SAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO THE CONNECTION OF MV AND HV GROUNDING

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1 SAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO THE CONNECTION OF MV AND HV GROUNDING Y. Rajotte J. Fortin G. Lessard Hydro-Québec, Canada Hydro-Québec, Canada Hydro-Québec, Canada s: In recent years, there has been an explosive growth of mobile telephone systems. In urban areas, antennas are seen on tall buildings and structures. In rural areas, the options are limited and HV towers represent an interesting alternative. Antennas started to appear in HV towers a few years ago and their number is rapidly increasing. Beacon lights in HV towers also require power. These systems are fed from an MV line. As elsewhere in North America, residential loads are fed by single-phase MV/LV s. MV lines therefore carry a neutral conductor to ensure the return path of the unbalance load current. Grounds on MV, LV and telecommunication systems are tied together. The overall grounds along the line, including those of customers, are thus tied to the MV neutral and constitute an extended grounding system called multigrounded neutral. The neutral is also tied to the HV/MV substation ground grid along with skywires and counterpoises from HV lines. The question arising from feeding loads in HV towers is whether the connection of MV and HV grounding systems should extend outside substations or an isolation be used; the main concern is related to touch voltages in MV and LV installations during a fault on the HV tower. This question had led Hydro-Québec to initiate a project aimed at determining the most appropriate method to feed loads in HV towers. It includes a parametric analysis based on a computer model implemented in MATLAB and field tests. Tests have been performed in three sites. Lachute and Richmond are located in rural areas and Rosemere in an urban area close to Montreal. A low amplitude current close to 60 Hz is injected through the HV line from the substations to the tower ground under study. Touch voltages are measured at different locations along the MV line. Figure 1 Touch voltages measured at 10 m from ground electrodes along the MV line for an injection on an HV line tower The two conditions (HV and MV grounding systems connected or isolated) are considered. Figure 1 gives an example of the measured touch voltages. With grounding system impedances ranging between 0.1 and 5 and fault currents comprised between 5 and 25 ka, HV lines produce ground potential rises typically exceeding several kilovolts. By connecting the neutral of an MV rural line to the HV grounding system, touch voltages exceeding safe limits are transferred hundreds of meters away from the faulted HV tower and many customers are affected (see Figure 1). Even if the neutral is isolated from the HV grounding system, high touch voltages can appear on the MV/LV system in the vicinity of the faulted tower. However, particularly in rural areas, few (if any) customers are affected and mitigation measures can be implemented. Because of the very low impedance of the multigrounded neutral in densely populated areas, urban lines can limit touch voltages within safe limits (see Figure 1). In the light of these results, in rural areas, Hydro-Québec is considering isolating the MV neutral when feeding loads in HV towers. A line is considered rural if it feeds less than approximately 50 customers in a 1-km range from the HV tower. Figure 2 presents the proposed method. Canadian Standards require that the LV cable neutral be grounded at both ends; an MV isolation is therefore used; this is a standard 25-kV class single phase. The can withstand 50 kv rms for 1 min. Disconnecting switches are installed on the load side of the to isolate the site from the HV grounding system when maintenance work is needed locally. A minimum distance of 15 to 20 m is required between the isolation and the HV tower. The MV/LV is standard and located close to the HV tower. The ground is connected to the HV tower ground. L1 N L2 mobile telephone installation HV tower ground Figure 2 MV/LV disconnecting switches m MV/MV isolation MV line Proposed installation to feed an LV load on an HV tower in rural areas

2 SAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO THE CONNECTION OF MV AND HV GROUNDING Y. Rajotte J. Fortin G. Lessard Hydro-Québec, Canada Hydro-Québec, Canada Hydro-Québec, Canada s: Hydro-Québec conducted a research program aimed at specifying a method of feeding loads in HV (high voltage) towers and more specifically, whether the HV and MV (medium voltage) grounding systems should be connected. Field measurements were made at three sites and the results were used to validate a MATLAB-based computer model. The main results of a sensitivity analysis identifying the key system parameters that influence touch voltages on LV (low voltage) and MV networks during faults on the HV system are presented. Finally, a method for feeding loads in HV towers is proposed. Keywords: multigrounded neutral, GPR, touch voltages, MV lines, HV lines, field tests 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, there has been an explosive growth of mobile telephone systems. In urban areas, antennas are seen on tall buildings and structures. In rural areas, the options are limited and HV towers represent an interesting alternative. Antennas started to appear in HV towers a few years ago and their number is rapidly increasing. Beacon lights in HV towers also require power. These systems are fed from an MV line. As elsewhere in North America, residential loads are fed by single-phase MV/LV s. MV lines therefore carry a neutral conductor to ensure the return path of the unbalance load current. Grounds on MV, LV and telecommunication systems are tied together. The overall grounds along the line, including those of customers, are thus tied to the MV neutral and constitute an extended grounding system called multigrounded neutral. The neutral is also tied to the HV/MV substation ground grid along with skywires and counterpoises from HV lines. The question arising from feeding mobile telephone systems in HV towers is whether the connection of MV and HV grounding systems should extend outside substations or an isolation be used; the main concern is related to touch voltages in MV and LV installations during a fault on the HV tower. This question had led Hydro- Québec to initiate a project aimed at determining the most appropriate method to feed loads in HV towers. It includes a computer analysis and field tests. 2. COMPUTER ANALYSIS The computer model is first described. A simple numerical example of the coupling between HV and MV lines is given and the results of the parametric analysis are presented. When parallel, they can be 20, 50 or 100 m apart. Pi circuits are used to model both lines. Soil resistivity () is assumed homogeneous and takes three values: 30, 300 and m. The HV line has either one skywire only (1sw0cp) or 2 skywires and 2 counterpoises (2sw2cp). Steel conductors are used: 95 mm 2 (R=5 /km) for skywires and 64 mm 2 (R=7 /km) for counterpoises. The ground resistance of towers is set to /30 for 1sw0cp lines and the span between towers is set to 333 m. For 2sw2cp lines, the ground resistance is determined by the contribution of counterpoises; the line is divided in 100-m sections with a ground resistance of /45. The magnetic coupling between phase and ground conductors is taken into account. MV line topology is complex; MV lines have multiple branches, the density of customers vary along the line and the contribution of their grounds must be taken into account. A simplified model based on previous work [1] is therefore used. The branches are eliminated and the line is divided in 100-m sections with a ground resistance of /10 which results from the paralleling of both ground rods at the foot of poles and customer grounds. A 100 mm 2 ACSR conductor is used for the neutral (R=0,45 /km). This model applies to rural lines only because the grounding system of urban MV lines is too complex. The resistive coupling between individual grounds of HV and LV lines is taken into account. Point current sources are assumed to model the coupling between the MV and the 1sw0cp HV line grounds. The coupling between a point current source and a buried straight conductor [2] models the interaction between the MV and the 2sw2cp HV line grounds. The circuit integrating both lines and the coupling between them is implemented in MATLAB. A phase-toground fault is applied in the middle of the HV line where the neutral can be either connected or isolated from the faulted HV tower ground. 2.1 Computer Model Description Figure 1 presents the two configurations considered. The HV and MV lines are either parallel or perpendicular. Figure 1 Schematics of the two configurations considered: lines perpendicular or parallel

3 Figure 2 Circulation of ground currents during a fault on the HV system: MV neutral connected to the HV tower ground 2.2 Simple Numerical Example A numerical example based on very simple model (see Figures 2 and 3) is presented with a view to explain briefly the phenomena governing the circulation of ground currents in the MV system during a fault on the HV line. A ground electrode connected to the MV neutral is located 20 m from the faulted HV tower. All the other grounds on the MV line are assumed to be outside the zone of influence of the HV line; they are concentrated in a single ground located 500 m from the faulted tower. The series impedance of the neutral is neglected. The ground impedance of both lines is set to 1. The current injected in the grounding system is set to 20 ka. The MV neutral is either connected (Figure 2) or isolated (Figure 3) from the faulted HV tower ground. When the neutral is connected, the current is split equally between the HV and the MV grounding systems. The ground potential rise (GPR) is the same on both lines and reaches 10 kv. Twenty metres from the faulted tower, the ground potential (V g20 ) is assumed to be 30% of the GPR and therefore reaches 3 kv. The voltage drop on the local ground electrode (R g I g =7 kv) results from the difference between the GPR (10 kv) and the local ground potential (3 kv). The ground potential 500 m from the faulted tower is assumed to be 0 V and the GPR on the MV line neutral is still 10 kv. The voltage drop on the MV ground electrodes is therefore 10 kv locally. When the neutral is isolated, the current is injected in the HV grounding system only; the GPR therefore reaches 20 kv on the HV grounding system and only 60 V on the MV neutral. Twenty metres from the faulted tower, the ground potential reaches 6 kv; the voltage drop is therefore 6 kv (GPR MV V g20 6 kv). The ground potential 500 m from the faulted tower is assumed to be 0 V Figure 3 Circulation of ground currents during a fault on the HV system: MV neutral isolated from the HV tower ground and the GPR MV is only 60 V. The voltage drop on the MV ground electrodes far from the faulted tower is therefore negligible. This example points out that high touch voltages are likely to appear on the MV line when HV and MV grounding systems are connected. The isolation of the two grounding systems brings a considerable reduction in the touch voltages on the MV line with the exception of the grounds located in the vicinity of the faulted HV tower. When the interaction between two grounding systems is important, the touch voltages depend on the voltage drop (R g I g ) on ground electrodes rather than on the GPR. More precisely, they are a fraction of the voltage drop (R g I g ) on the ground electrodes. This parameter will therefore be used when presenting the results from the computer analysis. 2.3 Results of the Computer Analysis Figure 4 presents the ground impedance of the HV and MV lines as a function of soil resistivity. Counterpoises contribute to the reduction of HV line ground impedance by a factor of three to four. The impedance of an MV rural line is similar to that of an HV line. It should be remembered that the impedance along an MV line varies with the customer density Figure 4 Ground impedance of HV and MV lines

4 Figure 5 Voltage drop (R g I g ) on ground electrodes along the MV line (HV and MV grounding systems connected or isolated) Figure 5 gives an example of the voltage drop (R g I g ) on ground electrodes along the MV line during a fault on the HV line. For electrodes located in the vicinity of the faulted HV tower, voltages exceed 150 V/kA in both cases. By connecting the two grounding systems, high voltages are transferred over distances that reach a few kilometres. Figure 6 presents the range of the voltage drop values (R g I g ) at the closest MV line ground electrode from the faulted HV tower. When the neutral is connected to the HV grounding system, voltages are almost independent of the distance between the MV ground electrode and the tower; the results are therefore grouped in a single curve. In most cases, voltages are higher when the two grounding systems are connected. When they are isolated, voltages drop by increasing the distance between the ground electrode and the HV tower. Touch voltages at 1 m from a ground rod typically reach 30-70% of the voltage drop on the electrode. In LV installations, the ground (PE) conductor (TN-S system is used in North America) transfer voltages over distances typically exceeding ten meters. Touch voltages in LV installations can therefore reach close to 100% of the voltage drop on the local ground electrode. From Figure 6, it can be concluded that touch voltages typically exceed 100 V/kA on rural MV lines in the vicinity of the faulted tower. Fault currents on the HV system typically vary between 5 and 25 ka. Touch voltages Figure 6 Range of voltage drop values (R g I g ) and measured touch voltages at the closest MV line ground electrode from the faulted HV tower exceeding safety criteria can therefore be reached for both conditions (HV and MV grounding systems connected or isolated) close to the HV tower. By connecting the two systems, the high touch voltages are transferred over long distances. 3. FIELD TESTS Field tests are required to investigate practical situations and to supplement the computer study which is based on a simplified model. A low amplitude current close to 60 Hz (10 A at 50/70 Hz) is injected through the HV line from the substations at both ends to the tower ground under study (see Figure 7). Ground current distribution and touch voltages are measured at different locations along the MV line. The two conditions (HV and MV grounding systems connected or isolated) are considered. The source was also inserted between the HV line phase conductor and the MV line grounding system to measure its impedance. Z sub1 Figure 7 I 1 I 2 c I 1 I inj. = I 1 +I 2 c I 2 c )I 1 c )I inj. Z line c )I 2 Current injection on an HV line Z sub2 Tests were performed at three different sites in September The first site is located in a rural area near the town of Lachute, 70 km west of Montreal. A 140-km-long 315-kV double-circuit line connecting Chénier and Vignan substations is used; the current is injected in a tower located 25 km from Chénier substation. The second site is located in an urban area in the town of Rosemere close to Montreal. A 22-km-long 120-kV double-circuit line connecting Duvernay and Blvd Labelle substations is used; the current is injected in a tower located 9 km from Blvd Labelle substation. The 120- and 315-kV lines each have 2 counterpoises. The third one is located in a rural area near the town of Richmond, 120 km east of Montreal. A 90-km-long 735-kV line connecting Des Cantons and St-Césaire substations is used; the current is injected in a tower located 15 km from Des Cantons substation. Figures 8 and 10 present some of the measurement points at Lachute and Rosemere respectively. 3.1 Impedance of HV and MV Lines The fraction of the injected current (I inj. ) circulating in the MV neutral (I MV ) when connected to the HV tower is first examined. Table 1 presents the results. A significant fraction of the current is injected in the grounding system of the two rural lines (66 and 25%). In Rosemere, almost all the current (94%) circulates through the urban MV grounding system which indicate its very high efficiency. Table 1 Fraction of the injected current circulating in the neutral of the MV grounding system Lachute Richmond Rosemere I MV /I inj

5 West_55 West_35 East_35 West_25 East_10 West_1 East_5 _ Figure 8 Location of measurement points in Lachute (rural MV line) Figure 10 Location of measurement points in Rosemere (urban MV line) Figure 9 Injection on the HV line in Lachute: touch voltages along the MV line (neutral-toground voltages at 10 m from ground rods) Figure 11 Injection on the HV line in Rosemere: touch voltages along the MV line (neutral-toground voltages at 10 m from ground rods)

6 A line s ground impedance is given by GPR/(1 c )I inj. where c is the magnetic coupling between the phase and ground conductors. The factor (1 c ) typically varies between 0.85 and 0.95 for HV lines on the Hydro-Québec s system; a value of 0.9 is used for the impedance calculation. In Lachute, the GPR is measured relative to a point located 1.5 km from the injection point (see Figure 8). At the other two sites, this measurement was not possible. The GPR is estimated by measuring the voltage between the HV and LV grounding systems when isolated. Due to the resistive coupling between them, the measured voltage is lower than the actual GPR. In Richmond particularly, the coupling is significant and the measurement gives only a minimum value for the impedance of both lines. The impedance of HV and MV rural lines ranges from 0.5 to 1 (see Table 2); these values are typical on the HQ s system (see Figure 4). The impedance of the urban MV line is much lower (<0.1); this very low impedance is due to the high density of customers and the contribution of the buried metal pipes used for the water supply system. Table 2 Measured impedance of HV and MV lines Lachute Richmond Rosemère Z HT 1.0 > Z MT 0.5 >0.8 < Touch Voltages Touch voltages are measured at 10 m from the ground electrodes because voltages in LV installations can be transferred at such distances (see section 2.3). In Lachute (see Figure 9), touch voltages reach 390 V for both conditions (grounding systems connected or not) at 20 m from the HV tower. Bea_20 produces higher touch voltages than Rob_20 (both are located 20 m from the HV tower) because it is located in the right-of-way of the HV line which has counterpoises; it is therefore closer than 20 m from the tower ground electrode. While touch voltages exceed 100 V/kA for more than one km from the faulted HV tower when the grounding systems are connected, they fall below 30 V/kA within 100 m when they are isolated. Similar results are obtained in Richmond which is also located in a rural area. In Rosemere, touch voltages also reach close to 400 V/kA when the two grounding systems are isolated (see Figure 11). However, by connecting the neutral to the HV grounding system, touch voltages fall below 20 V/kA. The multigrounded neutral of the urban MV L1 N L2 mobile telephone installation HV tower ground MV/LV disconnecting switches m MV/MV isolation MV line Figure 12 Proposed installation to feed an LV load on an HV tower in rural areas line in Rosemere constitutes a global earthing system as defined by the IEC TC99: an equivalent earthing system created by the interconnection of local earthing systems that ensures, by the proximity of the earthing systems, that there are no dangerous touch voltages. Figure 6 compares the voltages calculated to those measured for sites located in the vicinity of the faulted HV tower. With the exception of Rosemere, the measured voltages are within the range of calculated values. It should be remembered that the parametric analysis did not include urban MV lines. 4. CONCLUSIONS With impedances ranging between 0.1 and 5 and fault currents comprised between 5 and 25 ka, HV lines produce ground potential rises typically exceeding several kilovolts. The occurrence of faults on the HV system is low: it varies typically between 0.1 and 1 fault/ year/100 km. However, assuming there are 200 to 500 installations in HV towers (antennas and beacon lights), a fault on the HV line is likely to occur in the vicinity of one of these installations about once a year. By connecting the neutral of an MV line to the HV grounding system, touch voltages exceeding safe limits are transferred hundreds of meters away from the faulted HV tower and many customers are affected. Even if the neutral is isolated from the HV grounding system, high touch voltages can appear on the MV/LV system in the vicinity of the faulted tower. However, particularly in rural areas, few (if any) customers are affected. Because of the very low impedance of the multigrounded neutral in densely populated areas, urban MV lines can limit touch voltages within safe limits. In light of these results, Hydro-Québec is considering, in rural areas, isolating the MV neutral when feeding loads in HV towers. A line is considered rural if it feeds less than approximately 50 customers in a 1-km range from the HV tower. Figure 12 presents the proposed method. Canadian Standards require that the LV neutral be grounded at both ends; an MV isolation is therefore used; this is a standard 25-kV class single phase. The can withstand 50 kv rms for 1 min. Disconnecting switches are installed on the load side of the to isolate the site from the HV grounding system when maintenance work is needed locally. A minimum distance of 15 to 20 m is required between the isolation and the HV tower. The MV/LV is standard and located close to the HV tower. Their grounds are connected. In conclusion, mobile telephone antennas in HV towers bring new opportunities and challenges to Utilities. These sites can be operated safely if appropriate measures are taken. 5. REFERENCES [1] Y. Rajotte, J. Fortin, B. Cyr, G. Raymond, Characterization of the Ground Impedance of Rural Lines on Hydro-Québec s System, in 14th CIRED Conference, 1997, paper [2] A. P. S. Meliopoulos, Power System Grounding and Transients, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988, pp

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