Signal Processing in Future Radio Systems
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1 Signal Processing in Future Radio Systems Bob Brodersen Dept. of EECS Univ. of Calif. Berkeley
2 Who really does the work I would like to acknowledge my fellow researchers 60 GHz CMOS Chinh Doan Sohrab Emami David Sobel Sayf Alalusi Ali Niknejad Cognitive Radios Danijela Cabic Mubaraq Mishra Jing Yang Adam Wolisz Daniel Wilcomm UWB Transceivers Ian O Donnell Mike Chen Stanley Wang Frank Wang
3 FCC - Unlicensed Spectra UWB Ultra Wideband ISM UPCS UPCS ISM U-NII U-NII U-NII ISM Millimeter Wave Band Frequency (MHz) Link Control Modulation Total Transmit Power Power Spectral Density Antenna Gain Out of Band Emission ISM (1986) UPCS (1994) U-NII (1997) Millimeter Wave (1998) More Sharing Ultra Wideband (2002) Cognitive Radio (2005?)
4 17 GHz of New Unlicensed Bandwidth! UWB UWB UWB Mm Wave Band 0 ID 10 Comm Vehicular GHz Comm! The UWB bands have some use restrictions, but FCC requirements will allow a wide variety of new applications! The GHz band can transmit up to.5 Watt with little else constrained! Cognitive Radio allocations in the regulatory process ( MHz band to start with)! How can we use these new resources?
5 UWB, 60 GHz and Cognitive radios extend the range of application of radio technology Peak Data Rate (bps) 1 G 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 k HDTV motion picture, Pt.-to-Pt. links NTSC video; rapid file transfer MPEG video; PC file transfer Voice, Data UWB Cognitive Radios 3G Cellular UWB a b Bluetooth ZigBee 60 GHz WLAN 60 GHz Pt.-to-Pt. 10 k Carrier Frequency (GHz)
6 Lets start with UWB According to the FCC: Ultrawideband radio systems typically employ pulse modulation where extremely narrow (short) bursts of RF energy are modulated and emitted to convey information. the emission bandwidths often exceed one gigahertz. In some cases impulse transmitters are employed where the pulses do not modulate a carrier. -- Federal Communications Commission, ET Docket , First Report and Order, Feb. 2002
7 Two basically different signaling approaches Sinusoidal, Narrowband Time Frequency Impulse, Ultra-Wideband Time Frequency
8 First Major Application Area High Speed, Inexpensive Short Range Communications ( GHz)» FCC limit of -41dBm/Mhz at 10 feet severely limits range Power level roughly 1 mw For short range communications this may be OK e.g. line of sight from 10 feet for connecting a camcorder to a set-top box, wireless Firewire» Advantage is that it should be less expensive and lower power than a WLAN solution (since a > 100 Mbits/sec for short range)
9 Status of High Rate, Short Range UWB Major standards battle in IEEE Two competing approaches» OFDM Exploits the wide bandwidth to provide higher rates with lower precision hardware (e.g. reduced A/D accuracy, linearity requirements) Uses a well understood technique (802.11a/g)» Impulse radios New approach, so somewhat unknown ultimate performance and efficiency I ll talk about some example new interesting signal processing possibilities using the impulse approach
10 High Rate Impulse Communications Magnitude (V) Biphase signalling Time (ns)! Basically pulsed rate data transmission sort of optical fiber without the fiber! Key design problem, as in wireline transmission, is synchronization
11 Integrated Analog Front End UWB attenna Bp LNA A D C Digital Backend! Mostly Digital Radio Architecture: - Wideband antenna - Wideband amplifier / matching network - RF bandpass filtering (low Q filter) - High bandwidth sample and track - High-speed and low resolution ADC - Sampling Clock generator -DSP
12 Receive match filter PN0 PN1 Nripple <= 64 ns Trep 10ns ~ 100ns! Basic approach is to create a match filter for the above received pulse shape! This collects all the energy associated with the waveform
13 Sampling Offset Effects! Unfortunately a small timing offset results in a very different waveform so the match filter output is very dependent on the timing x Ts x Ts x Ts x Ts x Ts x Ts x Ts x Ts
14 A solution to this (Mike Chen) Pulse in (real) A D C Hilbert Real Ave Analytic MF Det Imag Shape Est! Convert the single baseband pulse into an analytic signal (real and imaginary parts) via a Hilbert transformation.! The analogy is the use of the I and Q channel for sinusoidal systems Extract the hidden information and become insensitive to timing!
15 Matched filter detection of the analytic impulse signal Imag sampling offset =0Ts 0Ts sampling offset =0.05Ts 0.05Ts noise signal+noise Real sampling offset =0.15Ts Ts sampling offset =0.1Ts 0.1Ts Without creating the imaginary part, the signal is real and some phase shifts can t be differentiated from the noise
16 UWB impulse signal processing Research into the signal processing for impulse detection is just beginning so lots of opportunities for new ideas! Analytic impulse signal processing also achieves a timing resolution below the sampling period, what can this be used for?
17 Second Major Application Area Low Data Rate, Short Range Communications with Locationing (< 960 MHz)» Round trip time for pulse provides range information multiple range estimates provides location» Used for asset tracking a sophisticated RFID tag that provides location» Can be used to track people (children, firemen in buildings)» Sensor networks
18 Location Determination Using UWB! Transmit short discrete pulses instead of modulating code onto carrier signal Pulses last ~1-2 2 ns Resolution of inches Time of flight! UWB provides» Indoor measurements» Relative location» Insensitivity to multipath» Material penetration (0-1 GHz band)
19 A UWB locationing transceiver chip (Ian O Donnell) A single chip CMOS UWB transceiver at power levels of 1 mw/mbit for locationing and tracking applications» Flexible design for a wide range of data rates to investigate UWB transmission characteristics» For low rate applications, transmission at minimum possible signal level» Develop limits of locationing accuracy
20 Chip Architecture Transient Capture Parallel A/D s Correlation, detection and synchronization LNA AGC. A/D A/D. A/D Programmable Correlators Detector Timing & Synchronization ECC AGC Control Dout Pulser Encoder PLL Oscillator 1 GHz bandwidth (2 Gsample/sec, 1 bit) Din Crystal
21 Processing to detect signals below noise levels To Analog V[31:0] Data Out Acquisition: 128-Tap Matched Filter x 128 x 11 PN Phases Synchronization: Early/On-Time/Late PN Phases
22 Signal processing for ranging The problem is to determine the leading edge of the response ! Simple averaging ! Clean algorithm (iterative best fit of time delayed waveforms)
23 Summary: Many new problems to solve! Impulse signal processing (e.g. analytic processing) and timing acquisition! Detection of signals below noise levels! Range estimation and locationing calculations
24 Next lets look at the 60 GHz band UWB UWB UWB Mm Wave Band 0 ID 10 Comm Vehicular GHz Comm Microwave communications
25 Why is operation at 60 GHz interesting? 57 dbm 40 dbm Lots of Bandwidth!!!» 7 GHz of unlicensed bandwidth in the U.S. and Japan» Europe CEPT there is an urgent need to identify and harmonize civil requirements in the frequency range 54 66GHz.
26 Why isn t 60 GHz in widespread use?! Misconceptions about path loss and propagation at 60 GHz! The technology to process signals at 60 GHz is expensive
27 Path loss of line-of-sight transmission " Typical path loss (Friis) formula is a function of antenna gain G r and G t : " But maximum antenna gain increases with frequency for the same antenna area, A Pr P t 2 = λ G = G G r t ( 4π r) 2 4π A λ 2
28 Using the same effective area then Pr P t = 1 2 λ Ar r A 2 t " There is theoretically 22-dB gain at 60 GHz over 5 GHz with optimal antenna design " A 16 antenna array (λ/2 pitch) at 60 GHz has 3-dB gain over a 5-GHz system with 1/10 th the area
29 Why isn t 60 GHz in widespread use?! Misconceptions about path loss and propagation at 60 GHz! The technology to process signals at 60 GHz is expensive
30 CMOS can do it nm CMOS has a gain of 7dB at 60 GHz V GS = 0.65 V V DS = 1.2 V I DS = 30 ma W/L = 100x1u/0.13u
31 40-GHz and 60-GHz CMOS Amplifiers 18-dB 40 GHz 11.5-dB 60 GHz! Design and modeling can be incredibly accurate.! Power consumption: 36 mw (40 GHz), 54 mw (60 GHz)
32 CMOS Mixers at 60-GHz! Conversion-loss is better than 2 db for P LO =0 dbm! IF=2GHz! 6 GHz of bandwidth
33 A Leap Forward for CMOS X Where we are now with 130 nm CMOS offers two orders of magnitude cost reduction while providing higher integration and reliability Each new process generation moves it 20-40% higher
34 The open questions! How best to implement a flexible, adaptive antenna system! What is the best way to use 7 GHz of bandwidth to implement a high datarate link?» Extremely inefficient modulation but at a very high rate? (say 2 GHz of bandwidth for 1 Gigabit/sec) requires analog processing» Or use an efficient modulation, so lower bandwidth. e.g. OFDM but needs digital processing and a fast A/D
35 Adaptive antennas by Using Multiple Antenna Beamformers a 0 PA b 0 a 1 PA Single Channel Transceiver! Wavelength is 5mm, so in a few square inches a large antenna array can be implemented b 1 a 2 b 2! The signal processing challenge is how to determine the coefficients of this beamformer to maximize range while minimizing interference PA
36 An analog/digital hybrid 1Gb/s base-band architecture (David Sobel) Proposed Baseband Architecture Clk Clock Rec BB I RF IF BB I BB Q VGA e jq Complex DFE BB Q Timing, DFE Carrier Phase, Estimators LO IF Analog Digital! Synchronization in hybrid-analog architecture» ESTIMATE parameter error in digital domain» CORRECT for parameter error in analog domain! Greatly simplifies requirements on power-hungry analog interface ckts (i.e. ADC, VGA) by using digital processing
37 Last topic Cognitive Radios According to the FCC: We recognize the importance of new cognitive radio technologies, which are likely to become more prevalent over the next few years and which hold tremendous promise in helping to facilitate more effective and efficient access to spectrum - Federal Communications Commission, ET Docket No , Dec 30 th 2003
38 The spectrum shortage GHz! All frequency bands up to 60 GHz (and beyond) have FCC allocations for multiple users! The allocation from 3-6 GHz is typical - seems very crowded.
39 The reality The TV band GHz! Even though the spectra is allocated it is almost unused! Cognitive radios would allow unlicensed users to share the spectrum with primary users! The TV band is interesting, but higher frequencies are even more attractive
40 What is a Cognitive Radio?! Cognitive radio requirements» co-exists with legacy wireless systems» uses their spectrum resources» does not interfere with them! Cognitive radio properties» RF technology that "listens" to huge swaths of spectrum» Knowledge of primary users spectrum usage as a function of location and time» Rules of sharing the available resources (time, frequency, space)» Embedded database to determine optimal transmission (bandwidth, latency, QoS) based on primary users behavior
41 Cognitive Radio Functions! Sensing Radio Wideband Antenna, PA and LNA High speed A/D & D/A, moderate resolution Simultaneous Tx & Rx Scalable for MIMO # Physical Layer OFDM transmission Spectrum monitoring Dynamic frequency selection, modulation, power control Analog impairments compensation # MAC Layer Optimize transmission parameters Adapt rates through feedback Negotiate or opportunistically use resources PA D/A IFFT MAE/ POWER CTRL ADAPTIVE LOADING TIME, FREQ, SPACE SEL QoS vs. RATE LNA A/D FFT CHANNEL SEL/EST INTERFERENCE MEAS/CANCEL LEARN ENVIRONMENT FEEDBACK TO CRs RF/Analog Front-end Digital Baseband MAC Layer
42 Sensing Radio Function! Subdivide the spectrum into subchannels (say 1 MHz)! Detect primary user occupancy in each location/direction! Continually monitor for appearance of primary user! Provide information to MAC layer Signal Strength (db) Spectrum usage in (0, 2.5) GHz Cell TV bands PCS Frequency (Hz) x 10 9
43 From WiFi to Cognitive Radios Power level Functionality Multiple channels for agility Sensing collisions/interference Simultaneous spectrum sensing and transmission Modulation scheme, rate Packet length, preamble Interference mitigation Spatial processing QoS, rate, latency Fixed Fixed per packet WiFi interference only Some (802.11n) Limited WiFi 27 fixed 20MHz channels WiFi interference only Not possible Fixed per packet Cognitive Radio Variable # and BW Any interference Necessary Adaptive bit loading More flexible Adaptive control Any interference Lots Sophisticated
44 Summary! UWB radios provide a new way to utilize the spectrum and there is a wide variety of unique applications of this technology However, it takes a completely new kind of radio design! At the present state of technology CMOS is able to exploit the unlicensed 60 GHz band However, it will take a new design and modeling methodology! Cognitive radios are the ultimate solution to sharing It will require an unprecedented level of processing to sense, avoid interference and flexibly transmit
45 Conclusion Lots of New Opportunities for Signal Processing in these Future Radio Technologies!!
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