GENERALIZED WAVELET-BASED SYMBOL RATE ESTIMATION FOR LINEAR SINGLE- CARRIER MODULATION IN BLIND ENVIRONMENT

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "GENERALIZED WAVELET-BASED SYMBOL RATE ESTIMATION FOR LINEAR SINGLE- CARRIER MODULATION IN BLIND ENVIRONMENT"

Transcription

1 GENERALIZED WAVELET-BASED SYMBOL RATE ESTIMATION FOR LINEAR SINGLE- CARRIER MODULATION IN BLIND ENVIRONMENT Rima Hatoum LIP6/UPMC Uiversity of Paris VI; 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, Frace Alaa Ghaith EDST/Lebaese Uiversity; Beirut, Lebao Guy Pujolle, PhD LIP6/UPMC Uiversity of Paris VI; 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, Frace Abstract I o-cooperative commuicatio, sigal parameters are ukow at the receiver frot-ed. This eviromet is cosidered as blid. Hece, estimatio algorithms become very importat for efficiet ad automatic real-time services. Ideed, kowig the fudametal sigal parameters is ecessary for data recoverig correctess ad demodulatio reliability. I this paper, we address a symbol period estimatio approach geeralized for all liear modulatio schemes. This approach is based o the wavelet trasform due to its high capacity to detect discotiuity structures ad zoom o the sigal abrupt chages. A pre-estimatio of the carrier frequecy is itroduced, allowig the operatig i the totally blid eviromet. From simulatios we coclude that this approach presets high estimatio accuracy ad high efficiecy for very low SNR levels ad it is applied for all types of liear modulatios i practical Rayleigh chael case. Keywords: Symbol period estimatio, liear modulatio, wavelet trasform, discotiuities detectio 1. Itroductio Recet wireless commuicatio systems provide real-time applicatios requirig a high flexibility ad accuracy techiques. Itelliget receiver is the basic compoet achievig these issues. The modulatio type is the sigature that characterizes received sigals (Trees, 1. It is classified to aalog ad digital modulatios. Modulatio order (biary or M-ary order is a importat factor that 49

2 proportioally affects trasmissio data rate. Moder commuicatio systems widely itroduce digital modulatio schemes that are divided to liear modulatio schemes, Amplitude Shift Keyig (ASK, Phase Shift Keyig (PSK ad Quadrature Amplitude Modulatio (QAM; ad to oliear modulatio schemes, Frequecy Shift Keyig (FSK. I blid eviromet, where o iformatio exchage exists betwee the trasmitter ad the receiver, itelliget receiver is based o the sigal processig algorithms i order to estimate ukow sigal parameters such as carrier frequecy, symbol period, ad sigal badwidth ad so o (Dayoub, Okassa-Mfoubat, Mvoe & Rouvae, 7; Yu & Bai, 1. I order to correctly recover trasmitted data ad demodulate received sigal, receiver requires a accurate ad efficiet estimatio of the symbol period. Relevat researches have paid their attetio to the symbol period estimatio issue. Symbol period ca be estimated by filterig process whe the received sigal pass through a filter bak ad the through a oliear uit (Yu, Shi & Su, 5. This approach treats a basebad sigal assumig kowig carrier frequecy i priori ad suffers from high complexity. Origially, a mathematical tool is widely used to image processig ad compressio, it is the Wavelet Trasform (WT. With the itroductio of this trasformatio i the telecommuicatio fields, some authors beefit from this tool for the estimatio objectives. I (Cha, Piews & Ho, 1997, authors use the Haar wavelet trasform to estimate the symbol rate of the M- ary PSK sigal. I (Deg & Liu, 8, they estimate the symbol rate accordig to the relatio betwee the sigal badwidth ad the symbol rate. The method is based o the Haar wavelet whe the scale value is optimized by a Mote Carlo simulatio. Therefore, i (Xu, Wag & Wag, 5 authors proposed a improvemet of the symbol rate estimatio based o the wavelet trasform of the basebad sigal. This proposal is very sesitive to frequecy errors ad so, it is ot stable. Authors i (Gao, Li, Huag & LU, 9 overcome the stability problem of such algorithms ad estimate the symbol rate of the M-ary PSK sigal takig ito accout Doppler frequecy effect. The choice of wavelet scale is critical ad it depeds o the carrier frequecy. Thus, the eviromet is cosidered as pseudo-blid sice the sigal carrier frequecy that is ecessary to choose the most appropriate scale value, is assumed kow. Therefore, a pre-estimatio of the carrier frequecy becomes a importat task i totally blid eviromet (Xu, Yu, Liu, Zhag & Guobig, 9, Yu, Shi & Su, 4. However, the estimatio fails if the frequecy estimated from the iterval search is ot icluded i the sigal s badwidth. This idicates that the search takig place i a wrog medium (Hatoum, Ghaith & Pujolle, 1. Thus, we must accurately determie the spectrum occupacy boudaries of the sigal. To achieve this, we are based o the 5

3 spectrum sesig techiques to search the occupied spaces (ulike the CR cotext, the to detect their boudaries; givig ease to the search of sigificat sigal parameters. I this paper, we preset a geeralized symbol period estimatio for all types of digital ad liear modulatio (ASK, PSK ad QAM ad all modulatio order (biary ad M-ary. I additio, we pre-estimate the sigal carrier frequecy, ad the the estimatio of the symbol rate of the liear modulatios becomes totally blid ulike i the case of (Gao, Li, Huag & LU, 9 where they operate i pseudo blid eviromet ad restrict the estimatio for M-PSK schemes oly. The sequel of the paper is orgaized as follows: i sectio, we preset ad describe the wavelet trasform tool. I sectio 3 we preset the system model. The, we explai the pre-estimatio task of the carrier frequecy i sectio 4. I sectio 5 we preset ad describe the blid symbol period estimatio for the liear modulatios. Simulatio results are show ad aalyzed i sectio 6. Fially we coclude i sectio 7.. Wavelet Trasform Overview Wavelet Trasform is a mathematical tool that has bee domiatig i the field of sigal processig ad aalyzig. It has the excellet capability idetifyig, i terms of time ad frequecy, the local characteristics of a sigal (Malat, 9. Ulike Fourier Trasform, that globally characterizes a sigal, wavelet Trasform is adopted to aalyze o-statioary sigals. It reflects the istataeous behavior of each frequecy compoet with locally characterizatio (Torrece & Compo, The wavelet trasform is characterized by a variable resolutio suitable to the sigal variatios. Based o the widow fuctio, called wavelet mother fuctio, we cosider differet types of the Wavelet Trasform fuctio, e.g. Gaussia, Haar, Morlet, Hammig, Haig, Mexica Hat, etc. The mother wavelet must be scaled ad traslated to sca the etire sigal i multi-resolutio way, we obtai a family of wavelet fuctios represeted by Eq. 1 where a ad b are the scale ad traslatio factors respectively. Scalig factor must be a iteger as a power of : 1 t b ψ (1 a, b ( t = ψ ( a a This trasform is a kid of filterig process represeted by the covolutio: + * ( S = X ( t. ( t dt a, b ψ a, b Filters coefficiets are based ad determied by the wavelet family fuctios. The applicatios field is very large, for image processig ad compressio; also it applied for discotiuities detectio, de-oisig, smoothig fuctio, features extractio, data aalysis, distributio estimatio, etc. 51

4 3. System Model Our aim is to estimate the symbol period Ts i a blid eviromet we cosider the wireless Rayleigh chael. A pre-estimatio of the carrier frequecy is ecessary. The processig tool is the wavelet trasform; particularly the mother wavelet fuctio used is the Morlet oe due to its high flexibility ad high precisio. At the trasmitter, digitally ad liearly modulated data symbols s pass through a pulse shapig filter g (t. The passbad trasmitted jω ct+θ sigal s (t is give i Eq. 3: s ( t = s (3 g( t Ts e I this case we cosider the root raised cosie (RRC filter as pulse shapig filter. f c is the carrier frequecy ad θ is the carrier phase. To simplify, θ = rd. This filterig gives the rectagular shape for the sigal i the frequecy domai. Thus, the spectrum is clearly characterizes by its discotiuity structure ad abrupt chages. Coveyed sigal is itercepted by the receiver with o prior iformatio about trasmitted sigal characteristics ad it give by the followig Eq. 4: y( t = s( t w( t (4 α τ k k k + where α k ad τ k are the gai ad delay k th path characteristics respectively due to the Rayleigh chael effect. w(t is the Additive White Gaussia Noise (AWGN. The liear modulatio type is ukow by the receiver. It may be ASK, PSK or QAM modulatio, biary or M-ary order. For ASK sigal, we cosider the case of the cotiuous phase sigal; as costellatio, the ASK symbols are real values. Therefore, i the liear modulated sigal, chages ca appear at each symbol period (Ts ad its multiple values. Thus, this time domai sigal is characterized by a abrupt variatios ad discotiuity structure. Maily, our objective is, to pick clearly the positios of these discotiuities (sigularities i frequecy domai sigal for the carrier frequecy estimatio ad time domai sigal for the symbol period estimatio. Cotiuous Wavelet Trasform (CWT is cosidered i order to reflect this discotiuity characteristic ad the chose Morlet wavelet fuctio has the followig form: (5 ϕ( t = e jωϕt where ω ϕ is the cetral agular frequecy that characterizes the Morlet fuctio. This parameter is adjustable which offers high processig flexibility. Choice of this frequecy value is much critical sice Smooth t e 5

5 sigal features produce relatively large wavelet coefficiets at scales where the oscillatio i the wavelet correlates best with the sigal feature. I time domai, the Morlet fuctio scas the etire sigal i order to idetify the abrupt chages, if exist, at each symbol period. As first step, we estimate the sigal carrier frequecy that is the basic to the symbol period estimatio. I particular, these holes may be licesed spectrum bads, ot curretly i a exploited state. I additio, these holes may be guard bads to avoid iterferece betwee user trasmissios. Badwidth edges are accurately detected; the, we determie by filterig a part of the received large bad where we decide to paid a attetio ad fid the carrier frequecy. Oce this carrier frequecy is estimated, we begi searchig of the symbol period. 4. Carrier Frequecy Estimatio Carrier frequecy kowledge has a essetial role i sigal processig, dow-coversio ad demodulatio of the received wireless commuicatio sigal. The carrier frequecy estimatio is the basic task allowig estimatig other sigal parameters. We have itroduced a ew method to estimate the carrier frequecy i totally blid eviromet based o the high wavelet trasform capability to detect discotiuities edges. Morlet wavelet is used ad o restrait o the choice of the scale value but the scalig factor must be a iteger as a power of. For our purpose, basig o the spectrum sesig approach, we examie the presece of a itercepted sigal through a particular badwidth which may cotai several sigals of differet systems. The processed sigal to be cocered is the Power Spectral Desity (PSD of the received sigal. Ideed, this spectral structure supports discotiuities represeted by edges of each sub-bad, we mea the frequecies f ad f 1 where is the occupied badwidth umber i the cosidered spectrum. The estimatio steps are as follow: - First, we sese the presece of sigal eergy iside a determied frequecy rage with respect to a determied eergy threshold. - The, the detected sigal is auto-correlated i order to reduce the white oise effect. - The basic domai is the frequecy oe. Thus, we obtai the autocorrelated sigal spectrum through the Fourier Trasform: S corr ( f. - For spectrum edges detectio purpose, we itroduce the Wavelet Trasform (WT of the autocorrelatio spectrum: we apply the covolutio product betwee the autocorrelatio S corr ( f ad the 53

6 scaled Morlet fuctio ϕ a ( f : WT( f = Scorr ( f ϕa ( f (6 The covolutio i frequecy is equivalet to the product i the time domai. The Wavelet Trasform ca be obtaied i a alterative way by the Fourier Trasform of the multiplicatio of: the sigal autocorrelatio (i time domai ad iverse Fourier Trasform (FT of the wavelet fuctio. Ideed, it is cosiderably faster to do the wavelet trasform calculatio based o the multiplicatio way. Therefore, the wavelet trasform ca be obtaied by the Eq. 7: WT( f = F. T{ Scorr ( τ. φ( aτ } (7 - The importat trasitios i the sigal are reflected by a high modulus level of the wavelet trasform, Fig. 1. Hece, we detect the badwidths boudaries by pickig the local maxima of the wavelet trasform PSD modulus. I real-time applicatios, maually idetificatio of the local maxima is ot satisfied; the results are ot expected to be accurate, especially i oisily coditios. Thus, we itroduce a automatic method to accurately detect frequecy edges from the wavelet trasform local maxima. The basic idea is that a maximum is searched withi a widow with a fixe size L. This widow scas the etire cosidered spectrum. Each modulus value iside the widow is compared to the average of all modulus values i the widow. If the compariso ratio is greater tha a pre-defied decisio threshold g, the correspodig modulus is cosidered as a local maximum ad the correspodig frequecy is idetified as a badwidth edge. The followig equatios resume the local maxima selectio coditios: (L. WT( fi > g L WT( f + WT( f ( i i k= WT ( f i 1 < WT ( f i ad WT ( f i+ 1 < WT ( f i L ad g are the robustess parameters, their choice is very critical: - Icreasig L gives more method accuracy - High value of level g may ot show the existece of a sigificat peak. Low value of g, may lead to a false decisio whe cosiderig low peak levels, which are a oise peaks, as local maxima (bads boudaries. 54

7 Fig. 1 Received sigal PSD (top ad wavelet trasform modulus (bottom. Due to this search, frequecy bad edges are automatically idetified with very high precisio. These edges allow us to clearly locate spectrum occupacy of a desired sigal i a totally blid eviromet. We remid that the commuicatio sigals are symmetric sigals where the carrier frequecy is the ceter of the badwidth occupatio. Thus, oce the badwidth edges are accurately determied, the carrier frequecy is automatically foud by the ceter of the determied ad surely bad (Hatoum, Ghaith & Pujolle, Symbol Period Estimatio We develop a method to estimate the symbol period of a liear modulated sigal. Such sigal is characterized by a discotiuous structure. Ideed, the iformatio data is carried by the amplitude ad/or the phase of a siusoidal oscillatio at each symbol period. The Ts estimatio is based o the wavelet trasform, sice this aalysis tool has excellet capability to reflect the discotiuities i the sigal oscillatio. These discotiuities are traslated to the abrupt chages of the wavelet trasform. This wavelet behavior depeds o the relatio betwee the wavelet fuctio ad the studied sigal: at scales where the wavelet oscillatio correlates best with the sigal feature, largest are the wavelet coefficiets. For siusoidal oscillatios, the CWT coefficiets display a oscillatory patter at scales where the oscillatio i the wavelet approximates the period of the sie wave (Torrece & Compo, Thus, the choice of scale is very importat for the symbol period estimatio. For Morlet fuctio, at scale equal to: ω ϕ a = (8 ω c 55

8 The wavelet coefficiets chage abruptly ad preset high level modulus at the amplitude ad/or phase chage positio of the sigal, where ωc = πf c represets the carrier frequecy. This motivates us to preestimate the carrier frequecy as preseted i sectio above. After obtaiig the carrier frequecy, the scale value is calculated i order to havig better estimatio performace. Locally characterizatio aalysis of the wavelet fuctio allows a clear detectio of the istataeous sigal feature. Morlet Wavelet fuctio makes zoomig o the abrupt sigal chages. ASK sigal is give by the equatio below: jωct s ( t = A g( t Ts e (9 ASK +,1,..., M { 1} A step A A. (1 where A is the amplitude value durig the period. Ts, A is the referece amplitude value ad A step is the amplitude separatio i the ASK costellatio ad M is the modulatio order. At each symbol period, oly the amplitude may chage; let cosider Α = A+1 A the differece amplitude betwee two cosecutive symbols; thus, the wavelet trasform ca be expressed as follow: b t τ t τ ( jω ( jω t ϕ c a a Ae e e dt 1 WTASK τ = + (11 a + t τ t τ ( jω ( jωct ϕ a a ( A + Α e e e dt b b is the time differece that determies the relative distace betwee the Morlet fuctio ad the trasitio positio i the modulated sigal at the multiple of symbol period. Now, let itroduce the scale value calculated from the Eq. 8. We cosider two cases: 1 if Α =, o amplitude chage betwee two jωcτ cosecutive symbols: WTASK τ = A πae (1 ad the wavelet modulus is cosidered as costat with respect to the amplitude ad it equal to: WT ASK τ = A πa (13 If Α, we obtai the equatio below: 56

9 b t τ ( a e dt jω cτ Ae WTASK τ = + a + t τ Α ( a (1 +. e dt A b (14 For expressio simplicity, let cosider the variable Α chage: Β = 1+. With itegral calculatio ad with referred to the error A fuctio complemet below erfc( x = π x e t dt Let us cosider ρ ( b.5erfc( b / a, the we obtai the followig a = WT τ = A πa 1 + ρ ( b( B 1 e (15 jωcτ expressio: ( ASK Now, we search the poits that maximize the modulus fuctio of the wavelet trasform i order to pick the amplitude trasitios positio i the WT τ ASK modulated sigal with respect to the follow derivatio. = ρ a ( b ω ϕ Therefore, for a =, the modulus of this wavelet trasform is as follow: ωc A WTASK TS = A πa (1 + Α (16 For the PSK sigal, the expressio is: s t A g t Ts e j e jωct PSK ( = (. ϕ. (17 1 M 1 ϕ, π, π,... π M M M (18 Similarly, we cosider ϕ = ϕ +1 ϕ the differece phase betwee two cosecutive symbols. Thus, the wavelet trasform is give by: b t τ ( a e dt jϕ Ae WT PSK τ = +. e a + t τ ( j ϕ a e e dt b a jω τ c (19 57

10 After calculatio, we obtai the followig expressio: j ϕ j( ωct+ ϕ WT τ = A aπ 1+ ( e 1 ρ ( b e ( PSK [ ] a Hece, the maximized modulus is obtaied whe ρ a ( b =. 5 for all values of ϕ. By aalyzig this value, we coclude that it is achieved whe b=, thus, whe the cetral of the Morlet wavelet coicides with the abrupt chage i the sigal. We obtai the Eq.1: A aπ j ϕ WTPSK Ts = 1+ e (1 For QAM sigal where amplitude ad/or phase ca chage: s t A g t Ts e j e jωct QAM ( = ϕ (.. ( A ad ϕ are as show i Eqs. 1 ad 18. Wavelet trasform becomes as: b t τ ( a e dt jϕ Ae jωcτ WT QAM τ = +. e (3 a + t τ ( j ϕ a B. e e dt b Ad the modulus is maximized ad preseted below: j ϕ WT T = A πa 1 + ρ. B. e 1 (4 QAM S Where ρ is the maximizatio factor: 1- ( B.cos( ϕ ρ = (5 B B.cos( ϕ For Α ad ϕ = we retur to the ASK case Eq. 16; ad if Α = ad ϕ we retur to the PSK case Eq. 1. After calculatig ad maximizig the modulus of the Morlet wavelet trasform for the modulated sigal i time domai, we detect the local maxima poits. They reflect variatios of the modulated sigal, thus the miimum value of the differece betwee the peaks is cosidered as the symbol period. Due to the oise, peaks searchig is ot efficiet sice small chages are itroduced. This effect ca be overcome by computig the cyclo-autocorrelatio fuctio of the WT τ. This fuctio reduces effectively the oise level ad clearly shows maximum chages; i additio, it presets a periodicity that makes easier the calculatio of the differece betwee peaks positios Fig.. 58

11 Fig. The wavelet trasform (a ad its cyclo-autocorrelatio (b However, we fid that the search i the frequecy domai is more robust. Therefore, we aalyze the autocorrelatio spectrum obtaied through the Fourier trasform calculatio. For PSK ad QAM modulated sigals, the first peak after the cetral frequecy (for basebad sigal, the cetral frequecy is equal to zero represets the symbol rate. As kow, this frequecy is the iverse value of the symbol period Rs = 1 Ts. I other had, For the ASK modulated sigals, first peak after the cetral frequecy is equal to the twice of the symbol rate. I time domai, differece betwee peaks i ASK autocorrelatio fuctio is equal to half of the symbol period. 6. Simulatio Results ad Aalysis The performace of the proposed scheme is studied ad evaluated by Matlab simulatio. Two performace criteria are cosidered: 1 The probability of the estimatio errors The Normalized Root Mea Square Error (NRMSE These values are calculated over 5 Mote Carlo iteratios ad preseted i fuctio of Sigal to Noise Ratio (SNR. At the trasmitter, the cosidered sigal parameters are as follows: the carrier frequecy is fc=1.5mhz ad the symbol rate is Rs=.5MHz (symbol period is 1/Rs. The samplig rate is fs=5mhz. The cetral agular frequecy of Morlet wavelet trasform is ω = 5rd with respect to efficiet rage cosidered ϕ as: ω ϕ 5. We assume 1 symbols as data legth ad SNR rage is db. The value of the symbol period to be estimated is obtaied by the miimum differece betwee the peaks of the time domai correspodig fuctio, it is the wavelet trasform cyclo-autocorrelatio of 59

12 the received sigal (Fig. b. This miimum is explaied by the fact that the data iformatio carried by the sigal features (amplitude ad/or phase ca chage at least oce at each symbol period. However, due to the oise effect, this calculatio for symbol period is uclear, thus we propose to itroduce the histogram of the peaks differece ad choose its maximum value correspodig to the most repeated differece value, as the estimated symbol period value. Nevertheless, i the frequecy domai the search is more robust. Thus, the estimated symbol period is calculated from the estimated symbol rate which is equivalet to the first peak uless the cetral frequecy i the PSD spectrum. I order to make more obvious the peak search, we itroduce a smoothig fuctio to avoid appearig udesired peaks. By a simple way, this peak value ca be foud, because it is the globally maximum. The performace of the symbol period estimatio is studied for both ideal chael (AWGN ad Rayleigh chael with Doppler frequecy fd=13 Hz. Fig. 3 shows the estimatio errors probability for the 16-PSK, 16- ASK ad 16-QAM, i the AWGN chael. By comparig, we observe that this estimatio algorithm is optimal after - db i a ideal chael (AWGN chael ad presets a excellet performace. Probability of errors AWGN Ts Error Estimatio Probability: M=16, AWGN chael 16-PSK 16-QAM 16-ASK SNR (db Fig. 3 Symbol Period estimatio probability i AWGN chael, M=16. Thus, this algorithm is very suitable for very low SNR. As show, it is more efficiet for the PSK modulatio the for the QAM modulatio. For Rayleigh chael, Fig. 4 shows the probability of the estimatio error for all modulatio whe M=16. Similarly, this estimatio algorithm outperforms for the PSK modulatio the for QAM modulatio. Sice the ASK modulatio is more sesitive to oise that affects directly the amplitude value, it shows less performace by comparig with others liear modulatios. 6

13 Probability of errors Ts Error Estimatio Probability:M=16, Rayleigh chael 16-PSK 16-QAM 16-ASK SNR (db Fig. 4 Symbol Period estimatio probability i Rayleigh chael, M=16. As it is clear, due to the fadig effect of the Rayleigh chael, the performace is ot optimal by comparig with the AWGN chael. But for practical Rayleigh chael, this method is very efficiet for low SNR values, above db. I other had, with respect to the NRMSE criterio, results are show i Figs. 5 ad 6 for AWGN ad Rayleigh chaels respectively. I additio, the NRMSE shows a high deviatio of the estimated symbol period value i a Rayleigh chael with respect to the AWGN chael, especially for SNR > db Fig. 6. We have compared with the results show i (Xu, Wag & Wag, 5 ad from the NRMSE values i the Fig. 7, we observe that our ew method outperforms the method based o the multi-scale Haar wavelet ad preseted i (Xu, Wag & Wag, 5. With respect to the modulatio order M, the performace of this estimatio algorithm is the same (show Fig. 8. This is due to the fact that the algorithm estimates the symbol period istead of the bit duratio ( T = T / log ( M b s. 7. Coclusio I this paper, a symbol period estimatio method is geeralized for all liear modulatio schemes. No-cooperative eviromet is cosidered where the sigal parameters are ukow by the receiver. The processig tool is the wavelet trasform that shows a excellet capability to detect discotiuities. 61

14 Ts Estimatio Normalized RMSE: M=16, AWGN chael 16-PSK 16-QAM 16-ASK NRMSE SNR (db Fig. 5 Symbol Period estimatio NRMSE i AWGN chael, M= Ts Estimatio Normalized RMSE: M=16, Rayleigh chael 16-PSK 16-QAM 16-ASK NRMSE SNR (db Fig. 6 Symbol Period estimatio NRMSE i Rayleigh chael, M=16. These abrupt chages appear i the origial sigal at the symbol period ad/or at its multiple values. A pre-estimatio of the carrier frequecy is itroduced. I order to overcome the effect of the white oise, we itroduce the autocorrelatio fuctio. The local maximum positio of the autocorrelatio wavelet trasform i the frequecy domai correspods to the estimated symbol period value. This method shows a sigificat performace ad a very high accuracy at very low SNR values. It has a low computatio complexity ad it is suitable ad robust for a practical Rayleigh chael. 6

15 NRMSE Compariso of the proposed method ad the Haar multi-scale method Our proposed method Haar multi-scale method SNR (db Fig. 7 Compariso of our proposed method ad the HAAR multi-scale method i (Xu, Wag & Wag, 5:16-PSK, AWGN chael. Probability of errors Ts Error Estimatio Probability: PSK modulatio, Rayleigh chael 8-PSK 16-PSK 3-PSK 64-PSK SNR (db Fig. 8 Probability of error estimatio i fuctio of the modulatio order M. Refereces: Va Trees, H.L.: Detectio, Estimatio, ad Modulatio Theory, Part I. Joh Wiley & Sos, 1. Dayoub, I., Okassa-Mfoubat, A., Mvoe, R. ad Rouvae, J.M.: A Blid Modulatio Type Detector for DPRS Stadard. Wireless Persoal Commuicatios 41, 7. Yu, Z. ad Bai, J.: Carrier Frequecy Estimatio i Automatic Modulatio Recogitio Eviromet. IEEE Iteratioal Coferece o Iformatio ad Automatio, 1. 63

16 Yu, Z., Shi, Y.Q. ad Su, W.: Symbol Rate Estimatio based o Filter Bak. IEEE Iteratioal Symposium o Circuits ad Systems, ISCAS, 5. Cha, Y.T., Piews, J.W. ad Ho, K.C.: Symbol Rate Estimatio by the Wavelet Traform. IEEE Iteratioal Symposium o Circuits ad Systems, New York, Deg, Z. M. ad Liu, Y.: Blid symbol rate estimatio of MPSK sigals based o multi-scale Haar wavelet trasform. Systems Egieerig ad Electroics, 8. Wag, Y., Serpedi, E. ad Ciblat, P.: Uified Performace Aalysis of Blid Feedforward Timig Estimatio. Coferece Record of the Thirty- Sixth Asilomar Coferece o Sigals, Systems ad Computers,. Xu, J., Wag, F. ad Wag, Z.: The Improvemet of Symbol Rate Estimatio by the Wavelet Trasform. Iteratioal Coferece o Commuicatios, Circuits ad Systems, 5. Gao, Y., Li, M., Huag, Z. ad LU, J.: A Symbol Rate Estimatio Algorithm based o Morlet Wavelet Trasform ad Autocorrelatio. IEEE Youth Coferece o Iformatio, Computig ad Telecommuicatio, 9. Xu, J., Yu, Liu, Y., Zhag, G. ad Guobig, H.: Blid estimatio of MPSK sigal carrier frequecy i electroic recoaissace. Iteratioal Commuicatio Coferece Wireless Mobile ad Computig, 9. Yu, Z., Shi, Y.Q. ad Su, W.: A Blid Carrier Frequecy Estimatio Algorithm for Digitally Modulated Sigals. IEEE Military Commuicatios Coferece MILCOM, 4. Hatoum, R., Ghaith, A. ad Pujolle, G.: A Automatic Approach to Blidly Detect Badwidth Edges Based o the Wavelet Trasform. Symposium o Broadbad Networks ad Fast Iteret, RELABIRA, 1. S. Malat, A Wavelet Tour of sigal processig, Sparse Way, 9. Torrece, C. ad Compo, G.P.: A Practical Guide to Wavelet Aalysis. Program i Atmospheric ad Oceaic Scieces, Uiversity of Colorado, Tia, Z. ad Giaakis, G.B.: A Wavelet Approach to Widebad Spectrum Sesig for Cogitive Radios. Iteratioal Coferece o Cogitive Radio Orieted Wireless Networks ad Commuicatios, CROWNCOM, 6. 64

A New Space-Repetition Code Based on One Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti Space-Time Code

A New Space-Repetition Code Based on One Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti Space-Time Code Proceedigs of the 4th WSEAS It. Coferece o Electromagetics, Wireless ad Optical Commuicatios, Veice, Italy, November 0-, 006 107 A New Space-Repetitio Code Based o Oe Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti

More information

APPLICATION NOTE UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS

APPLICATION NOTE UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS APPLICATION NOTE AN95091 INTRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS Toy Girard, Sigatec, Desig ad Applicatios Egieer Oe criteria ofte used to evaluate a Aalog to Digital Coverter (ADC) or data acquisitio

More information

Analysis of SDR GNSS Using MATLAB

Analysis of SDR GNSS Using MATLAB Iteratioal Joural of Computer Techology ad Electroics Egieerig (IJCTEE) Volume 5, Issue 3, Jue 2015 Aalysis of SDR GNSS Usig MATLAB Abstract This paper explais a software defied radio global avigatio satellite

More information

A Study on Performance Analysis for Error Probability in SWSK Systems

A Study on Performance Analysis for Error Probability in SWSK Systems 556 Tae-Il Jeog, et al.: A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR ERROR PROBABILITY IN SWSK SYSTEMS A Study o Performace Aalysis for Error Probability i SWSK Systems Tae-Il Jeog, wag-seo Moo, ad Jog-Nam Kim,

More information

Fitting Signals into Given Spectrum Modulation Methods

Fitting Signals into Given Spectrum Modulation Methods S-72.333 Post-graduate Course i Radio Commuicatios 2001-2002 Fittig Sigals ito Give Spectrum Modulatio Methods Lars Maura 41747e Lars.maura@hut.fi Abstract Modulatio is the process where the message iformatio

More information

4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE

4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE DATA COMMUNICATIONS 59 4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE 4.1 OBJECT The effects of restricted badwidth i basebad data trasmissio will be studied. Measuremets relative to itersymbol iterferece, usig the eye patter

More information

CHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER

CHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER 95 CHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER 5.1 GENERAL Ru-legth codig is a lossless image compressio techique, which produces modest compressio ratios. Oe way of icreasig the compressio ratio of a ru-legth

More information

SELEX Elsag. 5/18/2012 R. Pucci SDR 12 WinnComm 1

SELEX Elsag. 5/18/2012 R. Pucci SDR 12 WinnComm 1 SELEX Elsag 5/18/01 R. Pucci SDR 1 WiComm 1 Military BU - SELEX Elsag Possible update of SDR Platforms to COGNITIVE architectures COGNITIVE MANAGER INTERFACE Geolocatio, Voice, Video, etc Applicatio Policy

More information

SIDELOBE SUPPRESSION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

SIDELOBE SUPPRESSION IN OFDM SYSTEMS SIDELOBE SUPPRESSION IN OFDM SYSTEMS Iva Cosovic Germa Aerospace Ceter (DLR), Ist. of Commuicatios ad Navigatio Oberpfaffehofe, 82234 Wesslig, Germay iva.cosovic@dlr.de Vijayasarathi Jaardhaam Muich Uiversity

More information

Introduction to CPM-OFDM: An Energy Efficient Multiple Access Transmission Scheme

Introduction to CPM-OFDM: An Energy Efficient Multiple Access Transmission Scheme Joural of Commuicatio ad Computer 1 (015) 37-43 doi: 10.1765/1548-7709/015.01.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING Itroductio to CPM-OFDM: A Eergy Efficiet Multiple Access Trasmissio Scheme Mohammad Irfa, Sag Hoo Lee

More information

Measurement of Equivalent Input Distortion AN 20

Measurement of Equivalent Input Distortion AN 20 Measuremet of Equivalet Iput Distortio AN 2 Applicatio Note to the R&D SYSTEM Traditioal measuremets of harmoic distortio performed o loudspeakers reveal ot oly the symptoms of the oliearities but also

More information

Comparison of Frequency Offset Estimation Methods for OFDM Burst Transmission in the Selective Fading Channels

Comparison of Frequency Offset Estimation Methods for OFDM Burst Transmission in the Selective Fading Channels Compariso of Frequecy Offset Estimatio Methods for OFDM Burst Trasmissio i the Selective Fadig Chaels Zbigiew Długaszewski Istitute of Electroics ad Telecommuicatios Pozań Uiversity of Techology 60-965

More information

Encode Decode Sample Quantize [ ] [ ]

Encode Decode Sample Quantize [ ] [ ] Referece Audio Sigal Processig I Shyh-Kag Jeg Departmet of Electrical Egieerig/ Graduate Istitute of Commuicatio Egieerig M. Bosi ad R. E. Goldberg, Itroductio to Digital Audio Codig ad Stadards, Kluwer

More information

Radar emitter recognition method based on AdaBoost and decision tree Tang Xiaojing1, a, Chen Weigao1 and Zhu Weigang1 1

Radar emitter recognition method based on AdaBoost and decision tree Tang Xiaojing1, a, Chen Weigao1 and Zhu Weigang1 1 Advaces i Egieerig Research, volume 8 d Iteratioal Coferece o Automatio, Mechaical Cotrol ad Computatioal Egieerig (AMCCE 7) Radar emitter recogitio method based o AdaBoost ad decisio tree Tag Xiaojig,

More information

Fingerprint Classification Based on Directional Image Constructed Using Wavelet Transform Domains

Fingerprint Classification Based on Directional Image Constructed Using Wavelet Transform Domains 7 Figerprit Classificatio Based o Directioal Image Costructed Usig Wavelet Trasform Domais Musa Mohd Mokji, Syed Abd. Rahma Syed Abu Bakar, Zuwairie Ibrahim 3 Departmet of Microelectroic ad Computer Egieerig

More information

LETTER A Novel Adaptive Channel Estimation Scheme for DS-CDMA

LETTER A Novel Adaptive Channel Estimation Scheme for DS-CDMA 1274 LETTER A Novel Adaptive Chael Estimatio Scheme for DS-CDMA Che HE a), Member ad Xiao-xiag LI, Nomember SUMMARY This paper proposes a adaptive chael estimatio scheme, which uses differet movig average

More information

Combined Scheme for Fast PN Code Acquisition

Combined Scheme for Fast PN Code Acquisition 13 th Iteratioal Coferece o AEROSPACE SCIENCES & AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ASAT- 13, May 6 8, 009, E-Mail: asat@mtc.edu.eg Military Techical College, Kobry Elkobbah, Cairo, Egypt Tel : +(0) 4059 4036138, Fax:

More information

Spread Spectrum Signal for Digital Communications

Spread Spectrum Signal for Digital Communications Wireless Iformatio Trasmissio System Lab. Spread Spectrum Sigal for Digital Commuicatios Istitute of Commuicatios Egieerig Natioal Su Yat-se Uiversity Spread Spectrum Commuicatios Defiitio: The trasmitted

More information

Symbol Error Rate Evaluation for OFDM Systems with MPSK Modulation

Symbol Error Rate Evaluation for OFDM Systems with MPSK Modulation Symbol Error Rate Evaluatio for OFDM Systems with MPS Modulatio Yuhog Wag ad Xiao-Pig Zhag Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig, Ryerso Uiversity 35 Victoria Street, Toroto, Otario, Caada, M5B

More information

AC : USING ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS AND FUNCTIONS TO STUDY LARGE-AMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS OF A PENDULUM

AC : USING ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS AND FUNCTIONS TO STUDY LARGE-AMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS OF A PENDULUM AC 007-7: USING ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS AND FUNCTIONS TO STUDY LARGE-AMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS OF A PENDULUM Josue Njock-Libii, Idiaa Uiversity-Purdue Uiversity-Fort Waye Josué Njock Libii is Associate Professor

More information

An Adaptive Image Denoising Method based on Thresholding

An Adaptive Image Denoising Method based on Thresholding A Adaptive Image Deoisig Method based o Thresholdig HARI OM AND MANTOSH BISWAS Departmet of Computer Sciece & Egieerig Idia School of Mies, Dhabad Jharkad-86004 INDIA {hariom4idia, matoshb}@gmail.com Abstract

More information

INCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT WITH HARMONIC EXCITATION

INCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT WITH HARMONIC EXCITATION XIX IMEKO World Cogress Fudametal ad Applied Metrology September 6, 9, Lisbo, Portugal INCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT WITH HARMONIC EXCITATION Dalibor

More information

Adaptive Resource Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems

Adaptive Resource Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems Adaptive Resource Allocatio i Multiuser OFDM Systems Fial Report Multidimesioal Digital Sigal Processig Malik Meherali Saleh The Uiversity of Texas at Austi malikmsaleh@mail.utexas.edu Sprig 005 Abstract

More information

COMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS

COMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS COMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS Mariusz Ziółko, Przemysław Sypka ad Bartosz Ziółko Departmet of Electroics, AGH Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology, al. Mickiewicza 3, 3-59 Kraków, Polad,

More information

Cancellation of Multiuser Interference due to Carrier Frequency Offsets in Uplink OFDMA

Cancellation of Multiuser Interference due to Carrier Frequency Offsets in Uplink OFDMA Cacellatio of Multiuser Iterferece due to Carrier Frequecy Offsets i Upli OFDMA S. Maohar, V. Tiiya, D. Sreedhar, ad A. Chocaligam Departmet of ECE, Idia Istitute of Sciece, Bagalore 56001, INDIA Abstract

More information

信號與系統 Signals and Systems

信號與系統 Signals and Systems Sprig 2 信號與系統 Sigals ad Systems Chapter SS- Sigals ad Systems Feg-Li Lia NTU-EE Feb Ju Figures ad images used i these lecture otes are adopted from Sigals & Systems by Ala V. Oppeheim ad Ala S. Willsky,

More information

Acquisition of GPS Software Receiver Using Split-Radix FFT

Acquisition of GPS Software Receiver Using Split-Radix FFT 006 IEEE Coferece o Systems, Ma, ad Cyberetics October -, 006, Taipei, Taiwa Acquisitio of GPS Software Receiver Usig Split-Radix FFT W. H. Li, W. L. Mao, H. W. Tsao, F. R. Chag, ad W. H. Huag Abstract

More information

A study on the efficient compression algorithm of the voice/data integrated multiplexer

A study on the efficient compression algorithm of the voice/data integrated multiplexer A study o the efficiet compressio algorithm of the voice/data itegrated multiplexer Gyou-Yo CHO' ad Dog-Ho CHO' * Dept. of Computer Egieerig. KyiigHee Uiv. Kiheugup Yogiku Kyuggido, KOREA 449-71 PHONE

More information

信號與系統 Signals and Systems

信號與系統 Signals and Systems Sprig 24 信號與系統 Sigals ad Systems Chapter SS- Sigals ad Systems Feg-Li Lia NTU-EE Feb4 Ju4 Figures ad images used i these lecture otes are adopted from Sigals & Systems by Ala V. Oppeheim ad Ala S. Willsky,

More information

Lecture 14. Design of audio WM Model of digital audio CO ( WAV-format): - dependent samples with frequency 44,1кHz, - amplitude of samples is

Lecture 14. Design of audio WM Model of digital audio CO ( WAV-format): - dependent samples with frequency 44,1кHz, - amplitude of samples is Lecture 14. Desig of audio WM Model of digital audio CO WAV-format: - depedet samples wit frequecy 44,1кHz, - amplitude of samples is quatized o 2 16 =65536 levels 16 bits Remark 1. Tere exists a lossy

More information

High Speed Area Efficient Modulo 2 1

High Speed Area Efficient Modulo 2 1 High Speed Area Efficiet Modulo 2 1 1-Soali Sigh (PG Scholar VLSI, RKDF Ist Bhopal M.P) 2- Mr. Maish Trivedi (HOD EC Departmet, RKDF Ist Bhopal M.P) Adder Abstract Modular adder is oe of the key compoets

More information

MEASUREMENT AND CONTORL OF TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION IN FREQUENCY RANGE 0,02-10KHZ.

MEASUREMENT AND CONTORL OF TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION IN FREQUENCY RANGE 0,02-10KHZ. ELECTRONICS 00 September, Sozopol, BLGARIA MEASREMENT AND CONTORL OF TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION IN FREQENCY RANGE 0,0-0KHZ. Plame Agelov Agelov Faculty for Computer Sciece, Egieerig ad Natural Studies,

More information

Summary of Random Variable Concepts April 19, 2000

Summary of Random Variable Concepts April 19, 2000 Summary of Radom Variable Cocepts April 9, 2000 his is a list of importat cocepts we have covered, rather tha a review that derives or explais them. he first ad primary viewpoit: A radom process is a idexed

More information

Estimation of non Distortion Audio Signal Compression

Estimation of non Distortion Audio Signal Compression Estimatio of o Distortio Audio Sigal Compressio M. BAK, S. PODOXI, V. TSIGOUZ Departmet of Commuicatio Egieerig Ceter for Techological Educatio Holo 5 Golomb street, POB 35 Holo 58, Tel: +97-3-5669 ISRAEL

More information

A GHz Constant KVCO Low Phase Noise LC-VCO and an Optimized Automatic Frequency Calibrator Applied in PLL Frequency Synthesizer

A GHz Constant KVCO Low Phase Noise LC-VCO and an Optimized Automatic Frequency Calibrator Applied in PLL Frequency Synthesizer A 4.6-5.6 GHz Costat KVCO Low Phase Noise LC-VCO ad a Optimized Automatic Frequecy Calibrator Applied i PLL Frequecy Sythesizer Hogguag Zhag, Pa Xue, Zhiliag Hog State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System Fuda

More information

Adaptive Modulation for OFDM Systems J.Faezah 1, and K.Sabira 2

Adaptive Modulation for OFDM Systems J.Faezah 1, and K.Sabira 2 Iteratioal Joural of Commuicatio Networks ad Iformatio Security (IJCNIS) Vol., No., August 9 Adaptive Modulatio for OFDM Systems J.Faezah, ad K.Sabira Cetre for Foudatios Studies ad Extesio Educatio, Multimedia

More information

WSN Node Localization Regularization Algorithm Based on Quasi Optimal Criterion Parameter Selection

WSN Node Localization Regularization Algorithm Based on Quasi Optimal Criterion Parameter Selection Sesors & rasducers Vol. 23 Special Issue July 203 pp. 94-98 Sesors & rasducers 203 by IFSA http://www.sesorsportal.com WSN Node Localizatio Regularizatio Algorithm Based o Quasi Optimal Criterio Parameter

More information

A SELECTIVE POINTER FORWARDING STRATEGY FOR LOCATION TRACKING IN PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

A SELECTIVE POINTER FORWARDING STRATEGY FOR LOCATION TRACKING IN PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS A SELETIVE POINTE FOWADING STATEGY FO LOATION TAKING IN PESONAL OUNIATION SYSTES Seo G. hag ad hae Y. Lee Departmet of Idustrial Egieerig, KAIST 373-, Kusug-Dog, Taejo, Korea, 305-70 cylee@heuristic.kaist.ac.kr

More information

CHAPTER 8 JOINT PAPR REDUCTION AND ICI CANCELLATION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8 JOINT PAPR REDUCTION AND ICI CANCELLATION IN OFDM SYSTEMS CHAPTER 8 JOIT PAPR REDUCTIO AD ICI CACELLATIO I OFDM SYSTEMS Itercarrier Iterferece (ICI) is aother major issue i implemetig a OFDM system. As discussed i chapter 3, the OFDM subcarriers are arrowbad

More information

EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler

EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler EECE 3 Sigals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler Note Set #6 D-T Systems: DTFT Aalysis of DT Systems Readig Assigmet: Sectios 5.5 & 5.6 of Kame ad Heck / Course Flow Diagram The arrows here show coceptual flow

More information

ECE 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Fall Lecture 4: Physical layer II

ECE 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Fall Lecture 4: Physical layer II ECE 333: Itroductio to Commuicatio Networks Fall 22 Lecture : Physical layer II Impairmets - distortio, oise Fudametal limits Examples Notes: his lecture cotiues the discussio of the physical layer. Recall,

More information

Selection of the basic parameters of the lens for the optic-electronic target recognition system

Selection of the basic parameters of the lens for the optic-electronic target recognition system Proceedigs of the 5th WSEAS It. Cof. o COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS AND CYBERNETICS, Veice, Italy, November 0-, 006 317 Selectio of the basic parameters of the les for the optic-electroic

More information

A New Design of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Antenna

A New Design of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Antenna Joural of Commuicatio Egieerig, Vol., No., Ja.-Jue 0 67 A New Desig of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Atea Javad Ghalibafa, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi, ad Seyed Hassa Sedighy Departmet of Electrical Egieerig,

More information

Noncoherent Detection of Satellite-Based AIS Signal with Phase Offset Compensation

Noncoherent Detection of Satellite-Based AIS Signal with Phase Offset Compensation Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 166 Issue 3 March 2014 pp. 128-134 Sesors & Trasducers 2014 by IFSA Publishig S. L. http://www.sesorsportal.com Nocoheret Detectio of Satellite-Based AIS Sigal with Phase Offset

More information

Performance Analysis of Channel Switching with Various Bandwidths in Cognitive Radio

Performance Analysis of Channel Switching with Various Bandwidths in Cognitive Radio Performace Aalysis of Chael Switchig with Various Badwidths i Cogitive Radio Po-Hao Chag, Keg-Fu Chag, Yu-Che Che, ad Li-Kai Ye Departmet of Electrical Egieerig, Natioal Dog Hwa Uiversity, 1,Sec.2, Da-Hsueh

More information

Measurements of the Communications Environment in Medium Voltage Power Distribution Lines for Wide-Band Power Line Communications

Measurements of the Communications Environment in Medium Voltage Power Distribution Lines for Wide-Band Power Line Communications Measuremets of the Commuicatios viromet i Medium Voltage Power Distributio Lies for Wide-Bad Power Lie Commuicatios Jae-Jo Lee *,Seug-Ji Choi *,Hui-Myoug Oh *, Wo-Tae Lee *, Kwa-Ho Kim * ad Dae-Youg Lee

More information

A Reduced Complexity Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems with Precoding and Transmit Diversity in Mobile Wireless Channels Hlaing Minn, Dong In Kim an

A Reduced Complexity Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems with Precoding and Transmit Diversity in Mobile Wireless Channels Hlaing Minn, Dong In Kim an A Reduced Complexity Chael Estimatio for OFDM Systems with Precodig ad Trasmit Diversity i Mobile Wireless Chaels Hlaig Mi, Dog I Kim ad Vijay K. Bhargava Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig,

More information

Logarithms APPENDIX IV. 265 Appendix

Logarithms APPENDIX IV. 265 Appendix APPENDIX IV Logarithms Sometimes, a umerical expressio may ivolve multiplicatio, divisio or ratioal powers of large umbers. For such calculatios, logarithms are very useful. They help us i makig difficult

More information

Objectives. Some Basic Terms. Analog and Digital Signals. Analog-to-digital conversion. Parameters of ADC process: Related terms

Objectives. Some Basic Terms. Analog and Digital Signals. Analog-to-digital conversion. Parameters of ADC process: Related terms Objectives. A brief review of some basic, related terms 2. Aalog to digital coversio 3. Amplitude resolutio 4. Temporal resolutio 5. Measuremet error Some Basic Terms Error differece betwee a computed

More information

Lecture 4: Frequency Reuse Concepts

Lecture 4: Frequency Reuse Concepts EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Commuicatios (8) Lecture 4: Frequecy euse Cocepts Distace betwee Co-Chael Cell Ceters Kowig the relatio betwee,, ad, we ca easily fid distace betwee the ceter poits of two co

More information

Fault Diagnosis in Rolling Element Bearing Using Filtered Vibration and Acoustic Signal

Fault Diagnosis in Rolling Element Bearing Using Filtered Vibration and Acoustic Signal Volume 8 o. 8 208, 95-02 ISS: 3-8080 (prited versio); ISS: 34-3395 (o-lie versio) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu Fault Diagosis i Rollig Elemet Usig Filtered Vibratio ad Acoustic Sigal Sudarsa Sahoo,

More information

DIGITALLY TUNED SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATOR USING MULTIPLE- OUTPUT CURRENT OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER FOR APPLICATIONS IN HIGH STABLE ACOUSTICAL GENERATORS

DIGITALLY TUNED SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATOR USING MULTIPLE- OUTPUT CURRENT OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER FOR APPLICATIONS IN HIGH STABLE ACOUSTICAL GENERATORS Molecular ad Quatum Acoustics vol. 7, (6) 95 DGTALL TUNED SNUSODAL OSCLLATOR USNG MULTPLE- OUTPUT CURRENT OPERATONAL AMPLFER FOR APPLCATONS N HGH STABLE ACOUSTCAL GENERATORS Lesław TOPÓR-KAMŃSK Faculty

More information

Voice Command Recognition System Based on MFCC and VQ Algorithms

Voice Command Recognition System Based on MFCC and VQ Algorithms Voice Commad Recogitio System Based o MFCC ad VQ Algorithms Mahdi Shaeh, ad Azizollah Taheri Abstract The goal of this project is to desig a system to recogitio voice commads. Most of voice recogitio systems

More information

Nonlinear System Identification Based on Reduced Complexity Volterra Models Guodong Jin1,a* and Libin Lu1,b

Nonlinear System Identification Based on Reduced Complexity Volterra Models Guodong Jin1,a* and Libin Lu1,b 6th Iteratioal Coferece o Electroics, Mechaics, Culture ad Medicie (EMCM 205) Noliear System Idetificatio Based o Reduced Complexity Volterra Models Guodog Ji,a* ad Libi Lu,b Xi a research istitute of

More information

Design of FPGA- Based SPWM Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter

Design of FPGA- Based SPWM Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter Desig of FPGA- Based SPWM Sigle Phase Full-Bridge Iverter Afarulrazi Abu Bakar 1, *,Md Zarafi Ahmad 1 ad Farrah Salwai Abdullah 1 1 Faculty of Electrical ad Electroic Egieerig, UTHM *Email:afarul@uthm.edu.my

More information

Tehrani N Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2018, 5(7):1-7

Tehrani N Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2018, 5(7):1-7 Available olie www.jsaer.com, 2018, 5(7):1-7 Research Article ISSN: 2394-2630 CODEN(USA): JSERBR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

More information

CAEN Tools for Discovery

CAEN Tools for Discovery Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators Viareggio 19 November 2012 Itroductio I recet years CAEN has developed a complete family of digitizers that cosists of

More information

NOISE IN A SPECTRUM ANALYZER. Carlo F.M. Carobbi and Fabio Ferrini Department of Information Engineering University of Florence, Italy

NOISE IN A SPECTRUM ANALYZER. Carlo F.M. Carobbi and Fabio Ferrini Department of Information Engineering University of Florence, Italy NOISE IN A SPECTRUM ANALYZER by Carlo.M. Carobbi ad abio errii Departet of Iforatio Egieerig Uiversity of lorece, Italy 1. OBJECTIVE The objective is to easure the oise figure of a spectru aalyzer with

More information

Estimation of reflection location by the correlation coefficient function

Estimation of reflection location by the correlation coefficient function Acoustics 8 Paris Estimatio of reflectio locatio by the correlatio coefficiet fuctio H. Shibayama a, T. Araya b, Y. Maabe b ad E. Oarura b a Shibaura Istitute of Techology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-u, 35-8548

More information

Open Access Researching Coal and Rock Character Recognition Based on Wavelet Packet Frequency Band Energy

Open Access Researching Coal and Rock Character Recognition Based on Wavelet Packet Frequency Band Energy Sed Orders for Reprits to reprits@bethamsciece.ae The Ope Automatio ad Cotrol Systems Joural, 04, 6, 793-797 793 Ope Access Researchig Coal ad Roc Character Recogitio Based o Wavelet Pacet Frequecy Bad

More information

Analytic comparison of using FFT and wavelet in IEEE a WLAN based OFDM technique

Analytic comparison of using FFT and wavelet in IEEE a WLAN based OFDM technique Aalytic compariso of usig FFT ad wavelet i IEEE 802.11.a WLAN based OFDM techique Habab Habib Alshammary, Abdel-Rahma Al-Qawasmi Abstract Modulatio techiques play a sigificat role i miimizig the effect

More information

PROJECT #2 GENERIC ROBOT SIMULATOR

PROJECT #2 GENERIC ROBOT SIMULATOR Uiversity of Missouri-Columbia Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig ECE 7330 Itroductio to Mechatroics ad Robotic Visio Fall, 2010 PROJECT #2 GENERIC ROBOT SIMULATOR Luis Alberto Rivera Estrada

More information

Integrated Detection Method of Underwater Acoustic Fuze Based on IEMD, VIFD and ED

Integrated Detection Method of Underwater Acoustic Fuze Based on IEMD, VIFD and ED Advaces i Applied Acoustics Vol. Iss., November Itegrated Detectio Method of Uderwater Acoustic Fuze Based o IEMD, VIFD ad ED Qiao Hu Sciece ad Techology o Uderwater Iformatio ad Cotrol Laboratory, Xi

More information

Recovering low frequencies for impedance inversion by frequency domain deconvolution

Recovering low frequencies for impedance inversion by frequency domain deconvolution Recoverig low frequecies for impedace iversio by frequecy domai decovolutio Sia. Esmaeili*, CREWES, Uiversity of Calgary, sesmaeil@ucalgary.ca Gary. Frak. Margrave, CREWES, Uiversity of Calgary, margrave@ucalgary.ca

More information

H2 Mathematics Pure Mathematics Section A Comprehensive Checklist of Concepts and Skills by Mr Wee Wen Shih. Visit: wenshih.wordpress.

H2 Mathematics Pure Mathematics Section A Comprehensive Checklist of Concepts and Skills by Mr Wee Wen Shih. Visit: wenshih.wordpress. H2 Mathematics Pure Mathematics Sectio A Comprehesive Checklist of Cocepts ad Skills by Mr Wee We Shih Visit: weshih.wordpress.com Updated: Ja 2010 Syllabus topic 1: Fuctios ad graphs 1.1 Checklist o Fuctios

More information

Image Denoising using Fast Bilateral Filter

Image Denoising using Fast Bilateral Filter Iteratioal Joural of Curret Egieerig ad Techology E-ISS 77 4106, P-ISS 347 5161 015IPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://ipressco.com/category/ijcet Research Article Riku A Joseph * ad Maju

More information

OFDM-BPSK Wireless Communication System Performance under Employment of Generalized Receiver

OFDM-BPSK Wireless Communication System Performance under Employment of Generalized Receiver OFDM-BPSK Wireless Commuicatio System Performace uder Employmet of Geeralized Receiver XUEFEI LI, VYACHESLAV TUZLUKOV School of Electroics Egieerig, College of IT Egieerig Kyugpook Natioal Uiversity 7

More information

Mid-level representations for audio content analysis *Slides for this lecture were created by Anssi Klapuri

Mid-level representations for audio content analysis *Slides for this lecture were created by Anssi Klapuri Mid-level represetatios for audio cotet aalysis *Slides for this lecture were created by Assi Klapuri Represetatios 1 Sources: Ellis, Rosethal, Mid-level represetatios for Computatioal Auditory Scee Aalysis,

More information

Capacity Analysis for OFDM Systems with Transceiver I/Q Imbalance

Capacity Analysis for OFDM Systems with Transceiver I/Q Imbalance Capacity Aalysis for OFDM Systems with Trasceiver I/Q Imbalace Stefa Kroe ad Gerhard Fettweis Vodafoe Chair Mobile Commuicatios Systems Techische Uiversität Dresde, 6 Dresde, Germay E-mail: {stefa.kroe,

More information

Unit 5: Estimating with Confidence

Unit 5: Estimating with Confidence Uit 5: Estimatig with Cofidece Sectio 8.2 The Practice of Statistics, 4 th editio For AP* STARNES, YATES, MOORE Uit 5 Estimatig with Cofidece 8.1 8.2 8.3 Cofidece Itervals: The Basics Estimatig a Populatio

More information

x y z HD(x, y) + HD(y, z) HD(x, z)

x y z HD(x, y) + HD(y, z) HD(x, z) Massachusetts Istitute of Techology Departmet of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece 6.02 Solutios to Chapter 5 Updated: February 16, 2012 Please sed iformatio about errors or omissios to hari; questios

More information

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIRECT SEQUENCE DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DS-DPSK) WITH SELF-NORMALIZATION AND L-FOLD DIVERSITY IN A FADING CHANNEL

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIRECT SEQUENCE DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DS-DPSK) WITH SELF-NORMALIZATION AND L-FOLD DIVERSITY IN A FADING CHANNEL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIRECT SEQUENCE DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DS-DPSK) WITH SELF-NORMALIZATION AND L-FOLD DIVERSITY IN A FADING CHANNEL Charles W. Victory Tri T. Ha Naval Postgraduate School

More information

Design of FPGA Based SPWM Single Phase Inverter

Design of FPGA Based SPWM Single Phase Inverter Proceedigs of MUCEET2009 Malaysia Techical Uiversities Coferece o Egieerig ad Techology Jue 20-22, 2009, MS Garde,Kuata, Pahag, Malaysia MUCEET2009 Desig of FPGA Based SPWM Sigle Phase Iverter Afarulrazi

More information

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Fall Semester, Introduction to EECS 2.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Fall Semester, Introduction to EECS 2. Massachusetts Istitute of Techology Dept. of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece Fall Semester, 006 6.08 Itroductio to EECS Prelab Exercises Pre-Lab#3 Modulatio, demodulatio, ad filterig are itegral

More information

Delta- Sigma Modulator with Signal Dependant Feedback Gain

Delta- Sigma Modulator with Signal Dependant Feedback Gain Delta- Sigma Modulator with Sigal Depedat Feedback Gai K.Diwakar #1 ad V.Vioth Kumar *2 # Departmet of Electroics ad Commuicatio Egieerig * Departmet of Electroics ad Istrumetatio Egieerig Vel Tech Uiversity,Cheai,

More information

Application of Improved Genetic Algorithm to Two-side Assembly Line Balancing

Application of Improved Genetic Algorithm to Two-side Assembly Line Balancing 206 3 rd Iteratioal Coferece o Mechaical, Idustrial, ad Maufacturig Egieerig (MIME 206) ISBN: 978--60595-33-7 Applicatio of Improved Geetic Algorithm to Two-side Assembly Lie Balacig Ximi Zhag, Qia Wag,

More information

Simulation and Analysis on Signal Acquisition of BDS Receiver with The Aid of INS

Simulation and Analysis on Signal Acquisition of BDS Receiver with The Aid of INS Modelig Simulatio ad Optimizatio Techologies ad Applicatios (MSOTA 2016 Simulatio ad Aalysis o Sigal Acquisitio of DS Receiver with The Aid of INS Shulei Che Xiaqig Tag Xuwei Cheg Juqiag Gao ad Zepeg Su

More information

The Detection of Abrupt Changes in Fatigue Data by Using Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Method

The Detection of Abrupt Changes in Fatigue Data by Using Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Method Proceedigs of the th WSEAS Iteratioal Coferece o APPLIED ad THEORETICAL MECHANICS (MECHANICS '8) The Detectio of Abrupt Chages i Fatigue Data by Usig Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Method Z. M. NOPIAH, M.N.BAHARIN,

More information

CFAR DETECTION IN MIMO RADARS USING FUZZY FUSION RULES IN HOMOGENEOUS BACKGROUND

CFAR DETECTION IN MIMO RADARS USING FUZZY FUSION RULES IN HOMOGENEOUS BACKGROUND CFAR DETECTION IN MIMO RADARS USING FUZZY FUSION RULES IN HOMOGENEOUS BACKGROUND Faycal Khaldi 1 ad Faouzi Soltai 2 1,2 Départemet d électroique, Uiversité des Frères Metouri Costatie Costatie 25, Algeria

More information

A NEW DISCRETE HARTLEY TRANSFORM PRECODING BASED INTERLEAVED-OFDMA UPLINK SYSTEM WITH REDUCED PAPR FOR 4G CELLULAR NETWORKS

A NEW DISCRETE HARTLEY TRANSFORM PRECODING BASED INTERLEAVED-OFDMA UPLINK SYSTEM WITH REDUCED PAPR FOR 4G CELLULAR NETWORKS Joural of Egieerig Sciece ad Techology Vol. 6, No. 6 (211) 685-694 School of Egieerig, Taylor s Uiversity A NEW DISCRETE HARTLEY TRANSFORM PRECODING BASED INTERLEAVED-OFDMA UPLINK SYSTEM WITH REDUCED PAPR

More information

Laboratory Exercise 3: Dynamic System Response Laboratory Handout AME 250: Fundamentals of Measurements and Data Analysis

Laboratory Exercise 3: Dynamic System Response Laboratory Handout AME 250: Fundamentals of Measurements and Data Analysis Laboratory Exercise 3: Dyamic System Respose Laboratory Hadout AME 50: Fudametals of Measuremets ad Data Aalysis Prepared by: Matthew Beigto Date exercises to be performed: Deliverables: Part I 1) Usig

More information

Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 Winter 2003

Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 Winter 2003 troductio to Wireless Commuicatio ystems ECE 476/ECE 501C/C 513 Witer 2003 eview for Exam #1 March 4, 2003 Exam Details Must follow seatig chart - Posted 30 miutes before exam. Cheatig will be treated

More information

Permutation Enumeration

Permutation Enumeration RMT 2012 Power Roud Rubric February 18, 2012 Permutatio Eumeratio 1 (a List all permutatios of {1, 2, 3} (b Give a expressio for the umber of permutatios of {1, 2, 3,, } i terms of Compute the umber for

More information

A Novel Small Signal Power Line Quality Measurement System

A Novel Small Signal Power Line Quality Measurement System IMTC 3 - Istrumetatio ad Measuremet Techology Coferece Vail, CO, USA, - May 3 A ovel Small Sigal Power Lie Quality Measuremet System Paul B. Crilly, Erik Leadro Boaldi, Levy Ely de Lacarda de Oliveira,

More information

PRACTICAL FILTER DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION LAB

PRACTICAL FILTER DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION LAB 1 of 7 PRACTICAL FILTER DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION LAB BEFORE YOU BEGIN PREREQUISITE LABS Itroductio to Oscilloscope Itroductio to Arbitrary/Fuctio Geerator EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE Uderstadig of LTI systems. Laplace

More information

Using Color Histograms to Recognize People in Real Time Visual Surveillance

Using Color Histograms to Recognize People in Real Time Visual Surveillance Usig Color Histograms to Recogize People i Real Time Visual Surveillace DANIEL WOJTASZEK, ROBERT LAGANIERE S.I.T.E. Uiversity of Ottawa, Ottawa, Otario CANADA daielw@site.uottawa.ca, lagaier@site.uottawa.ca

More information

Problem of calculating time delay between pulse arrivals

Problem of calculating time delay between pulse arrivals America Joural of Egieerig Research (AJER) 5 America Joural of Egieerig Research (AJER) e-issn: 3-847 p-issn : 3-936 Volume-4, Issue-4, pp-3-4 www.ajer.org Research Paper Problem of calculatig time delay

More information

E X P E R I M E N T 13

E X P E R I M E N T 13 E X P E R I M E N T 13 Stadig Waves o a Strig Produced by the Physics Staff at Colli College Copyright Colli College Physics Departmet. All Rights Reserved. Uiversity Physics, Exp 13: Stadig Waves o a

More information

A Radio Resource Allocation Algorithm for QoS Provision in PMP-based Systems

A Radio Resource Allocation Algorithm for QoS Provision in PMP-based Systems 530 OURAL OF COMMUICATIOS, VOL. 5, O. 7, ULY 00 A Radio Resource Allocatio Algorithm for QoS Provisio i PMP-based Systems Pig Wag Broadbad Wireless commuicatios ad Multimedia laboratory, Key Laboratory

More information

3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Information Technology (ICMIT 2016)

3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Information Technology (ICMIT 2016) 3rd Iteratioal Coferece o Mechatroics ad Iformatio Techology (ICMIT 206) A Novel Iterferece Suppressio Algorithm Based o Irregular Wavelet Pacet Trasform i DSSS Satellite Commuicatio System Yaghui Tog,

More information

BANDWIDTH AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MULTIBAND FRACTAL ANTENNA BASED ON THE SIERPINSKI CARPET GEOMETRY

BANDWIDTH AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MULTIBAND FRACTAL ANTENNA BASED ON THE SIERPINSKI CARPET GEOMETRY ISSN: 2229-6948(ONLINE) DOI: 10.21917/ijct.2013.0095 ICTACT JOURNAL ON COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, MARCH 2013, VOLUME: 04, ISSUE: 01 BANDWIDTH AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MULTIBAND FRACTAL ANTENNA BASED ON THE

More information

Cross-Entropy-Based Sign-Selection Algorithms for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Systems

Cross-Entropy-Based Sign-Selection Algorithms for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Systems 4990 IEEE TRASACTIOS O SIGAL PROCESSIG, VOL. 56, O. 10, OCTOBER 2008 Cross-Etropy-Based Sig-Selectio Algorithms for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reductio of OFDM Systems Luqig Wag ad Chitha Tellambura Abstract

More information

Joint Power Allocation and Beamforming for Cooperative Networks

Joint Power Allocation and Beamforming for Cooperative Networks It. J. Commuicatios, etwork ad System Scieces,, 4, 447-45 doi:.436/ijcs..4753 Published Olie July (http://www.scirp.org/joural/ijcs) Joit Power Allocatio ad Beamformig for Cooperative etworks Sodes Maadi,,

More information

Chapter 3. GPS Signal Propagation Characteristics and its Modeling

Chapter 3. GPS Signal Propagation Characteristics and its Modeling Chapter 3 GPS Sigal Propagatio Characteristics ad its Modelig 3. Itroductio GPS avigatio sigal icludes vital iformatio such as orbital parameters, clock error coefficiets etc. This received sigal is affected

More information

3. Error Correcting Codes

3. Error Correcting Codes 3. Error Correctig Codes Refereces V. Bhargava, Forward Error Correctio Schemes for Digital Commuicatios, IEEE Commuicatios Magazie, Vol 21 No1 11 19, Jauary 1983 Mischa Schwartz, Iformatio Trasmissio

More information

Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS) versus Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) and Space-Time Trellis Coding (STTC)

Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS) versus Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) and Space-Time Trellis Coding (STTC) It. J. Commuicatios, Network ad System Scieces, 2009, 6, 469-479 doi:10.4236/ijcs.2009.26051 Published Olie September 2009 (http://www.scirp.org/joural/ijcs/). 469 Beam Patter Scaig (BPS) versus Space-Time

More information

Outline. Motivation. Analog Functional Testing in Mixed-Signal Systems. Motivation and Background. Built-In Self-Test Architecture

Outline. Motivation. Analog Functional Testing in Mixed-Signal Systems. Motivation and Background. Built-In Self-Test Architecture Aalog Fuctioal Testig i Mixed-Sigal s Jie Qi Dept. of Electrical & Computer Egieerig Aubur Uiversity Co-Advisors: Charles Stroud ad Foster Dai Outlie Motivatio ad Backgroud Built-I Self-Test Architecture

More information

International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015)

International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015) Iteratioal Power, Electroics ad Materials Egieerig Coferece (IPEMEC 205) etwork Mode based o Multi-commuicatio Mechaism Fa Yibi, Liu Zhifeg, Zhag Sheg, Li Yig Departmet of Military Fiace, Military Ecoomy

More information

Chapter 1 The Design of Passive Intermodulation Test System Applied in LTE 2600

Chapter 1 The Design of Passive Intermodulation Test System Applied in LTE 2600 Chapter The Desig of Passive Itermodulatio Test System Applied i LTE 600 Gogli, Wag Cheghua, You Wejue 3, Wa Yuqiag 4 Abstract. For the purpose of measurig the passive itermodulatio (PIM) products caused

More information

FLEXIBLE ADC: A DITHER AND OVERSAMPLING BASED SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF ADC SYSTEMS

FLEXIBLE ADC: A DITHER AND OVERSAMPLING BASED SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF ADC SYSTEMS FLEXIBLE : A DITHER AND OVERSAMPLING BASED SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS J.M. Dias Pereira (1), A. Cruz Serra () ad P. Girão () (1) DSI, Escola Superior de Tecologia, Istituto Politécico

More information