: Array Feeds Most implementations: 1 feed = 1 beam eg: Parkes HIPASS Array Multibeam feed

5 19-element Array at NRAO Electrically small elements Hexagonal array Beamforming

6 Approach 25 meter paraboloid GRASP8 (TICRA) PTD reflector analysis software Array weights three methods: Conjugate field match (CFM) Brute force sensitivity optimization Max SNR/LCMV (beamforming + RFI nulling) Compare to single waveguide feed

7 Assumptions Array: Operating frequency: 1612 MHz 7 and 19-element hexagonal arrays with 06λ spacing Hertzian dipoles No mutual coupling between array elements Hemispherical element patterns Noise model: Individual LNA noise temperature: 15 K Spillover noise: 300K warm ground below reflector Atmospheric and cosmic background noise is neglected

8 Interference Mitigation s[n] max-snr/lcmv x 1 [n] x 2 [n] x N [n] w 1 w 2 y[n] w N Spillover noise

9 Sensitivity 25 meter reflector Boresight beam 10 x Array feed (optimum) Array feed (CFM) Waveguide feed Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) Feed Displacement (wavelengths) closer to reflector further from reflector

10 Gain and Spillover Efficiency Array feed (optimum) Array feed (CFM) Waveguide feed Array feed (optimum) Array feed (CFM) Waveguide feed Gain (dbi) Feed Displacement (wavelengths) Spillover Efficiency (%) Feed Displacement (wavelengths)

11 Reflector Illumination Pattern 10 Array feed (optimum) Waveguide feed 0 Gain (dbi) Degrees from Boresight

12 Steered Beams/Offset Feed Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) 12 x Array feed, focal plane Array feed, 25 wavelengths Array feed, +15 wavelengths Array feed, +25 wavelengths Array feed, CFM Waveguide feed Degrees from Boresight

13 Focal Field Distribution Boresight Beam steered to db 0 25 db λ λ

14 Results (7 Element Array) Interferer at 30 degrees, INR=0 db Sens eff =00073 Jy 1 Spillover eficiency=971 % Gain=493 dbi Sens eff =00073 Jy 1 Spillover eficiency=971 % Gain=493 dbi Gain (dbi) 0 20 Gain (dbi) Degrees from Boresight Degrees from Boresight

15 Main Beam Distortion Sens =00073 Jy 1 eff 50 Spillover eficiency=971 % Gain=493 dbi Gain (dbi) Degrees from Boresight Distored Beampattern with Interference Normal Beampattern with no Interference

16 Interferer at 30 deg, INR In changing 8 x 10 3 Array feed (max SNR) Waveguide feed Effective Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) INR In (db)

17 Moving Interferer 9 x Effective Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) Degrees from Boresight

18 Interference Rejection Interference Rejection (db) Degrees from Boresight - Low sensitivity corresponds to poor spillover efficiency and gain loss

19 Signal/Interferer Array Responses Angle cosine between interferer and signal response vectors Sensitivity decreases when responses are similar Sensitivity loss is a grating lobe-like effect cosψ Degrees from Boresight

20 19-element array, moving interferer Effective Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) element array feed 19 element array feed Theoretical maximum Degrees from Boresight

21 Conclusions Good sensitivity can be achieved using an array feed In the presence of an interferer Interference at all INR levels and all angles was effectively rejected Main beam distortion occurs due to beam steering/rfi mitigation Sensitivity fluctuates by a few db with moving angle of arrival Future work: Algorithms: beam shape control, defocusing (larger arrays)? Broadband elements Mutual coupling Prototype

22 Gain and Spillover Efficiency Gain (dbi) Array feed, focal plane 42 Array feed, 25 wavelengths Array feed, +15 wavelengths 40 Array feed, +25 wavelengths Array feed, CFM Waveguide feed Degrees from Boresight 08 1 Spillover Efficiency (%) Array feed, focal plane Array feed, 25 wavelengths Array feed, +15 wavelengths Array feed, +25 wavelengths Array feed, CFM Waveguide feed Degrees from Boresight

23 Multiple Beams θ=3 θ-cut Gain(dBi) Gain(dBi) Phi Degrees from Boresight

24 Sensitivity x 10 3 Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) Beam 5 6 7

25 Sum of outer weights Effective Sensitivity (Jy 1 ) Sum of amplitudes of outer six element weights

26 Center element, INR IN INR IN (db) Degrees from Boresight

27 Assumptions 15 K W 1 LNA 15 K W 1 W 2 15 K W 2 15 K W N G S = T rec + T spill T = (W ) rec W N N i= 1 i 2 T i

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