DOUBLE-ENDED FAULT LOCATORS
|
|
- Jared Harvey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The InterNational Electrical Testing Association Journal FEATURE END-TO-END TESTING OF DOUBLE-ENDED FAULT LOCATORS BY STEVE TURNER, Beckwith Electric Company, Inc.. FOR HIGH VOLTAGE, OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 1
2 SYNOPSIS High magnitude current flows through the conductor and connected equipment to the point of the disturbance when a fault (for example, lightning strike) occurs on an overhead, highvoltage transmission line. The heavy current can quickly damage the line conductor and connected equipment (for example, transformer bank). Modern protective relays detect the presence of a disturbance on overhead transmission lines and send commands to open the circuit breakers at each end before any damage occurs. Accurate fault location helps utility personnel expedite service restoration, thereby reducing outage time. If the distance to the fault is known, the utility can quickly dispatch line crews for any necessary repair. Otherwise a lot of time and expense is required to patrol the overhead line for possible damage. Referring to Figure 1, a lightning strike hits the upper line conductor between transmission towers #1 and #2. The voltage at the strike builds rapidly until it flashes over to ground and high magnitude current flows on the faulted phase(s). Modern protective relays at (to the left of Figure 1) and Substation R (to the right of Figure 1) monitor the transmission line by measuring the local voltage and current flow at their respective locations. Fault voltage drops and fault current increases during a fault. In the past, numerical line relays calculated the distance to the fault using data (voltage and current) measured at their respective locations; this method is referred to as a singleended method. Unfortunately, this method can experience significant error when there is fault resistance (for example, wind blows a tree into the line conductor) and power is flowing through the line. There are now double-ended methods that are far superior. INTRODUCTION This paper explains how to test double-ended fault locators for high-voltage, overhead transmission lines. There are many similarities to testing highspeed, communication-assisted tripping schemes (HSCATS); however, there are some important differences that are covered here in detail. Note that double-ended fault location is coming into vogue now, and these tests can be performed in unison while testing the HSCATS. Figure 2 illustrates a typical test setup on line number 2. Note that FL stands for fault locator and TS stands for test set. These tests require synchronized, three-phase test sets at both ends of the line. The distance to the fault with respect to is referred to as m. These tests call for short-circuit studies to determine the fault voltage and current measured by each fault locator for faults internal to the protected line. Zero-sequence, mutual coupling of the parallel lines and high fault resistance during heavy load are considered as power system parameters. These signals are played back to the fault locators via the synchronized test sets. The paper discusses fault location and illustrates one double-ended method. Classic problems associated with single-ended fault location are discussed as well. FIGURE 1: Lightning Strike on Overhead Transmission Line FIGURE 2: One-Line Test Setup NETAWORLD Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 2
3 FAULT LOCATION Fault location on overhead transmission systems has been researched by the electric utility industry since the early 1950s. Accurate fault location helps utility personnel: Expedite service restoration Reduce outage time Reduce operating costs Reduce customer complaints Most numerical line relays use single-ended, faultlocation algorithms. While this method is simple and fast, the following commonly encountered factors can severely degrade accuracy: High fault resistance Zero-sequence, mutual coupling Nonhomogeneous power systems This paper presents one double-ended fault location technique for overhead transmission lines. The method is only illustrated for the case of single phase-to-ground faults since this fault type occurs most frequently. However, the method can be applied equally as well for the other three fault types; that is, three-phase, phase-to-phase, and phase-to-phase-to-ground. Single phase-toground faults are typically the most rigorous for distance-to-fault calculations (that is, fault resistance and zero-sequence, mutual coupling). The double-ended method is immune to the most common problems associated with fault location remote infeed and zero-sequence, mutual coupling. This algorithm requires only the negative-sequence voltage and current from both terminals, plus the positive-sequence line impedance. This method has been thoroughly tested using actual data recorded on a high-voltage transmission system in the Southeastern U.S. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING FAULT LOCATION METHODS Fault resistance and zero-sequence, mutual coupling are the two most significant sources of error for existing single-ended methods. FIGURE 3: Single-Ended, Distance-to-Fault Calculation FAULT RESISTANCE Existing technology uses data from only one end of the overhead transmission line to calculate the distance-to-fault with respect to the local terminal. Figure 3 illustrates the fault voltage and current measured from the two ends of a faulted overhead transmission line during a single phase-to-ground fault. The per-unit distance-to-fault with respect to is m ; therefore, m. Z 1L1 = total impedance of the faulted phase to the point of the fault from (1-m). Z1L1 = total impedance of the faulted phase to the point of the fault from Substation R R F = total fault resistance V S = faulted phase voltage measured at I S = faulted phase current measured at I R = faulted phase current measured at Substation R A very simple explanation of a popular singleended method is that the local fault voltage is divided by the local fault current to determine the faulted-phase, loop impedance, Z LOOP, from the substation to the fault. The imaginary part of Z LOOP (X F ) is then calculated to ignore any fault resistance, which can be significant; for example, 24 WINTER Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 3
4 Fault resistance and zero-sequence, mutual coupling are the two most significant sources of error for existing single-ended methods. Z LOOP = V S /I S Equation 1 X F = Ιm{Z LOOP } Equation 2 Where Ιm{ } = Imaginary part of The fault reactance (X F ) is then divided by the total reactance of the transmission line (X L ) to estimate the per-unit distance-to-fault with respect to Station S. m = X F /X L Equation 3 Equations 1 through 3 are approximations, and as such are intended only to help the reader visualize how to calculate the distance-to-fault for a single phase-to-ground fault. Use zero-sequence compensation to measure the distance-to-fault in terms of positive-sequence line impedance only. REMOTE INFEED I R, the fault current flowing into the fault resistance from the opposite end of the overhead transmission line, is referred to as remote infeed. Herein lies the main problem with the method outlined previously, since it was assumed that the faulted phase current from both ends of the overhead transmission line are in-phase. If there is load flow, this is typically not the case. As the angular difference between I S and I R increases, so does the error. The error occurs because the faulted-phase voltage measured at (V S ) is dependent on the faulted-phase current flowing from Substation R (I R ). The faulted-phase voltage measured at Substation S is derived via Kirchhoff s Voltage Law (the sum of the voltages measured around any loop equals zero). V S = I S. m x Z 1L1. (I S + I R ). RF Equation 4a If there is an angular displacement between I S and I R, a reactance component is introduced due to the voltage drop across the fault resistance when the imaginary part of the faulted-phase, loop impedance is calculated. V S /I S = m. Z 1L1. I S + I R. R F Equation 4b I S V S /I S = m. Z 1L1 + (1 + α). R F Equation 4c α = I R /I S Equation 4d If the angle of IS is equal to the angle of I R, then the imaginary part of α. R F is zero; otherwise, the value is non-zero and error is introduced. The amount of error increases with the value α. Equations 4a through 4d are approximations and as such are only intended to help the reader visualize how to calculate the distance-to-fault for a single phase-to-ground fault. ZERO-SEQUENCE, MUTUAL COUPLING WITH ANOTHER OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE When two or more overhead transmission lines share the same right-of-way, there is coupling between the lines in the zero-sequence network since these components are in-phase. NETAWORLD 25 Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 4
5 Figure 4 illustrates a single phase-to-ground fault on Line 1. There is zero-sequence, mutual coupling between the adjacent overhead transmission lines because they share the same right-of-way (that is, they are in the same vicinity). Therefore, the faulted-phase current flowing in Line 2 (I S2 ) affects the faulted-phase voltage measured on Line 1 at. If I S1 and I S2 flow in opposite directions, the faulted-phase voltage measured on Line 1 at decreases; therefore, the faultedphase, loop impedance measured at Substation S for Line 1 is reduced (Z LOOP = V-/I) and the distance-to-fault calculation is closer to than the actual location of the fault. This case is referred to as overreaching. If I S1 and I S2 flow in the same direction, the faulted-phase voltage measured on Line 1 at increases; therefore, the faultedphase, loop impedance measured at Substation S for Line 1 is increased (Z LOOP = V+/I) and the distance-to-fault calculation is further from Station S than the actual location of the fault. This case is referred to as underreaching. The problems associated with zero-sequence, mutual coupling exist because of the following: The modern protective relay calculating the distance-to-fault does not account for the faulted-phase current flowing in the parallel overhead transmission line, The calculation is not immune to zero-sequence quantities. There are a few relays available today that accept an input from the adjacent overhead transmission line so as to monitor the offending residual current and make necessary corrections. However, this technique does not work properly when the offending overhead transmission line is out-of-service. When the parallel overhead transmission line is out-of-service and grounded at both stations, loop current flows in the grounded line for faults involving ground on the parallel in-service line. The loop current cannot be measured since the current transformers are outside of the loop flow. Therefore, the distance-to-fault calculation on the parallel in-service line is too close at one station and too far at the other. DOUBLE-ENDED FAULT LOCATION This section introduces a double-ended fault location algorithm for high-voltage, overhead transmission lines. The algorithm uses synchronized voltage and current measurements from both ends of the line. ADVANTAGES The double-ended fault location does not have any problems with fault resistance or zerosequence, mutual coupling due to the following: FIGURE 4: Single Phase-to-Ground Fault on Line 1 FIGURE 5: Parallel Line Out-of-Service and Grounded at Both End WINTER Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 5
6 Use of time-synchronized voltage and current measurements from both ends of the overhead transmission line. Only the negative-sequence voltage and current is used to calculate the fault location. Today, time-synchronization is available and commonly applied in substation control rooms via GPS satellite clock receivers. Both modern protective relays and digital fault recorders record the fault voltage and current from each end of the overhead transmission line. The voltage and current measurements must be filtered such that only the fundamental quantities (60 Hz components in the United States) are applied for the calculations. Modern protective relays filter the voltage and current prior to executing any protection-related functions. These signals are usually available via an event report. DERIVATION Transform voltage and current measured during fault conditions to their respective positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence quantities. Negative-sequence quantities are present for single phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase, and phaseto-phase-to-ground faults. Therefore, negativesequence quantities are very reliable. The following two equations demonstrate how to calculate the negative-sequence voltage and current from the three-phase voltage and current measurements. V 2 = (Vɑ + ɑ2. Vb + ɑ. Vc ) I 2 = (I ɑ + ɑ2. Ib + ɑ. Ic ) Where: ɑ = ɑ2 = Equation 5ɑ Equation 5b FIGURE 6: Negative-Sequence Network for Faulted Overhead Transmission Line Figure 6 illustrates the negative-sequence network for a faulted overhead transmission line. V 2S and I 2S are the negative-sequence quantities measured at. V 2R and I 2S are the negative-sequence quantities measured at Substation R. The per-unit distance to the fault with respect to is m ; therefore, m. ZL = Total impedance of the conductor to the point of the fault from (1-m). ZL = Total impedance of the conductor to the point of the fault from Substation R V F = Fault voltage at the point of the fault V 2S = Negative-sequence voltage measured at I 2S = Negative-sequence current measured at V 2R = Negative-sequence voltage measured at Substation R I 2S = Negative-sequence current measured at Substation R I 2 = Total negative-sequence fault current (I 2S + I 2R ) NETAWORLD 7 Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 6
7 Determine the apparent negative-sequence source impedances at Substations S and R as follows: Z 2S = - V 2S /I 2S Equation 6a Z 2R = - V 2R /I 2R Equation 6b Derive two loop voltage equations in terms of the fault voltage: at -V 2S + I 2S. m. ZL + V F = 0 V F = V 2S - m. I2S. ZL Equation 7 at Substation R -V 2R + I 2R. (1 m). ZL + V F = 0 V F = V 2S + m. I2R. ZL I 2R. ZL Equation 8 Set the two equations above equal to each other and solve for m with respect to Station S. V 2S - m. I2S. ZL = V 2S + m. I2S. ZL I 2R. ZL V 2S - V 2S + I 2S. ZL = m. I2. ZL Equation 9 Equation (11) calculates the per unit distance-tofault with respect to : m = V 2S - V 2R + I 2R. ZL I 2. ZIL Equation 11 EXAMPLE 1 The first example is the case of a resistive phaseto-ground fault on A-phase located 75 percent of the line (15 miles) from. It was simulated using Mathcad. You can also use short-circuit software such as ASPEN OneLiner or CAPE. Moderate load prior to the fault was modeled and the line is mutually coupled to another transmission line. The fault voltage and current at each end of the line are as follows: V AS = volts V AR = volts V BS = volts V BR = volts V CS = volts V CR = volts The negative-sequence voltage and negativesequence current are as follows: m(s) = V 2S - V 2R + I 2R. Z1L I 2. ZL Equation 10 V 2S = volts I 2S = amperes V 2R = volts I 2R = amperes HOW TO TEST THE FAULT LOCATOR This section illustrates how to use timesynchronized test signals to verify that the double-ended, fault locator works correctly. The fault locating equipment must be enabled at both terminals and the communication channel must be available. Equation (11) yields a result of 75 percent that matches the actual fault location. This example shows that equation (11) is immune to problems Figure 7 is a simple model of a faulted transmission line. is the reference bus with respect to the distance-to-fault (m). Z 1L = Positive Sequence Line Impedance Z Transfer = Transfer Impedance Z M = Mutual Coupling F = Fault Location V S = Fault Voltage at V R = Fault Voltage at Substation R I S = Fault Current from I R = Fault Current from Substation R FIGURE 7: Double-Ended Transmission Line Model WINTER Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 7
8 associated with fault resistance and zero-sequence, mutual coupling since it only uses negativesequence quantities. EXAMPLE 2 This example is an actual case where a phase-toground fault on A-phase occurred on a 230 kv overhead transmission line and was captured by digital fault recorders at both ends. Conventional methods proved futile when utility personnel tried to locate the fault. The fault turned out to be an old oak tree growing under the line. This vegetation represented an extremely high level of fault resistance (that is, many times greater than the impedance of the transmission line). The double-ended, distance-to-fault equation correctly calculated the distance-to-fault with an error of less than 5 percent. The following are the actual calculations for this case. Here are the time synchronized negative-sequence quantities measured at each end of the line: V 2S = kv V 2R = kv I 2S = A I 2R = A I 2 = I 2S + I 2R = A Z 1L = Ω primary m = V 2S - V 2R + I 2R. Z1L I 2. ZL V 2S V 2R + I 2R. Z1L = kv I 2. Z1L = kv m = per-unit The actual line length is miles. Therefore, the distance-to-fault with respect to was 12.5 miles. The actual distance-to-fault was 13 miles. EXAMPLE 3 A B-C phase-to-phase fault occurred on a 230 kv overhead transmission line. The fault was due to a truck that caught fire under the line. The resulting smoke created a path for electrical current to flow between B- and C-phase conductors. The doubleended distance-to-fault equation was applied using the negative-sequence voltage and current recorded by instrumentation at the two ends of FIGURE 8: Zero-Sequence Network the line. The error was less than two percent. Below are the actual calculations for this case. V 2S = kv I 2S = 11, A I 2 = I 2S + I 2R = 14, A Z 1L = Ω primary m = per-unit V 2R = kv I 2R = 2, A The actual line length is 21 miles; therefore, the distance-to-fault with respect to was 1.93 miles. ZERO-SEQUENCE, OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE IMPEDANCE VERIFICATION You can calculate the zero-sequence impedance of the transmission line using the synchronized, zero-sequence voltage and current measured at each end of the line using the following equation: Z OL = I OS. ZOS -I OR. ZOR m. IOS -(m-1). IOR Equation 12 Equation 12 does not account for zero-sequence mutual coupling. Figure 8 is the corresponding zero-sequence network for faults involving ground. DOUBLE-ENDED FAULT LOCATION FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION Equation 11 can be implemented to provide high-speed protection of overhead transmission NETAWORLD Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 8
9 Note that double-ended fault location is coming into vogue, and these tests can be performed in unison while testing the HSCATS. lines. Terminal voltage and current phasors can be calculated in real time and then passed from endto-end via a digital communications channel. The double-ended fault locator is immune to many problems associated with conventional distance based-schemes such as overreach and underreach. CONCLUSIONS This paper explains how to test double-ended fault locators for high-voltage, overhead transmission lines. There are many similarities to testing highspeed communication-assisted tripping schemes (HSCATS); however, there are some important differences which are covered here in detail. Note that double-ended fault location is coming into vogue, and these tests can be performed in unison while testing the HSCATS. When a disturbance (for example, a lightning strike) occurs on a high-voltage, overhead transmission line, the line must be checked for any possible damage. If the distance-to-fault is known, line crews can be quickly dispatched for any necessary repair. Otherwise, a lot of time and expense is required to patrol the overhead line for possible damage. Modern protective relays calculate the distanceto-fault using data (voltage and current) measured at the respective locations. This is referred to as a single-ended method. Error typically occurs when there is fault resistance (for example, wind blows a tree into the line conductor) and power is flowing through the line. The double-ended method uses timesynchronized, filtered data from both ends of the overhead transmission line to determine the exact distance to the disturbance with respect to either end. The double-ended fault location does not have any problems with fault resistance or zerosequence, mutual coupling due to the following: Time-synchronized voltage and current measurements are used from both ends of the overhead transmission line. Only the negative-sequence voltage and current is used to calculate the fault location. Today, time-synchronization is commonly available and applied in substation control rooms via GPS satellite clock receivers. Both modern protective relays and digital fault recorders typically record the fault voltage and current from each end of the overhead transmission line. Use this data to accurately calculate the distance to the fault. Steve Turner is a Senior Applications Engineer at Beckwith Electric Company. His previous experience includes working as an application engineer with GEC Alstom, an application engineer in the international market for SEL, focusing on transmission line protection applications. Steve worked for Progress Energy, where he developed a patent for double-ended fault location on transmission lines. Steve has both a BSEE and MSEE from Virginia Tech University. He has presented at numerous conferences including: Georgia Tech Protective Relay Conference, Western Protective Relay Conference, ECNE and Doble User Groups, as well as various international conferences. Steve is a senior member of IEEE. WINTER Winter 2012 NETA WORLD 9
PROTECTIVE RELAY MISOPERATIONS AND ANALYSIS
PROTECTIVE RELAY MISOPERATIONS AND ANALYSIS BY STEVE TURNER, Beckwith Electric Company, Inc. This paper provides detailed technical analysis of two relay misoperations and demonstrates how to prevent them
More informationThe InterNational Electrical Testing Association Journal. BY STEVE TURNER, Beckwith Electric Company, Inc.
The InterNational Electrical Testing Association Journal FEATURE PROTECTION GUIDE 64S Theory, Application, and Commissioning of Generator 100 Percent Stator Ground Fault Protection Using Low Frequency
More informationTesting Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Feature Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., nc. ntroduction Numerical transformer differential relays require careful consideration as to how to test properly.
More informationCatastrophic Relay Misoperations and Successful Relay Operation
Catastrophic Relay Misoperations and Successful Relay Operation Steve Turner (Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.) Introduction This paper provides detailed technical analysis of several catastrophic relay misoperations
More informationTransmission Line Fault Location Explained A review of single ended impedance based fault location methods, with real life examples
Transmission Line Fault Location Explained A review of single ended impedance based fault location methods, with real life examples Presented at the 2018 Georgia Tech Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference
More informationPhase Rolling and the Impacts on Protection
Phase Rolling and the Impacts on Protection Denglin (Dennis) Tang Burns & McDonnell 1700 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027 Office: (713) 622-0227 Fax: (713) 622-0224 dtang@burnsmcd.com Abstract: During
More informationUsing Event Recordings
Feature Using Event Recordings to Verify Protective Relay Operations Part II by Tony Giuliante, Donald M. MacGregor, Amir and Maria Makki, and Tony Napikoski Fault Location The accuracy of fault location
More informationUsing a Multiple Analog Input Distance Relay as a DFR
Using a Multiple Analog Input Distance Relay as a DFR Dennis Denison Senior Transmission Specialist Entergy Rich Hunt, M.S., P.E. Senior Field Application Engineer NxtPhase T&D Corporation Presented at
More informationEstimation of Fault Resistance from Fault Recording Data. Daniel Wong & Michael Tong 2014-November-5
Estimation of Fault Resistance from Fault Recording Data Daniel Wong & Michael Tong 2014-November-5 Agenda Project Background & Introduction Fault Resistance & Effect Estimation Algorithm Estimation Results
More informationDistance Element Performance Under Conditions of CT Saturation
Distance Element Performance Under Conditions of CT Saturation Joe Mooney Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Published in the proceedings of the th Annual Georgia Tech Fault and Disturbance Analysis
More informationProtection Challenges for Transmission Lines with Long Taps
Protection Challenges for Transmission Lines with Long Taps Jenny Patten, Majida Malki, Quanta Technology, Matt Jones, American Transmission Co. Abstract Tapped transmission lines are quite common as they
More informationAUTOMATIC CALCULATION OF RELAY SETTINGS FOR A BLOCKING PILOT SCHEME
AUTOMATIC CALCULATION OF RELAY SETTINGS FOR A BLOCKING PILOT SCHEME Donald M. MACGREGOR Electrocon Int l, Inc. USA eii@electrocon.com Venkat TIRUPATI Electrocon Int l, Inc. USA eii@electrocon.com Russell
More informationAnalysis of Phenomena, that Affect the Distance Protection
Analysis of Phenomena, that Affect the Distance Protection C. Gallego, J. Urresty, and J. Gers, IEEE Abstract--This article presents the impact of changes in distance protection reach and zone changes
More informationModule 9. Fault Type Form 4.X RELIABILITY ACCOUNTABILITY
Module 9 Fault Type Form 4.X 1 M9 Fault Type The descriptor of the fault, if any, associated with each Automatic Outage of an Element. 1. No fault 2. Phase-to-phase fault (P-P) 3. Single phase-to-ground
More informationDistance Relay Response to Transformer Energization: Problems and Solutions
1 Distance Relay Response to Transformer Energization: Problems and Solutions Joe Mooney, P.E. and Satish Samineni, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Abstract Modern distance relays use various filtering
More informationTopic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017
Topic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017 NAME: LOCATION: 1. The primitive self-inductance per foot of length
More informationEarth Fault Protection
Earth Fault Protection Course No: E03-038 Credit: 3 PDH Velimir Lackovic, Char. Eng. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800 F: (877) 322-4774
More informationSynchrophasors for Validation of Distance Relay Settings: Real Time Digital Simulation and Field Results
1 Synchrophasors for Validation of Distance s: Real Time Digital Simulation and Field Results Brian K. Johnson, Sal Jadid Abstract This paper proposes a method to measure transmission line parameters for
More informationBreaker Pole Scatter and Its Effect on Quadrilateral Ground Distance Protection
Breaker Pole Scatter and Its Effect on Quadrilateral Ground Distance Protection James Ryan Florida Power & Light Company Arun Shrestha and Thanh-Xuan Nguyen Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. 25
More informationGenerator Protection GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Generator Protection Generator Protection Introduction Device Numbers Symmetrical Components Fault Current Behavior Generator Grounding Stator Phase Fault (87G) Field Ground Fault (64F) Stator Ground Fault
More informationVerifying Transformer Differential Compensation Settings
Verifying Transformer Differential Compensation Settings Edsel Atienza and Marion Cooper Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Presented at the 6th International Conference on Large Power Transformers
More informationImplementation and Evaluation a SIMULINK Model of a Distance Relay in MATLAB/SIMULINK
Implementation and Evaluation a SIMULINK Model of a Distance Relay in MATLAB/SIMULINK Omar G. Mrehel Hassan B. Elfetori AbdAllah O. Hawal Electrical and Electronic Dept. Operation Department Electrical
More informationANALYSIS OF A FLASHOVER OPERATION ON TWO 138KV TRANSMISSION LINES
ANALYSIS OF A FLASHOVER OPERATION ON TWO 138KV TRANSMISSION LINES Authors: Joe Perez, P.E.: SynchroGrid, College Station, Texas Hung Ming Chou, SynchroGrid, College Station, Texas Mike McMillan, Bryan
More informationThis webinar brought to you by The Relion Product Family Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB
This webinar brought to you by The Relion Product Family Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB Relion. Thinking beyond the box. Designed to seamlessly consolidate functions, Relion relays
More informationImprove Transmission Fault Location and Distance Protection Using Accurate Line Parameters
Improve Transmission Fault Location and Distance Protection Using Accurate Line Parameters Hugo E. Prado-Félix and Víctor H. Serna-Reyna Comisión Federal de Electricidad Mangapathirao V. Mynam, Marcos
More informationNEW DESIGN OF GROUND FAULT PROTECTION
NEW DESIGN OF GROUND FAULT PROTECTION J. Blumschein*, Y. Yelgin* *SIEMENS AG, Germany, email: joerg.blumschein@siemens.com Keywords: Ground fault protection, directional element, faulted phase selection
More informationLocating Faults Before the Breaker Opens Adaptive Autoreclosing Based on the Location of the Fault
Locating Faults Before the Breaker Opens Adaptive Autoreclosing Based on the Location of the Fault Bogdan Kasztenny, Armando Guzmán, Mangapathirao V. Mynam, and Titiksha Joshi, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories,
More informationTime-Domain Technology Benefits to Protection, Control, and Monitoring of Power Systems
Time-Domain Technology Benefits to Protection, Control, and Monitoring of Power Systems Ricardo Abboud and David Dolezilek Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Revised edition with current title released
More informationexpertmeter High Performance Analyzer PM180 Fault Locator Application Note BB0165 Rev. A2
expertmeter High Performance Analyzer PM180 Fault Locator Application Note BB0165 Rev. A2 IMPORTANT NOTICE For accurate fault location, the PM180 must be calibrated under version 31.XX.19 or higher. REVISION
More informationA New Subsynchronous Oscillation (SSO) Relay for Renewable Generation and Series Compensated Transmission Systems
21, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARIS CIGRE US National Committee http : //www.cigre.org 2015 Grid of the Future Symposium A New Subsynchronous Oscillation (SSO) Relay for Renewable Generation and Series Compensated
More informationTransmission Lines and Feeders Protection Pilot wire differential relays (Device 87L) Distance protection
Transmission Lines and Feeders Protection Pilot wire differential relays (Device 87L) Distance protection 133 1. Pilot wire differential relays (Device 87L) The pilot wire differential relay is a high-speed
More informationA New Use for Fault Indicators SEL Revolutionizes Distribution System Protection. Steve T. Watt, Shankar V. Achanta, and Peter Selejan
A New Use for Fault Indicators SEL Revolutionizes Distribution System Protection Steve T. Watt, Shankar V. Achanta, and Peter Selejan 2017 by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved.
More informationCP CU1. Coupling unit for line and ground testing
CP CU1 Coupling unit for line and ground testing Line and ground test system CPC 100 The CPC 100 is a multifunctional test set for primary assets. When combined with the CP CU1 it covers the following
More informationImpedance-based Fault Location in Transmission Networks: Theory and Application
1 Impedance-based Fault Location in Transmission Networks: Theory and Application Swagata Das, Student Member, IEEE, Surya Santoso, Senior Member, IEEE, Anish Gaikwad, Senior Member, IEEE, and Mahendra
More informationValidating Transmission Line Impedances Using Known Event Data
Validating Transmission Line Impedances Using Known Event Data Ariana Amberg, Alex Rangel, and Greg Smelich Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. 0 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted.
More informationForward to the Basics: Selected Topics in Distribution Protection
Forward to the Basics: Selected Topics in Distribution Protection Lee Underwood and David Costello Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Presented at the IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference Orlando,
More informationStudy and Simulation of Phasor Measurement Unit for Wide Area Measurement System
Study and Simulation of Phasor Measurement Unit for Wide Area Measurement System Ms.Darsana M. Nair Mr. Rishi Menon Mr. Aby Joseph PG Scholar Assistant Professor Principal Engineer Dept. of EEE Dept. of
More informationConsiderations in Choosing Directional Polarizing Methods for Ground Overcurrent Elements in Line Protection Applications
Considerations in Choosing Directional Polarizing Methods for Ground Overcurrent Elements in Line Protection Applications Technical Report to the Line Protection Subcommittee of the PES, Power Systems
More informationModule 11a. Initiating Cause Code Form 4.X RELIABILITY ACCOUNTABILITY
Module 11a Initiating Cause Code Form 4.X 1 M11 Initiating and Sustained Cause Codes An Initiating Cause Code that describes the initiating cause of the outage. A Sustained Cause Code that describes the
More informationTutorial on Symmetrical Components
Tutorial on Symmetrical Components Part : Examples Ariana Amberg and Alex Rangel, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, nc. Abstract Symmetrical components and the per-unit system are two of the most fundamental
More informationEvent Analysis Tutorial
1 Event Analysis Tutorial Part 1: Problem Statements David Costello, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Abstract Event reports have been an invaluable feature in microprocessor-based relays since
More informationModeling and Performance Analysis of Mho-Relay in Matlab
Modeling and Performance Analysis of Mho-Relay in Matlab Purra Sai Kiran M.Tech Student, Padmasri Dr. B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana. ABSTRACT: This paper describes the opportunity
More informationIn Class Examples (ICE)
In Class Examples (ICE) 1 1. A 3φ 765kV, 60Hz, 300km, completely transposed line has the following positive-sequence impedance and admittance: z = 0.0165 + j0.3306 = 0.3310 87.14 o Ω/km y = j4.67 410-6
More information2 Grounding of power supply system neutral
2 Grounding of power supply system neutral 2.1 Introduction As we had seen in the previous chapter, grounding of supply system neutral fulfills two important functions. 1. It provides a reference for the
More informationCommercial Deployments of Line Current Differential Protection (LCDP) Using Broadband Power Line Carrier (B-PLC) Technology
Commercial Deployments of Line Current Differential Protection (LCDP) Using Broadband Power Line Carrier (B-PLC) Technology Nachum Sadan - Amperion Inc. Abstract Line current differential protection (LCDP)
More informationFAULT LOCATING USING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
The BEST Group THE BUFFALO ENERGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GROUP -Winter Lecture Series FAULT LOCATING USING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENTS Presented by: Syed Khundmir T Department of Electrical Engineering
More informationTransmission Line Protection Objective. General knowledge and familiarity with transmission protection schemes
Transmission Line Protection Objective General knowledge and familiarity with transmission protection schemes Transmission Line Protection Topics Primary/backup protection Coordination Communication-based
More informationAdaptive Autoreclosure to Increase System Stability and Reduce Stress to Circuit Breakers
Adaptive Autoreclosure to Increase System Stability and Reduce Stress to Circuit Breakers 70 th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers Siemens AG 2017 All rights reserved. siemens.com/energy-management
More informationAEP s 765kV Transmission Line Model Validation for Short Circuit and System Studies. T. YANG, Q. QIU, Z. CAMPBELL American Electric Power USA
1, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARI CIGRE U National Committee http : //www.cigre.org 015 Grid of the Future ymposium AEP s 765kV Transmission Line Model Validation for hort Circuit and ystem tudies T. YANG,
More informationTraveling Wave Fault Location Experience at Bonneville Power Administration
Traveling Wave Fault Location Experience at Bonneville Power Administration Armando Guzmán, Veselin Skendzic, and Mangapathirao V. Mynam, Stephen Marx, Brian K. Johnson Abstract-- Faults in power transmission
More informationPinhook 500kV Transformer Neutral CT Saturation
Russell W. Patterson Tennessee Valley Authority Presented to the 9th Annual Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference May 1-2, 26 Abstract This paper discusses the saturation of a 5kV neutral CT upon energization
More informationSTRAY FLUX AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROTECTION RELAYS
1 STRAY FLUX AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROTECTION RELAYS Z. GAJIĆ S. HOLST D. BONMANN D. BAARS ABB AB, SA Products ABB AB, SA Products ABB AG, Transformers ELEQ bv Sweden Sweden Germany Netherlands zoran.gajic@se.abb.com
More informationDigital Fault Recorder Deployment at HVDC Converter Stations
Digital Fault Recorder Deployment at HVDC Converter Stations On line continuous monitoring at HVDC Converter Stations is an important asset in determining overall system performance and an essential diagnostic
More informationChapter # : 17 Symmetrical Fault Calculations
Chapter # : 17 Symmetrical Fault Calculations Introduction Most of the faults on the power system lead to a short-circuit condition. The short circuit current flows through the equipment, causing considerable
More informationRelay Protection of EHV Shunt Reactors Based on the Traveling Wave Principle
Relay Protection of EHV Shunt Reactors Based on the Traveling Wave Principle Jules Esztergalyos, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract--The measuring technique described in this paper is based on Electro Magnetic
More informationAutomated Phase Identification System for Power Distribution Systems
Automated Phase Identification System for Power Distribution Systems A Revised Final Report Submitted to Dr. Miu and the Senior Design Project Committee of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
More informationCork Institute of Technology. Autumn 2008 Electrical Energy Systems (Time: 3 Hours)
Cork Institute of Technology Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Electrical Power Systems - Award Instructions Answer FIVE questions. (EELPS_8_Y4) Autumn 2008 Electrical Energy Systems (Time: 3 Hours) Examiners:
More informationDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VOLTAGE SAGS: INTERACTION WITH MOTOR AND DRIVE LOADS
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VOLTAGE SAGS: INTERACTION WITH MOTOR AND DRIVE LOADS Le Tang, Jeff Lamoree, Mark McGranaghan Members, IEEE Electrotek Concepts, Inc. Knoxville, Tennessee Abstract - Several papers have
More informationEE 741. Primary & Secondary Distribution Systems
EE 741 Primary & Secondary Distribution Systems Radial-Type Primary Feeder Most common, simplest and lowest cost Example of Overhead Primary Feeder Layout Example of Underground Primary Feeder Layout Radial-Type
More informationFatima Michael college of Engineering and Technology
Fatima Michael college of Engineering and Technology DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2303 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SEM: V Question bank UNIT I INTRODUCTION 1. What is the electric
More informationTransmission Protection Overview
Transmission Protection Overview 2017 Hands-On Relay School Daniel Henriod Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Pullman, WA Transmission Line Protection Objective General knowledge and familiarity with
More informationSELECTION OF DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEMES WHEN PROTECTING DUAL CIRCUIT LINES
SELECTION OF DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEMES WHEN PROTECTING DUAL CIRCUIT LINES Darren Spoor* and Joe Zhu** *Transmission Development TransGrid ** School of Electrical Engineering University of Technology, Sydney
More informationTHE ROLE OF SYNCHROPHASORS IN THE INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
THE OLE OF SYNCHOPHASOS IN THE INTEGATION OF DISTIBUTED ENEGY ESOUCES Alexander APOSTOLOV OMICON electronics - USA alex.apostolov@omicronusa.com ABSTACT The introduction of M and P class Synchrophasors
More informationThis webinar brought to you by the Relion product family Advanced protection and control IEDs from ABB
This webinar brought to you by the Relion product family Advanced protection and control IEDs from ABB Relion. Thinking beyond the box. Designed to seamlessly consolidate functions, Relion relays are smarter,
More informationPLAN... RESPOND... RESTORE! Utility Automation & Information Technology... Automation Rising
Automation Rising Q U A R T E R LY First Quarter 2013 The Digital Magazine of Automation & Information Technology for Electric, Gas and Water Utilities Utility Automation & Information Technology... PLAN...
More informationBED INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
BED INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS By Enis Šehović, P.E. 2/11/2016 Revised 5/19/2016 A. TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Interconnection Processes... 2 1. Vermont Public Service Board (PSB) Rule 5.500... 2
More informationVisualization and Animation of Protective Relay Operation
Visualization and Animation of Protective Relay Operation A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332 George J. Cokkinides
More informationPerformance Evaluation of Traveling Wave Fault Locator for a 220kV Hoa Khanh-Thanh My Transmission Line
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 4, 2018, 3243-3248 3243 Performance Evaluation of Traveling Wave Fault Locator for a 220kV Hoa Khanh-Thanh My Transmission Line Kim Hung Le
More informationISSN: Page 298
Sizing Current Transformers Rating To Enhance Digital Relay Operations Using Advanced Saturation Voltage Model *J.O. Aibangbee 1 and S.O. Onohaebi 2 *Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Bells
More informationA Tutorial on the Application and Setting of Collector Feeder Overcurrent Relays at Wind Electric Plants
A Tutorial on the Application and Setting of Collector Feeder Overcurrent Relays at Wind Electric Plants Martin Best and Stephanie Mercer, UC Synergetic, LLC Abstract Wind generating plants employ several
More informationGrounding System Theory and Practice
Grounding System Theory and Practice Course No. E-3046 Credit: 3 PDH Grounding System Theory and Practice Velimir Lackovic, Electrical Engineer System grounding has been used since electrical power systems
More informationProtective Relay Synchrophasor Measurements During Fault Conditions
Protective Relay Synchrophasor Measurements During Fault Conditions Armando Guzmán, Satish Samineni, and Mike Bryson Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Published in SEL Journal of Reliable Power,
More informationFault Locating at Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Fault Locating at Pacific Gas and Electric Company i-pcgrid 2015 Scott Hayes Relay Targets were the earliest fault location devices. Light Beam Oscillographs and later Digital Fault Recorders Microprocessor
More informationESO 210 Introduction to Electrical Engineering
ESO 210 Introduction to Electrical Engineering Lecture-14 Three Phase AC Circuits 2 THE -CONNECTED GENERATOR If we rearrange the coils of the generator as shown in Fig. below the system is referred to
More informationGround Fault Isolation with Loads Fed from Separately Derived Grounded Sources
Ground Fault Isolation with Loads Fed from Separately Derived Grounded Sources Introduction Ground fault sensing detects current that flows between a source and a (faulted) load traveling on other than
More informationApplication of Low-Impedance 7SS601 Busbar Differential Protection
Application of Low-Impedance 7SS601 Busbar Differential Protection 1. Introduction Utilities have to supply power to their customers with highest reliability and minimum down time. System disturbances,
More informationARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
The Electrical Power Engineers Qual-Tech Engineers, Inc. 201 Johnson Road Building #1 Suite 203 Houston, PA 15342-1300 Phone 724-873-9275 Fax 724-873-8910 www.qualtecheng.com ARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR
More informationDistance Protection of Cross-Bonded Transmission Cable-Systems
Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: April 19, 2019 Aalborg Universitet Distance Protection of Cross-Bonded Transmission Cable-Systems Bak, Claus Leth; F. Jensen, Christian Published in: Proceedings of the 12th
More informationNOVEL PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS
NOVEL PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS Ljubomir KOJOVIC Cooper Power Systems - U.S.A. Lkojovic@cooperpower.com INTRODUCTION In steel facilities that use Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) to manufacture
More informationDistribution Fault Location
Distribution Fault Location 1. Introduction The objective of our project is to create an integrated fault locating system that accurate locates faults in real-time. The system will be available for users
More informationSAMPLE EXAM PROBLEM PROTECTION (6 OF 80 PROBLEMS)
SAMPLE EXAM PROBLEM PROTECTION (6 OF 80 PROBLEMS) SLIDE In this video, we will cover a sample exam problem for the Power PE Exam. This exam problem falls under the topic of Protection, which accounts for
More informationSummary Paper for C IEEE Guide for Application of Digital Line Current Differential Relays Using Digital Communication
Summary Paper for C37.243 IEEE Guide for Application of Digital Line Current Differential Relays Using Digital Communication Participants At the time this draft was completed, the D32 Working Group had
More informationSolving Customer Power Quality Problems Due to Voltage Magnification
PE-384-PWRD-0-11-1997 Solving Customer Power Quality Problems Due to Voltage Magnification R. A. Adams, Senior Member S. W. Middlekauff, Member Duke Power Company Charlotte, NC 28201 USA E. H. Camm, Member
More informationSmart Grid Where We Are Today?
1 Smart Grid Where We Are Today? Meliha B. Selak, P. Eng. IEEE PES DLP Lecturer melihas@ieee.org 2014 IEEE ISGT Asia, Kuala Lumpur 22 nd May 2014 2 Generation Transmission Distribution Load Power System
More informationEE Lecture 14 Wed Feb 8, 2017
EE 5223 - Lecture 14 Wed Feb 8, 2017 Ongoing List of Topics: URL: http://www.ece.mtu.edu/faculty/bamork/ee5223/index.htm Labs - EE5224 Lab 3 - begins on Tues Feb 14th Term Project - details posted. Limit
More informationABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF WIND TURBINE GROUNDING SYSTEMS Maria Lorentzou*, Ian Cotton**, Nikos Hatziargyriou*, Nick Jenkins** * National Technical University of Athens, 42 Patission Street, 1682 Athens,
More informationECE456 Power System Protection
ECE456 Power System Protection Assignment : #5 (Solutions) 1. A phase b-c-g fault is experienced at F in the system shown in figure 1. Calculate the impedances seen by the b-c, b-g and c-g units of the
More informationSmart Wires. Distributed Series Reactance for Grid Power Flow Control. IEEE PES Chapter Meeting - Jackson, MS August 8, 2012
Smart Wires Distributed Series Reactance for Grid Power Flow Control IEEE PES Chapter Meeting - Jackson, MS August 8, 2012 Jerry Melcher Director Program Management Smart Wires Inc. 2 Agenda Technology
More informationProtecting Large Machines for Arcing Faults
Protecting Large Machines for Arcing Faults March 2, 2010 INTRODUCTION Arcing faults occur due to dirty insulators or broken strands in the stator windings. Such faults if undetected can lead to overheating
More informationA New Technology. for Measuring Overhead Line and Cable Impedance Values and the Ground Impedance of Large Substations. Feature
Feature A New Technology for Measuring Overhead Line and Cable Impedance Values and the Ground Impedance of Large Substations Introduction The knowledge of overhead line and cable impedances is very important
More informationProtection of Extra High Voltage Transmission Line Using Distance Protection
Protection of Extra High Voltage Transmission Line Using Distance Protection Ko Ko Aung 1, Soe Soe Ei Aung 2 Department of Electrical Power Engineering Yangon Technological University, Insein Township
More informationCOMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SMART WIRES SMARTVALVE WITH EHV SERIES CAPACITOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUB-SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE (SSR)
7 February 2018 RM Zavadil COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SMART WIRES SMARTVALVE WITH EHV SERIES CAPACITOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUB-SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE (SSR) Brief Overview of Sub-Synchronous Resonance Series
More informationA New Adaptive High Speed Distance Protection Scheme for Power Transmission Lines
A New Adaptive High Speed Distance Protection Scheme for Power Transmission Lines M.M. Saha, T. Einarsson, S. Lidström ABB AB, Substation Automation Products, Sweden Keywords: Adaptive distance protection,
More informationSYNCHRONISING AND VOLTAGE SELECTION
SYNCHRONISING AND VOLTAGE SELECTION This document is for Relevant Electrical Standards document only. Disclaimer NGG and NGET or their agents, servants or contractors do not accept any liability for any
More informationNew design of distance protection for smart grid applications
New design of distance protection for smart grid applications Blumschein Jörg, Dzienis Cezary, Yelgin Yilmaz Siemens AG, Energy Management Division, Berlín, Alemania RESUMEN Este artículo presenta un nuevo
More informationSequence Networks p. 26 Sequence Network Connections and Voltages p. 27 Network Connections for Fault and General Unbalances p. 28 Sequence Network
Preface p. iii Introduction and General Philosophies p. 1 Introduction p. 1 Classification of Relays p. 1 Analog/Digital/Numerical p. 2 Protective Relaying Systems and Their Design p. 2 Design Criteria
More informationAdvanced Paralleling of LTC Transformers by VAR TM Method
TAPCHANGER CONTROLS Application Note #24 Advanced Paralleling of LTC Transformers by VAR TM Method 1.0 ABSTRACT Beckwith Electric Company Application Note #11, Introduction of Paralleling of LTC Transformers
More informationHarmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations
Harmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations This report documents the findings on the harmonic voltage and current levels at ENMAX Power Corporation (EPC) substations. ENMAX is concerned
More information, ,54 A
AEB5EN2 Ground fault Example Power line 22 kv has the partial capacity to the ground 4,3.0 F/km. Decide whether ground fault currents compensation is required if the line length is 30 km. We calculate
More informationOvercurrent Elements
Exercise Objectives Hands-On Relay Testing Session Overcurrent Elements After completing this exercise, you should be able to do the following: Identify overcurrent element settings. Determine effective
More information