The New Graphic Tools In The Easy-Learning Platform

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1 The New Graphic Tools In The Easy-Learning Platform Radu Rădescu 1, Valentin Pupezescu 1, Mihai Ureche 1 (1) Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Applied Electronics and Information Engineering Department 313, Splaiul Independenţei, Sector 6, RO , Romania radu.radescu@upb.ro Abstract The present paper aims to present the new graphics tools module developed for the Easy- Learning online platform. The Tools module is very useful in the study of waveforms, coding and modulation, which requires for learning a well-defined and suggestive graphic display. It can be used as a laboratory segment on its own or as a part of a practical session of any study discipline involving graphic tools. Keywords: e-learning, modulation, waveform, coding, amplitude, phase, frequency 1. Introduction This article aims to present the new graphics tools module developed for the Easy-Learning platform. The Tools module can be used as a laboratory segment on its own, presenting binary coding types and digital modulations. The tools module represents an application created with ActionScript 3.0. This dynamic application includes 3 parts: Wave shapes, Binary codes, and Digital modulations. As shown in the paper entitled The New Mail And Newsletter Modules In The Easy-Learning Platform, the interaction between the user and the Easy-Learning platform is achieved using three specific interfaces: administrator, tutor and student. With their help, you can manage common objects that are stored in the database, with the mention that each interface provides certain rights of access to these objects, depending on user type. 2. The Tools module in the Easy-Learning platform This module contains an application designed in AS3, this module is found only in the student interface. The application is formed of three parts: A wave generator; Examples of binary codes: NRZ (Non Return to Zero), FM (Frequency Modulation), and Manchester or PE (Phase Encoding); Examples of modulations: ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), and PSK (Phase Shift Keying). This application is a dynamic one, designed specially to ease the coding and modulation representations module. As shown in Figure 1, the menu is formed from the three already mentioned parts: Wave Shape, Binary Codes and Modulations The Wave Shape module In this part of the application, the generation of sinusoidal, triangular and rectangular waves can be visualized. The interface is similar to a rudimentary oscilloscope. The goal of this part is to exemplify wave shapes, being a preparatory part for the following sections of the application. In

The 6 th International Conference on Virtual Learning ICVL 2011 465 order to be an interactive part, it does not just show the wave shapes, but it has two sliders that can be used to modify the

The Wave generator (sinusoidal wave) As shown in Figure 2,

2 The 6 th International Conference on Virtual Learning ICVL order to be an interactive part, it does not just show the wave shapes, but it has two sliders that can be used to modify the amplitude and frequency of the generated waves. In addition, the module contains three buttons that change the type of wave to generate. Figure 1. The Main Tools menu Figure 2. The Wave generator (sinusoidal wave) As shown in Figure 2, the maximum amplitude is of 20mV and the maximum frequency is of 20Hz. A button returns the user to the main menu The Binary Codes module Binary codes are a string of values formed of 0 and 1, necessary to the data storage on the memory supports of the electronic systems. The strings of binary values the represent the data wanted for storage are transformed in rectangular wave shapes. From a menu, one can select (see Figure 3) the type of coding to be studied. The application contains four types of binary coding: NRZ (Non Return To Zero), NRZI (Non Return To Zero Inverted), FM (Frequency Modulation) and Manchester or PE (Phase Encoding). a) NRZ (Non Return to Zero) and NRZI (Non Return to Zero Inverted) In telecommunications, a NRZ sequence is a binary code, where a positive voltage represents 1, and a negative voltage represents 0, without a neutral or rest condition. When this code is used to represent data in an asynchronous communication system, the absence of neutral states requires other mechanisms for the synchronization of bits if a separate clock signal is not available. For the NRZI code, the 1 bit represents a transition of signal and the 0 bit represents a nontransition signal. The application allows the user to enter a code sequence of up to 30 characters (see Figure 4). You can select the sequence to be automatically covered or bit-by-bit (step-by-step) covered. By choosing automatic browsing, it will run until the end and then start over again, but if the bit-by-bit browsing is chosen then it will run each bit by waiting for the step-by-step button to be pressed. The NRZI code advantage is a good value for the density ratio and the disadvantage is that this code does not allow long strings of void symbols because of the loss of auto-synchronization. b) FM (Frequency Modulation) This code codes a data symbol in two data symbols (see Figure 5). The first symbol is always a transition, assuring the auto-synchronization, and the last bit corresponds to the coded information (transition for 1 and no transition for 0). The FM code meets the registration form in simple density (SD)

466 University of Bucharest and "Babeş-Bolyai" University of Cluj-Napoca Figure 3. The binary codes menu Figure 4.

c) Manchester or PE (Phase Encoding) In telecommunications and data storage, the Manchester code (also known as the phase encoding or PE) is a line of code in which encoding each data bit has at

It does not have a continue component but has an internal clock, which means that it can be inductively or capacitive coupled, and the clock signal can be recovered from the encrypted data (see

3 466 University of Bucharest and "Babeş-Bolyai" University of Cluj-Napoca Figure 3. The binary codes menu Figure 4. The NRZ and NRZI codes As the NRZ or NRZI codes, the interface for FM offers the possibility of introducing a string of characters to be encoded. c) Manchester or PE (Phase Encoding) In telecommunications and data storage, the Manchester code (also known as the phase encoding or PE) is a line of code in which encoding each data bit has at least one transition and occupies the same time period. It does not have a continue component but has an internal clock, which means that it can be inductively or capacitive coupled, and the clock signal can be recovered from the encrypted data (see Figure 6). This code is widely used (e.g.: the Ethernet standard). Manchester encoding is a special case of the BPSK encoding (Binary Phase Shift Keying), where data controls the phase of a rectangular signal whose frequency is represented by the data rate. Such a signal is easy to generate. The introduction of test data is also possible here; pressing the step-by-step button makes the bit-by-bit execution. Fig. 5. The FM Code Fig. 6. The Manchester encoding or PE

The 6 th International Conference on Virtual Learning ICVL 2011 467 2.3. The Modulations module The modulation is the electronic method of signaling used by modems.

The most spread digital modulation methods are: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK); Frequency Shift Keying (FSK); Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

4 The 6 th International Conference on Virtual Learning ICVL The Modulations module The modulation is the electronic method of signaling used by modems. They have to use the same method of modulation to communicate with each other. The most spread digital modulation methods are: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK); Frequency Shift Keying (FSK); Phase Shift Keying (PSK). The application and exemplify these three modulations (ASK, FSK, PSK). The modulation type is chosen from a very simple menu (see Figure 7). Fig. 7. The Modulations module Fig. 8. The ASK modulation Each component of the menu is represented by a title and a suggestive image for every type of modulation. Like the other menus, this one also respects the layout that has been chosen for the menus. a) ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) In digital communications, ASK modulation is a process that gives to a sinusoid two or more levels of discrete amplitude. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence, there are two levels, one of which is usually zero (see Figure 8). A disadvantage of the ASK modulation compared with PSK and FSK is the fact that it does not have a constant envelope. This makes signal processing (e.g.: amplification power) more difficult, because linearity is an important factor. The portion of each bit is bounded by one vertical line. Like at the binary encoding, the user can enter a string of maximum 30 bits. A sinusoid represents the 1 value and a continuous line (0-amplitude) represents the 0 value. The user is given the opportunity to automatically run the entire sequence (by pressing the start button) or bitby-bit (by pressing the step-by.step button). b) FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) As the name suggests, a FSK transmitter has its frequency modulated by the message. Although there may be more than 2 frequencies involved in a FSK signal, the designed application only supports a stream of binary data, so that two frequencies are involved. The spectrum of FSK signal is difficult to obtain. Considering the case in which the message consists of a binary sequence of 0 and 1, it can be represented by a periodic function (see Figure 9).

5 468 University of Bucharest and "Babeş-Bolyai" University of Cluj-Napoca Figure 9. The FSK modulation Figure 10. The PSK) modulation c) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) PSK is a digital modulation system that transmits data by changing or modulating the phase of the reference signal. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. PSK uses a finite number of stages, each stage having assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. In this case, the 0 bit is assigned a sinusoid of 0 phase, and the 1 bit is assigned a sinusoid of π or 180 phase. As shown in Figure 10, the introduced bit string is modulated in phase. It is also observed that the phase modification of 180 from the bit transition, each signal afferent to a bit is delimited by a vertical line. 3. Conclusions The Easy-Learning platform started as a simple project, but as years go by it has become extremely useful from the point of view of the student. During the 7 years of development and maintenance, it has undergone major changes. In 2009, this platform has been restructured and has started using Symfony's framework. The Easy-Learning platform is very useful not only for students, but also for tutors. The platform has reached a stage where we can say that it has many useful parts, but it can be sustain the addition of new modules and features. The Tools module is proving very useful in the study of waveform, coding and modulation, which requires for learning a well-defined and suggestive graphic display. Adding new functionality and new tools tailored to specific types and disciplines and to applications at which these graphic tools are used can also expand this module. References J.P. Boodhoo, Design Patterns: Model View Presenter, MSDN Magazine Online, August Radu Rădescu, An Interactive Application for the Study of Delta Compression, Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on the Quality Management in Higher Education (QMHE 2010), Book II, pp , 8-9 July 2010, Tulcea, Romania, UT Press, Cluj-Napoca, ISBN Radu Rădescu, Building An E-Course For Interactive Learning Of Lossless Compression, Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on the Quality Management in Higher Education (QMHE 2010), Book II, pp , 8-9 July 2010, Tulcea, Romania, UT Press, Cluj-Napoca, ISBN Radu Rădescu, E-learning: concept, implementation and applications, IT&C Market Watch, Fin Watch, Bucharest, nr. 30/2004 (coauthor Cristian Lăcraru) p. 50, (nr. 31/2004) p. 61, (nr. 33/2004) p. 50 (serial).

6 The 6 th International Conference on Virtual Learning ICVL Radu Rădescu, Multiple Tests of verification in the Easy-Learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Modern education and research Technologies, 4th edition, University of Bucharest and Ovidius University of Constanţa, 31October-2November 2008, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2008, pp. B-6-54/ Radu Rădescu, Register optimization in the Easy-Learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Modern education and research Technologies, 4th edition, University of Bucharest and Ovidius University of Constanta, 31October-2November 2008, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2008, pp. B-7-55/ Radu Rădescu, The Approach Of Module Design In The Easy-Learning On-Line Platform, The 11th European Conference E-COMM-LINE 2010, pp , Bucharest, Romania, September 2010, ISBN Radu Rădescu, The development of interactive modules in an on-line e-learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Modern education and research Technologies, 7th edition, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, 30 October 1 November 2009, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2009, pp Radu Rădescu, The management of tests interface in the Easy-Learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Modern education and research Technologies, 5th edition, University of Bucharest and Ovidius University of Constanta, October 2007, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2007, pp Radu Rădescu, The use of tests interface in the Easy-Learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Modern education and research Technologies, 5th edition, University of Bucharest and Ovidius University of Constanta, October 2007, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2007, pp Radu Rădescu, Andrei Davidescu, New Database Manipulation Tools In The Easy Learning On-line Platform, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Virtual Learning (ICVL-2010), pp , October 29-31, 2010, Târgu Mureş, Romania, University of Bucharest Press, ISSN Radu Rădescu, Andrei Marinescu, The implementation of an application for e-learning systems with multimedia streaming capabilities, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Modern education and research Technologies, 7th edition, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, 30 October 1 November 2009, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2009, pp Radu Rădescu, Costin Urse, Advanced Testing Methods in the Easy-Learning Platform, The 8-th European Conference E-COMM-LINE 2007, pp. SIV-26e/1 6, Bucharest, Romania, September 2007, ISBN Radu Rădescu, Costin Urse, Graphic Tools in the Easy-Learning Platform, The Symposium TEPE 2007 Educational Technologies on Electronic Platforms in Engineering High Education, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, June 8th-9th 2007, p. 20 (abstract), Conspress, Bucharest, ISSN Radu Rădescu, Dan Cristea, On-line Learning Application for the Study of Delta Compression, The 6-th European Conference E-COMM-LINE 2005, Bucharest, Romania, October 2005, pp. C6-10- E Radu Rădescu, Mihai Bojin, Function generator in the Easy-Learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Educational Software & Management, 4th edition, University of Bucharest, Mathematics and Informatics Faculty, October 2006, University of Bucharest Publishing, 2006, pp , paper honored with the Creativity Prize SIVECO Radu Rădescu, Răzvan Mărescu, External Use of the Easy-Learning Platform: a Web-Based Application, Proceedings of the Symposium Educational Technologies on Electronic Platforms in Engineering Higher Education (TEPE 2005), Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, May 2005, CONSPRESS Publishing House, 2005, pp Radu Rădescu, Robert Iovan, New Facilities of the Easy-Learning Platform, Proceedings of the Symposium Educational Technologies on Electronic Platforms in Engineering Higher Education (TEPE 2005), Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, May 2005, CONSPRESS Publishing House, 2005, pp Radu Rădescu, Robert Iovan, Register generation for the records of student in the Easy-Learning platform, National Conference of Virtual Education Virtual Learning Virtual Reality, Educational Software &

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Class 4 ((Communication and Computer Networks))

Class 4 ((Communication and Computer Networks)) Lesson 5... SIGNAL ENCODING TECHNIQUES Abstract Both analog and digital information can be encoded as either analog or digital signals. The particular encoding