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1 Prepared for: National Public Safety Telecommunications Council - The Voice of Public Safety Title Author Date Audience Sean O Hara (Syracuse Research Corp.) 09/21/ GHz Incident Scenario and Simulation NPSTC Open Committee Meeting

2 RPC Guidelines for Affected Region Region 99 Regional Planning Guidelines for 4.9 GHz (FCC Channel Numbers) (1-5) (6,7) (8,9) (10,11) (12,13) (14-18) Police Fire EMS Special Applications Point to Point (All Services)

3 Incident Area

4 Incident Area

5 01:15 PM The Incident An explosion rocks the edge of a downtown area (see Figure 2 and Figure 3) in a mid-size US town. The blast emanates from a small car loaded with explosives parked near a popular restaurant. Immediate casualties from the sidewalk café result and dozens of additional people inside the restaurant are wounded from the glass and flying debris. Portions of the building start to ignite due to the blast and heat. Emergency alarms are set off, and multiple 911 calls are received at the local Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP). Within minutes, the two primary public safety radio sites serving the area are destroyed by related terrorist acts. These additional attacks leave the area with no infrastructure-based voice and narrowband data coverage.

6 The Incident 01:18-01:25 PM Police, Fire and EMS units arrive on the scene, immediately work to cordon off and evacuate the area, perform rescue and fire fighting efforts, and start to set up a triage area for the wounded. With no infrastructure communications to rely on, they immediately turn to the 700 MHz Tactical Incident Command Structure (TICS) that they have all trained to utilize for interoperability between the first responder services.

7 01:25 PM The Incident Additional Police, Fire, and EMS command units arrive on the scene and set up tactical fire ground communications. With no infrastructure to rely on, all units immediately go to their assigned 700 MHz narrowband channels for tactical and command unit voice communications at the scene. Voice interoperability between the services is still handled by TICS protocols using the 700 MHz channel assignments that were put in place beforehand. All external communications to and from the scene are handled via temporary 4.9 GHz point-to-point links[1] between each services Mobile Command Centers (MCCs) and a public safety Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). Data communications for all of the Police, Fire and EMS services at the scene is provided by 4.9 GHz mobile access points (APs)[2] that are located on each of the MCCs. These mobile commend centers are parked in close proximity to each other to facilitate coordination between the Fire Ground commanders of each of the services. All services turn their 4.9 GHz radios at the scene, scan the access points for their respective services, and commence communications. The only spectrum management role of each of the incident commanders is to direct that the 4.9 GHz access points are set to transmit on the channels recommended by the local regional planning committee to avoid cochannel interference at the scene (see Figure 1). Adjacent channel interference effects are not considered by the incident commanders. [1] These links are pre-assigned throughout the Region by the regional plan, are shared by all public safety services, and reside on the outer 5 MHz channels of the 4.9 GHz allocation. See Figure 1. [2] These are based upon IEEE j technology using the standard A transmitter mask.

8 01:30 PM The Incident Within 15 minutes of the explosion, full tactical voice (700 MHz) and Data (4.9 GHz) communications capabilities are available at the scene. A full perimeter is in place, and the area on the south side of the incident is widened to encompass some chemical storage tanks that may present further targets, or present a hazard to on-scene personnel. Because of propagation effects, 700 MHz voice coverage of the scene is fairly reliable and available over approximately 95% of the incident response area. However, many units are not able to achieve data coverage at 4.9 GHz due to large areas of the scene having no clear propagation path to the mobile AP s. The incident commanders enable mesh routing in all units across the on scene so that data communications (albeit with reduced throughput) are available to all units. See the example communications routing diagrams in Figure 5 through Figure 8. These show how the data may be routed through various intermediate communications nodes.

9 01:33 PM The Incident Fire units on the scene have identified a briefcase that was left in a trash can on the south side of the building hit by the explosion. Fearing that this represents a secondary device that is intended to target first responders, it is decided to deploy a remote controlled bomb squad robot that is on scene. The remote controlled robot operates on a single 4.9 GHz channel that is reserved for such emergencies. The bomb squad incident commander first issues an all-clear signal over the channel beacon to clear any accidental operations on this reserve channel, and then initiates the robot s operations utilizing a directional antenna pointed at the robot. Other than operating on this reserve channel (which is adjacent to the EMS on scene operating channel) with a directional antenna, standard OFDM transceivers are employed for both the robot and its control point.

10 01:33 3:00 PM The Incident All first responders perform their duties. On-scene data applications that are utilized in order to support incident response operations are as follows: Police (35 Active Mobile Data Units on Scene) From AP/Incident Command to Units o PDA-based applications that include text messaging and the display of onscene maps that show the geo-location of all other police units [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 1,000 KB/hour/unit]. From Perimeter Units to AP/Incident Command o Photographs of crowds and individuals in the vicinity of the perimeter. These are sent to Federal Government databases via the mobile command unit s back haul links for image recognition analyses against those known to be associated with terrorist activities [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 6,000 KB/hour/unit, corresponding to six (6) high resolution JPEG images]. o Geo-location Information [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 500 KB/hour/unit].

11 The Incident Fire (13 Active Mobile Data Units on Scene) From AP/Incident Command to Units o Head up display-based applications that include text messaging, the display of on-scene maps that show the geo-location of all other fire units, and periodically updated infra-red (IR) imagery of affected buildings showing possible ignition/combustion activities [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 5,000 KB/hour/unit]. From Perimeter Units to AP/Incident Command o Tactical images and video on demand [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 50,000 KB/hour/unit]. o Geo-location Information [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 500 KB/hour/unit]. o Unit health status that included vital signs, oxygen supplies, and ambient temperature [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 500 KB/hour/unit].

12 The Incident EMS (12 Active Mobile Data Units on Scene) From AP/Incident Command to Units o Head up display-based applications that include text messaging, and vital signs [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 5,000 KB/hour/unit]. From Perimeter Units to AP/Incident Command o Telemedicine images and video on demand [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 50,000 KB/hour/unit] o Patient and triage health status that includes vital signs, medicinal and blood supplies [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 5,000 KB/hour/unit].

13 The Incident Special Operations - Bomb Squad (1 Active Mobile Data Unit on Scene) From AP/Incident Command to Robot Unit o Control information [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 50,000 KB/hour/unit]. From Perimeter Units to AP/Incident Command o Video Information for robot control [estimated worst case physical layer throughput requirement of approximately 225,000 KB/hour/unit, corresponding to full-cycle use of a 500 kbps compressed video feed].

14 The Incident Technical parameters of the 4.9 GHz wireless devices are as follows: All access points and mobile (i.e. not backhaul) devices operate at on 10 MHz channels, utilizing standard IEEE OFDM technologies (NOTE, both Mask A and mask C were considered, although Mask C is not a COTS implementation of this standard) All mobile (i.e. not backhaul) devices operate at transmitter power levels of 20 dbm Antennas gains minus line losses are: 0 dbi (mobile units), 6 dbi (APs), and 12 dbi (Bomb Squad Robot Links) Antenna heights are 1.5 m for mobile devices, 4 meters for incident command center access points.

15 Triage Area Mobile Command Centers Explosion Scene Bomb Squad Robot and Control Police Fire EMS Bomb Squad

16 POLICE Incident Routing and Information Flow Police Fire EMS Bomb Squad

17 Fire Incident Routing and Information Flow Police Fire EMS Bomb Squad

18 EMS Incident Routing and Information Flow Police Fire EMS Bomb Squad

19 SPEC OPS Incident Routing and Information Flow Police Fire EMS Bomb Squad

20

21 The Analysis Received Level (dbm)

22 The Analysis Received Level (dbm)

23 The Analysis

24 The Analysis Received PHY Data Rate (Mbps)

25

26

27 1 Node/Channel Transmission Distribution Fraction of Outbound Channel Transmissions From Node Police - Channel 1 Fire - Channel 2 EMS - Channel 3 Special (Bomb Squad) - Channel 4 Mobile Command Access Points Mesh Routing Points Reverse Link Video From Robot Incident Tactical Data Communications Node

28 User Application PHY Throughput Requirements (MB/Hr/Unit) Minimum Provided by Mask A Technology (MB/Hr/Unit) % of Channel Capacity Utliized by User Applications Service Inbound Outbound Service Inbound Outbound Police Police % Fire Fire % EMS EMS % Bomb Squad Robot Bomb Squad Robot , % Average Data Rate - Mask A (Mbps) Average Data Rate - Mask C (Mbps) Service (Channel) Police (1) Fire (2) EMS (3) Bomb Squad Robot (4)

29 Contact For Further Information Sean O Hara Vice Chair NPSTC Technology Committee Syracuse Research Corporation (315) ohara@syrres.com

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