Relay Types and Applications Dr. Sasidharan Sreedharan

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1 O&M of Protection System and Relay Coordination Relay Types and Applications Dr. Sasidharan Sreedharan

2 Detailed Schedule 2

3 SIMPLE RELAY

4 Magnitude Rate of Change Phase Angle Direction Frequency Wave Shape Duration (Time) Ratio Actuating Quantities

5 RELAY Classification Construction Solenoid Attracted Armature Electro dynamic Moving Coil Induction Applications Over V/I Under V/I Directional Relay Differential Relay Distance or Impedance Relay Characteristics Instant Definite time Inverse time Inverse definite minimum time

6 Relay Types Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs) EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit. Solid-state Relays (SSRs) SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC power. Microprocessor Based Relays Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly used in power system monitoring and protection.

7 Advantages/Disadvantages Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs) Simplicity Not expensive Mechanical Wear Solid-state Relays (SSRs) No Mechanical movements Faster than EMR No sparking between contacts Sold State relays are having more advantages than electromagnetic relays such as small CT burden, less space, fast operation, more accuracy, long life and less maintenance Microprocessor-based Relay Much higher precision and more reliable and durable. Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems before, during and after faults occur. Capable of both digital and analog I/O. Higher cost

8 Electro Magnetic Relay In an electromagnetic relay, the operating torque is produced by the electromagnetic attraction/electromagnetic induction/thermal effects of electric current. The restraining torque is produced by the springs F is the net torque Relay operates when the net torque is positive F F F o r Fo is the operating force. Fr is the restraining force.

9 Type of Relay units Attracted armature type relay (Electromagnetic) Balanced Beam relay(electromagnetic) Induction disc relay (Electromagnetic) Induction Cup relay(electromagnetic) Moving coil and moving iron relay (Electromagnetic) Gas operated Relay Rectifier relay units Static relay

10 Principle Simplest type of relays The relays have coil or electromagnet energized by the coil Coil may be energized by the actuating quantity which is proportional to circuit current and voltage. A plunger or vane is subjected to the action of the magnetic field produced by the operating quantity. Respond to both AC and DC Very fast in action Don t have directional feature Affected by transients Modern attraction armature type relays are compact, robust and reliable.

11 Attracted Armature Type

12 Applications Over Current Protection Definite time lag over current and earth fault protection Differential Protection Auxiliary Relays

13 Balanced Beam Relay Difficult to design over wide range of current Very fast and instantaneous

14 Shaded Pole Type Induction Disc Type

15 Watt hour meter type

16 Principle of Operation Electro- magnetic induction relays operate on the principle of induction motor. An induction relay consists of a pivoted Aluminium disc placed in two alternating magnetic fields of the same frequency but displaced in time and space. The torque is produced in the disc by the interaction of one of the magnetic fields with the current induced in the disc by the other

17 Induction Disk Relay

18 Plug Setting and Time Setting In these relays there is facility of selecting the plug setting and time setting such that the same relay can be used for wide range of current time and characteristics.

19 Induction Cup Relay Modern induction cup relays have 4 or more poles The relays can be responsive to voltage and current The double actuating quantity relay can be responsive to both voltage and current The operating time characteristics depends on the type of structure Modern Induction cup relay may have an operating time of second

20 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Relay Relay responds to DC only Uniform torque Inverse time current Characteristics Operating Torque

21 DC Operation only Characteristics varied by adjusting the control spring Operating Torque is proportional to current.

22 Rectifier Relay Systems

23 Thermal Relays Use bimetallic strips to open/close relay contacts when temperature exceeds/drops to certain level. Require certain reaction time Inverse time/current relationship

24 Directional Relay

25 Frequency Relays Under Frequency Relays Over Frequency Relays Rate of Change of Frequency Relay Applications Load Shedding

26 Frequency Relays Either electromagnetic or static Relay can operate on under frequency/over frequency Under voltage relay is normally provided in conjunction with under frequency relay

27 Frequency Relay

28 Under Voltage Relays Provided for AC circuits, bus bars, motors, rectifiers, transformers etc. Necessary for voltage and reactive power control. Instantaneous or inverse characteristics Construction similar to usual induction relay or attached armature relay

29 DC relays Induction relays are not suitable for DC MI and PMMC are suitabe for DC PMMC high accuracy and low consumption Applications: Controlling direct current either rise in current or fall in current or reverse current. DC voltage relays are generally suitable for control of DC voltage (rise or fall)

30 All or Nothing Relays Pick up value not critical Does not perform precise measurement but it does not operate but change its state (open contacts, close contacts) Such relays assist in measuring relays and they take over various duties such as time lag, tripping indication etc. Works in coordination with protective relays such that the protection relays can be designed for less burden and more sensitivity.

31 Negative Phase Sequence Relay A negative phase sequence (or phase unbalance) relay is essentially provided for the protection of generators and motors against unbalanced loading that may arise due to phase-to-phase faults. Such relay has a filter circuit, which is responsive only to the negative sequence components.

32 Over Current Relay

33 Over Voltage relay

34 Numerical Relays

35 Regards, Dr. Sasidharan Sreedharan YBL Systems and Solutions (Electrical Power System Research Consultants) 35

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