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1 x Wireless Technologies 2018
2 ASSUMPTIONS FOR USING THIS TEACHING MATERIAL DSR and OTSL takes no responsibility about the problem which occurs as a result of applying the technical information written in this document in a commercial product, although the information is based on actual implementation and our experiences, is reliable enough.
3 AGENDA Networking basics Wireless communication Bluetooth Coexistence in wireless networks
4 LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
5 ISO/OSI REFERENCE MODEL Layer Unit Function 7. Application data High-level APIs 6. Presentation data Data format conversion / encryption 5. Session data Managing communication sessions 4. Transport segment Reliable transmission 3. Network packet Local addressing, routing, traffic control 2. Data Link frame Physical addressing, error detection (Medium Access Layer and Logical Link Control sub-layers) 1. Physical Link bit Transmission and reception of raw bit streams
6 HEADERS ENCAPSULATION
7 TCP/IP HTTP, DNS, TCP, UDP, IP Ethernet, ,
8 BASIC NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Bus Star Ring Tree Full mesh Partial mesh
9 ADDRESSING METHODS Unicast (one-to-one) Broadcast (one-to-all) Multicast (one-to-many) Anycast (one-to-one-of-many) Geocast
10 Wireless communication 2018
11 RADIO FREQUENCY RF stands for Radio Frequency, but is often used in the sense for anything related with EM signals. Electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, whose main characteristics are frequency, amplitude, and phase.
12 RADIO FREQUENCY
13 MODULATION Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform with a modulating signal. Carrier signal the one being modulated. Modulating signal conveys information.
14 AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY MODULATION
15 DIGITAL MODULATION EXAMPLES FSK (Frequency-shift keying) two frequencies, representing 0 and 1 PSK (Phase-shift keying) two phases, representing 0 and 1
16 POWER Electromagnetic waves transmit energy. Thus, we may speak about power (measured in Watts) transfer. Power is often expressed using decibels. Decibel: The decibel (abbreviated as db) is a logarithmic expression of the ratio between the power, voltage, or current of two signals. P = 10*lg(P2/P1) or P = 20*lg(E2/E1)
17 POWER If we take some reference power, decibels can be used as an absolute measure. For power, the most common reference is 1 mw. Such power units are abbreviated as dbm (decibelmilliwats). 0 dbm = 1 mw 10 dbm = 10 mw 20 dbm = 100 mw
18 EXAMPLES 60 dbm = 1 kw microwave oven radiation 27 dbm = 500 mw typical mobile phone 15 dbm = 32 mw typical WLAN transmission power 7 dbm = 5 mw laser in a CD-ROM drive 0 dbm = 1 mw Bluetooth class dbm = 178*10^-18 W received power from GPS
19 LQI & RSSI These are two frequently used signal metrics: Received Signal Strength the power of a received signal, in dbm units. Link Quality Indicator estimates how easily a received signal can be demodulated. RSSI and LQI are completely independent of each other.
20 RADIO SPECTRUM
21 LONGER AND SHORTER WAVES Longer waves Shorter antennas Better penetration Lower data rate Lower attenuation Shorter waves Longer antennas Worse penetration Higher data rate Higher attenuation
22 MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
23 NARROWBAND AND WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION
24 NARROWBAND AND WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION Wideband: Faster communication Harder to send and detect Usually higher frequencies Narrowband Slower communication Better sensitivity and range Usually lower frequencies
25 SIGNAL SPREADING Shannon and Hartley channel-capacity theorem: C = B log 2 (1 + S/N) where C is channel capacity in bps, B is the channel bandwidth (Hz) and S/N is signal-to-noise power ratio. Increasing signal power leads to higher channel capacity. Increasing bandwidth leads to higher channel capacity.
26 SIGNAL SPREADING (CONT.) C = B log 2 (1 + S/N) The equation allows for the channel to have arbitrary capacity even if S/N is low (even below 1). For that we need to perform the signal-spreading operation. Two most popular methods: FHSS and DSSS. Process gain ratio of spread, in db.
27 SIGNAL SPREADING: FHSS Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum The carrier hops from frequency to frequency over a wide band.
28 SIGNAL SPREADING: DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Each symbol is replaced by corresponding PN-sequence (larger in size). As a result, the signal frequency (and, therefore, signal bandwidth) increases. A pulse of these frequencies is called a chip, and the new frequency is called chip rate. Spreading Factor = chip rate / symbol rate
29 ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL SPREADING Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading Longer operating distance Harder to jam and detect Inherent security
30 SIGNAL SPREADING: FHSS VS. DSSS
31 FREQUENCY ALLOCATION Frequency allocation is the division of the EM spectrum into radio frequency bands. Frequency allocation is regulated by governments. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) coordinates the global use of the radio spectrum.
32 ISM BANDS ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) bands were originally reserved for purposes other than telecommunication. Industrial heaters and microwave ovens. Nowadays ISM bands are also actively used for shortrange wireless communication. ISM bands do not require licensing, but there are strict limitations on transmission power.
33 ISM BANDS Some examples: MHz (Europe only) MHz (USA only) MHz (worldwide) MHz
34 WIRELESS NETWORKS Type Distance Examples WWAN up to 35 km GSM, 3G, etc. WMAN up to 10 km WiMAX WLAN up to 100 m Wi-Fi WPAN ~ 10m Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc.
35 WPAN Short-range communication ( Personal operating space, POS). Low cost, low power consumption, small size devices. Objectives: Getting rid of cable connections. Interoperability. Little or no infrastructure.
36 IEEE IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a professional association. Among other things, this organization develops global standards in a broad range of industries. IEEE is a family of standards for wireless PANs: Bluetooth Zigbee
37 2018 Bluetooth
38 BLUETOOTH A number of companies were looking to standardize the industry around a short-range radio link. Intel started a program called Business-RF; Ericsson had a program called MC-Link; Nokia had a program called Low Power RF. They first met in 1996, and in 1998 the Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) was founded. It adopted the code name as a tribute to the tenth-century Viking king Harald Gormsson who peacefully united Denmark and Norway, whose nickname was "Bluetooth.
39 BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is based on RF data transmission. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Communication range is m Low power consumption Open and royalty-free specification
40 BLUETOOTH VERSIONS V1.0b and 1.1 (1998) Basic architecture, radio spec, basic protocols. V1.2 (2002) Faster connection, coexistence with WLAN, improved QoS (quality of service), improved voice quality, data rate up to 1 Mbit/s. V2.0+EDR V2.1+EDR (Enhanced data rate) ( ) Faster data transfer: up to 2.18 Mbit/s (user data rate). V3.0+HS (High speed) (2009) Power Optimization, improved security, enhanced power control, lower latency rates, data rate up to 24 Mbit/s. V4.0+LE (low energy) (2010) Lower energy consumption V4.1 (2013) and V4.2 (2014) Multi roles support, improved Link layer privacy, IPV6 support, LTE coexistence.
41 PICONET Piconet is a collection of slaves operating with one master. There can be up to 7 active slave devices.
42 BLUETOOTH LINKS SCO (Synchronous Connection-Oriented) used for 64kbit full-duplex voice data. The data is streamed instead of framed. ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) used for general data packets
43 BLUETOOTH CHANNELS Bluetooth operates within 2402 MHz 2480 MHz. There are 79 channels, they are spaced 1 MHz apart.
44 BLUETOOTH FREQUENCY HOPPING Bluetooth employs frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) The frequency is changed 1600 times a second. The hopping sequence is determined by the Bluetooth address of the master. Newer Bluetooth employ adaptive FHSS.
45 BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK
46 BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK (CONT.) Radio It is the layer where actual communication takes place. Baseband / Link Controller Constructing and decoding packets, encoding and error detection, controlling the radio, managing synchronization. Link Manager Protocol Establishing and managing links, authentication, pairing, handling power modes. Host Controller Interface (HCI): The HCI provides a command interface to the baseband controller and link manager, and access to hardware status and control registers. Essentially, this interface provides a uniform method of accessing the Bluetooth baseband capabilities.
47 BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK (CONT.) Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): Multiplexing mixing messages from different senders before transmitting in order to achieve high throughput. Segmentation and Reassembly breaking input data into pieces at one end and conjoining at receiving end. QoS Quality of Service needed for that application. RFCOMM Protocol: The RFCOMM protocol provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP protocol. The protocol is based on the ETSI standard TS Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): The service discovery protocol (SDP) provides a means for applications to discover which services are available and to determine the characteristics of those available services.
48 BLUETOOTH AND ISO/OSI
49 BLUETOOTH PROFILES The Bluetooth SIG states, "Bluetooth profiles are general behaviors through which Bluetooth enabled devices communicate with other devices." At a minimum, each profile specification contains information on the following topics: Dependencies on other formats Suggested user interface formats Specific parts of the Bluetooth protocol stack used by the profile.
50 BLUETOOTH PROFILE EXAMPLES File Transfer allows to access the filesystem of another device. Hands-Free Audio allows to transmit voice-quality audio, uses SCO links. Advanced Audio Distribution for high-quality audio, uses L2CAP connections Serial Port Profile allows RFCOMM connections to be treated as serial cable connections.
51 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
52 Wireless coexistence 2018
53 WIRELESS COEXISTENCE
54 COEXISTENCE MECHANISMS Collaborative Implemented in one physical unit and communicating with each other by wired connection Non-collaborative Implemented in different physical unit and not communicating with each other by wired connection WLAN physical unit WLAN WPAN wired connection WPAN
55 COEXISTENCE MECHANISM EXAMPLES 1 AWMA : Alternating wireless medium access 2 PTA : Packet traffic arbitration 3 DIS : Deterministic interference suppression 4 AIS : Adaptive interference suppression 5 APS : Adaptive packet selection 6 PS-ACL : Packet scheduling for ACL links 7 PS-SCO : Packet scheduling for SCO links 8 AFH : Adaptive frequency-hopping collaborative collaborative collaborative non-collaborative non-collaborative non-collaborative non-collaborative non-collaborative
56 COLLABORATIVE EXAMPLES 1. AWMA 2. PTA 3. DIS WLAN input WLAN time WPAN time WLAN time time TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) TxRequest TxConfirm Status PTA Controll Entity Fig.-6 PTA image transversal filter TxRequest TxConfirm Status Approximating the contribution of interference sources and removing them (the same principle as noise and echo canceller) WPAN output This is effective for mitigating interference, but it deteriorates voice streaming such as SCO. This can avoid deterioration of voice streaming by giving increased priority to SCO. But ACL data transfer rate will decrease. This is effective for mitigating interference, but it needs high cost and much time for implementation.
57 NON-COLLABORATIVE EXAMPLES 4. AIS 5. APS x(n) RLSL filter Delay Adaptive filter Σ y(n) Cancelling the interference signal by the prediction signal Selecting the packet type adaptively for the system that needs transfer rate e(n) Approximation of the IEEE signal Prediction unwanted narrowband IEEE signal Throughput in application less influence of interference HV1 > HV2 > HV3 DM1 > DM3 > DM5 more influence of interference IEEE SCO packet type IEEE ACL packet type
58 NON-COLLABORATIVE EXAMPLES (CONT.) packet to transmit 6. PS-ACL delay If the last frequency status of the packet slot is bad, the transmit packet is delayed until the packet last Slave Rx : bad slot whose last frequency status is last Master Rx : bad good is reached. Slave Rx now : good Master Rx now : good 7. PS-SCO 8. AFH This method is used only for SCO transportation. The packet type is converted from HV3 to EV1, and if the last frequency status of the starting packet slot is bad, the transmit packet is delayed until the start packet slot whose last frequency status is good is reached. This is the Adaptive Frequency Hopping in Bluetooth standard itself.
59 METHODS OF IMPLEMENTING SUCH SYSTEMS Devices from the same silicon manufacturer with collaborative mechanism Implement system by using the WLAN device and Bluetooth device from the same silicon manufacturer and by using collaborative mechanism. Devices from different silicon manufacturers with non-collaborative mechanism Implement system by using the WLAN device and Bluetooth device from different silicon manufacturers and by using non-collaborative mechanism. Combo device of WLAN and Bluetooth Implement system by using one-chip system of WLAN subsystem and Bluetooth subsystem designed recently by major silicon manufacturer (such as CSR, Broadcom, Texas Instruments, etc.), and by using collaborative mechanism.
60 DEVICES FROM THE SAME SILICON MANUFACTURER High reliability in behavior of collaborative mechanism, because of devices from the same silicon manufacturer. Considerations: At the master device, use AWMA and PTA as a core method; DIS and AFH as selectable options. It is necessary to control dynamically the enable/disable of AWMA, configuration of WLAN/BT time length, and configuration of PTA priority, according to usage scene of application. At the slave device (such as a BT mobile phone, Wi-Fi PDA, etc.), select AIS as an option when there is strong interference between WLAN and Bluetooth. There is a selectable antenna option that is a WLAN/BT independent type or a WLAN/BT shared type PTA WLAN DIS AWMA shared antenna AIS BT mobile phone AIS In this collaborative mechanism, collision of only the Tx packet can be avoided. In the case that the WLAN Rx packet reaches a shared antenna when Bluetooth is transmitting the packet in WPAN time, WLAN loses this Rx packet. WLAN AP BT independent antenna Collaborative mechanism required master device optional
61 DEVICES FROM DIFFERENT SILICON MANUFACTURERS If the performance of the WLAN device or PTA algorithm from the same silicon manufacturer do not meet the requirement of the application, the WLAN device from the other silicon manufacturer is selected and AFH runs on Bluetooth. AFH can meet the basic coexistence mechanism, and there is a merit that the devices from different silicon manufacturers can be selected. Because the situation that hopping table is WLAN in-band can be avoided by AFH, the interference can be avoided almost perfectly by only the non-collaborative mechanism. Because Bluetooth application and Wi-Fi application can be run independently, it becomes easy to reuse the past resources of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. independent antenna AIS WLAN AIS BT AFH Collaborative mechanism required WLAN AP master device slave device optional
62 COMBO DEVICE OF WLAN AND BLUETOOTH Features: Major silicon manufacturers such as CSR, Broadcom, Texas Instruments, etc., have released the one-chip device that includes WLAN, Bluetooth, GPS, FM and so on. The device of each silicon manufacturer includes IEEE Part 15.2 collaborative algorithm. And each silicon manufacturer adds their own coexistence mechanisms: For example, in the Broadcom device, the function is added that the device transmits to AP the packet that notifies that the device cannot receive the Rx packet, and avoids packet-loss by making Rx packet retained in the AP. A function is added that reduces battery consumption and reduces noise by power-down. Each silicon manufacturer designs ICs for target application so users can select ICs for their specific application. Consideration for implementation: PTA logic varies by each silicon manufacturer and each target application. It is important to check the design concept of PTA logic in selection to achieve expected performance.
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