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1 Unit 4: Waves and Sound Independent Study Unit Name: Instrument Chosen: In this ISU, you will be investigating sound and waves, as well as analyzing a musical instrument of your choosing. It will be up to you to find the information, though resources are provided for you at the beginning of each section. The resources will also be provided to you on the Course Prezi for easy access. Most links provided should work on mobile devices. You may of course look elsewhere for the information, as long as it comes from reliable sources. This ISU will be worth 10% of your final mark. The marking scheme is on the back of this page. There are 2 parts to this assignment: 1) Modules 1-6 These worksheets are self-directed and will walk you through the material for this unit. You will apply the concepts in the instrument analysis section. All questions are to be fully answered. You may answer in point form Show all calculations where necessary. 2) Instrument Analysis Start off by answering the research questions. You will submit your research notes along with the assignment. You will then create an information sheet (or infographic) based on your research containing diagrams and facts about the physics behind how the instrument works. Keep track of all sources, as you will need to cite your work on the information sheet What to submit Submit the following, stapled together in the order below: This sheet with name and chosen instrument on it Modules 1-6 complete Research notes based on research questions Information sheet Plagiarism Remember: You may work with others to complete this ISU but do not copy. You will receive a mark of 0 if you are found to have copied from another student. When looking up data online, do not copy directly unless quoting a source. Paraphrase the information you find. - notten.weebly.com - 1

2 Marking Scheme Modules Each Module Will be marked out of 10 under the following criteria: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level Not submitted Incomplete with many errors Questions incomplete with errors All questions complete Few to no errors Module 1: What is sound? /10 Module 2: How can we describe waves? /10 Module 3: How do waves bounce? /10 Module 4: What happens when 2 waves meet? /10 Module 5: How do musical instruments form notes? /10 Module 6: How do we hear? /10 All questions complete Thorough and well thought out responses Total /60 Instrument Analysis The instrument analysis will be evaluated under the following categories Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level Research Quality Organization of Information Communication of Concepts Not included Incomplete with many errors Information disorganized Citations missing Concepts misunderstood Terminology from unit not used Some research topics covered Errors present in Information difficult to follow Citations incomplete Understanding of concepts not evident Some terminology used Research topics covered Few to no errors Information easy to follow Citations complete Understanding of concepts evident Correct terminology used Research topics covered Thorough and well thought out responses Layout well thought out Citations complete Clear understanding of concepts evident Correct terminology used Comments: Total /30 Final Mark: /90 - notten.weebly.com - 2

3 Module 1: What is sound? In Unit 3, we briefly talked about sound energy and how it is the energy in vibrating matter. In this section we ll break that definition down a bit more Resources: Transverse and Longitudinal Waves: Khan Academy: Introduction to Waves: Textbook Sections A. Mechanical Waves 1. What is a mechanical wave? Give some examples: 2. Mechanical waves are the major focus of this unit. There are 2 types of waves: transverse and longitudinal waves. Complete the table below: Transverse Waves Longitudinal Waves Sketch: Sketch what a spring looks like when it is experiencing each type of wave Label the peaks and troughs Label the compressions and rarefactions Definition: Can propogate in: (solids, liquids or gases?) Examples: where would you find this type of wave? - notten.weebly.com - 3

4 3. Light (electromagnetic waves) is a type of wave too but why is it not considered a mechanical wave? B. Sound 1. Define Sound: 2. Is sound a longitudinal or transverse wave? Illustrate your answer with a diagram of how sound moves through the air. 3. We use a device below, called an oscilloscope, to give us a physical representation of what sound looks like. Oscilloscopes display the compressions and rarefactions as a transverse wave instead of a longitudinal wave though. Why do you think this is? 4. So, if a tree falls in the forest and nobody is around to hear it, does it still make a sound? Relate this back to your definition of sound. Next time you are listening to music, think about what vibrations are involved in what you hear! - notten.weebly.com - 4

5 Module 2: How can we describe waves? Wave Characteristics Periodic waves are waves that have a repeating pattern over time. We can describe these types of waves with specific terms such as wavelength, amplitude, frequency, period and velocity. In this section we will learn what all these terms mean and how to use them. Resources: Khan Academy: Amplitude, Period, Frequency and Wavelength of Periodic Waves: Khan Academy: Speed of Sound: Tone Generator: Textbook Sections A. Amplitude and Wavelength We describe the physical dimensions of a periodic wave using amplitude (A) and wavelength (λ). They are illustrated below: Longitudinal Wave: Transverse Wave: 1. Define the following: a) Amplitude: b) Wavelength: 2. How is wavelength different for a transverse and longitudinal wave? 3. How does increasing the amplitude of a sound wave affect the sound you hear? - notten.weebly.com - 5

6 4. Complete the following questions below by measuring the wavelengths and amplitudes of the waves. - notten.weebly.com - 6

7 B. Frequency and Period Periodic waves can also be described by their behavior over time. The terms we use for this are frequency (f) and period (T). 1. Complete the table below: Frequency (f) Period (T) Description: Equation: Units: 2. If a speaker vibrates 200 times in 1 minute, a) What is its frequency? b) What is its period? 3. Use the tone generator at or download a tone generator app on your phone to determine what your hearing range is. Find the lowest and highest frequency you can hear and record the values here: - notten.weebly.com - 7

8 C. Wave Speed We can put together the frequency and the wavelength into a powerful equation called the Universal Wave Equation. This equation can help us calculate the speed at which a wave travels. 1. State the Universal Wave Equation. Label the SI units for each of the variables: 2. Calculate the speed of a wave if it has a frequency of 440 Hz and a wavelength of 0.7m. 3. Calculate the frequency of a sound wave travelling through air if the wave has a wavelength of 2.0 m. The speed of sound in air at 20 C is 343 m/s. 4. Does sound travel faster in solids, liquids, or gases? Explain. 5. Does warmer air make sound travel faster or slower? Explain. - notten.weebly.com - 8

9 Module 3: How do waves bounce? Wave Reflections If you send a single transverse pulse down a string or spring, what will happen when it gets to the end? Check out the resources below to discover what happens, or experiment with some springs or the wave machine in class! Resources: Interactive Wave Simulation: Fixed End Wave Pulse Reflection: Free End Wave Pulse Reflection: Textbook Section So it turns out the behavior of a reflected pulse it depends on whether the end is fixed or free. In the diagrams below, sketch what the pulse would look like after it has reflected off the end in each case. Include the direction of the reflected pulse. Fixed End Free End Sketch reflected pulse below Sketch reflected pulse below 2. Describe the behavior of the reflection in each case Fixed End Free End - notten.weebly.com - 9

10 3. Sketch what the reflections of the following strange looking wave pulses would look like on the right side. Pay close attention to whether they have a fixed or free end. - notten.weebly.com - 10

11 Module 4: What happens when two waves meet? Wave Interference What happens when two wave pulses moving towards each other and intersect? Check out the resources below to find out. Try to send a pulse in the Interactive Wave Simulation and intercept it with another pulse after it bounces. Observe what happens. Resources: Interactive Wave Simulation: Textbook Section Sketch what happens when each of the two pulses below meet and interfere 2. Describe the difference between constructive and destructive interference 3. Identify each of the following as constructive or destructive interference. - notten.weebly.com - 11

12 4. In each example below, two pulses are approaching each other. If the waves move at 1 box per second, sketch what the interference of the waves will look like at 1,2,3 and 4 seconds. The first 3 examples are done for you. Complete the bottom 3. - notten.weebly.com - 12

13 Module 5: How do musical instruments form notes? Standing Waves In the past few modules, we ve looked at what happens when a pulse is reflected and interferes with another pulse. What happens when a periodic wave is reflected and interferes with itself? Check out the resources below: Resources: Singing plates Standing Waves on Chladni plates: Standing Wave Maker Interactive: Sound/Standing-Wave-Patterns/Standing-Wave-Patterns-Interactive Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse Gallopin Gertie : CYMATICS: Science Vs. Music Nigel Stanford: CYMATICS More resources: Textbook Section 9.2 A. Standing Waves Sanding waves are formed when two waves moving in opposite directions interfere. Standing waves still oscillate but don t appear to move forward or backwards. 1. The following image shows an example of a standing wave on a string with both ends fixed in place. Identify the location of all nodes and antinodes. 2. If you touched the string gently at one of the nodes would the string keep vibrating? Explain. Using the Standing Wave Maker Interactive at Interactives/Waves-and-Sound/Standing-Wave-Patterns/Standing-Wave-Patterns-Interactive, click the pre-set waves button to see what standing waves look like with different end conditions (two fixed ends, one open end, and two open ends). You can see how the forward travelling blue wave interacts with the backward travelling orange wave to create the green standing wave. You can also view different harmonics on the string. 3. Describe what a harmonic is, and how the frequencies of different harmonics are related to each other. - notten.weebly.com - 13

14 4. A string with 2 fixed ends can vibrate in different standing waves or harmonics. Complete the following table by sketching the standing wave, stating the number of nodes and calculating the frequency based on the first harmonic with a frequency of 440 Hz: Harmonic Sketch Number of Nodes Frequency First 440 Hz Second Third Fourth Fifth 5. Standing waves can also be generated when the ends are open and not fixed. This happens in many wind instruments. Sketch the first 3 harmonics of standing waves with the following end conditions: Harmonic One Fixed End, One Free End Two Free Ends First Second Third - notten.weebly.com - 14

15 B. Resonance When you pluck a string, it will naturally vibrate with certain frequencies and harmonics. 1. Define the following terms: a) Resonant frequency: b) Resonance: c) Resonant modes: 2. In 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington State collapsed. Describe what role resonance played in the collapse of the bridge. C. Cymatics Cymatics is making sound visible using various materials. Watch the Youtube video CYMATICS: Science Vs. Music Nigel Stanford ( to answer the questions below. You can also find some behind the scenes info about the video at 1. Chladni plates are used to demonstrate standing waves on a surface. In the video, the sand forms patterns depending on the note that is played. Why does the sand collect in certain spots and not others? 2. The video also demonstrates a Ruben s Tube (with the flame coming out of the pipe). The flame is higher in some places and lower in other places and the pattern changes when he plays different notes. Describe what is happening in the tube where the flame is high and low. Illustrate your answer with a diagram. - notten.weebly.com - 15

16 Module 6: How do we hear? By now, we have an understanding of how materials vibrate but how do we actually hear those vibrations? The video What is up with Noises (link below) answers that question and more. Check it out before trying the questions below: Resources: What is up with Noises? (The Science and Mathematics of Sound, Frequency, and Pitch): Audacity Free audio recording software that is also good for analyzing sound, generating tones and experimenting with different frequencies. It is used by Vi Hart in the video above. Can be downloaded at: Textbook Section Describe how the sound from a vibrating guitar string gets to your ear. 2. What is a sympathy vibration? Define the term and provide an example of how it can occur. 3. How does the basilar membrane in your cochlea detect different pitches? Include a diagram. 4. Define timbre: 5. Why does the same note sound different when you hear it played on a flute, on a guitar or sung? - notten.weebly.com - 16

17 Instrument Analysis In this section of the ISU, you will research the instrument you signed up for and present it as an infographic. You will also need to submit your research notes based on the questions below: Resources: What is up with Noises? (The Science and Mathematics of Sound, Frequency, and Pitch): Audacity Free audio recording software that is also good for analyzing sound, generating tones and experimenting with different frequencies. It is used by Vi Hart in the video above: Textbook Section 10.2 Research questions: 1. Background information: What is the origin of the instrument and where is it used (orchestra, rock band, sound effects, etc)? 2. Describe the part or parts of the instrument that vibrate to create standing waves. 3. How does the instrument vibrate to create different resonant modes? 4. What causes the vibration? Describe the mechanism used to vibrate the instrument. 5. Describe how the vibration from the instrument reaches your ear. 6. How does the instrument amplify the sound to make it audible? Does the instrument need external equipment to amplify it? If so, describe how this is done. 7. How can you vary the loudness (amplitude) of the instrument? 8. How can you vary the pitch (frequency) of the instrument? 9. What range of pitches is the instrument capable of producing (called the playing range)? 10. Is the instrument able to sustain a pitch for an extended period of time (like a guitar) or does it die out quickly after it is played (like a snare drum)? What design features of the instrument increase or decrease the sustain? 11. What does a periodic sound wave produced by the instrument look like (called a waveform)? You can find the waveform for different instruments online or record the instrument yourself using software such as Audacity. 12. Describe the timbre of the instrument. Are there any specific harmonics (or overtones) that create its distinct sound? Can you change the sound by playing the instrument differently? 13. Are there any other interesting facts about the instrument and how it creates sound? Feel free to explore. - notten.weebly.com - 17

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