EKT 314 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

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1 EKT 314 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION Elektronik Instrumentasi Semester /2013 Chapter 3 Analog Signal Conditioning Session 2 Mr. Fazrul Faiz Zakaria school of computer and communication engineering. universiti malaysia perlis 1

2 Solution for Signal Conditioning Continue... Passive Circuits Divider Circuits Bridge Circuits RC Filters Operational amplifier (OP-AMP)

3 RC Filters Band Pass Filter Filter that blocks frequencies below a low limit and above a high limit while passing frequencies between the limits. Good passband filter. critical frequencies be as far as possible & resistor ratio below 0.01 V out V in = where r = R H R L f H = f L = f H f ( f 2 f H f ) 2 L + " f L + ( 1+ r )f $ # H % 1 2πR L C L 1 2πR H C H 2 f 2

4 Example 3.9 A signal-conditioning system uses a frequency variation from 6kHz to 60kHz to carry measurement information. There is considerable noise 120Hz and at 1MHz. Design a band pass filter to reduce the noise by 90%. What is the effect on the desired passband frequencies?

5 RC Filters Band-Reject Filter Filter that blocks specific range of frequencies. Difficult to design using RC combinations, possible using inductor and capacitors Most success using active circuits. R 1 = πr 10 C 1 = 10C π f n = 0.785f c f c = 1 2πRC f L = 0.187f c f H = 4.57f c

6 Example 3.10 A frequency of 400Hz prevails aboard an aircraft. design a twin-t notch filter to reduce the 400Hz signal. what effect would this have on voice signal at 10 to 300Hz? at what higher frequency is the output down by 3dB?

7 Amplification Required in the system to improve the signal strength which is typically in the low level range of less than a few mv. In some cases, amplifiers is necessary in providing impedance matching and isolation. One of the very known important amplifier is the operational amplifiers (OP-AMP)

8 Operational Amplifier ("op-amp") An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals. Can be used to performs an important functions for signal conditioning and processing like isolation, addition, inversion, multiplication, subtraction and division. Other mathematical operations can be also perform such as integration and differentiation.

9 The Ideal OpAmp Model Image by MIT OpenCourseWare Circuit for an ideal OpAmp (operational amplifier.) 1. The voltage gain is infinite Avo =. 2. The input resistance is infinite rin =. 3. The output resistance is zero ro = The bandwidth is infinite BW =. 5. There is zero input offset voltage Eo = 0 if Ein = 0.

10 Ideal OpAmp Possibilities No current flows into the input pins Ideal behavior dictated by external components and signal sources Comparator Get a 1-bit digital trigger from an analog signal Comparator with Hysteresis Build in deadband for noise With negative feedback, current flows through feedback resistor to make V+ equal to V- Ignores stability issues, bandwidth, and parasitics...

11 Comparator Makes an analog signal into a 1-bit digital signal (ADC) Directly drives logic pin on microprocessor Detects when signal is above threshold A fixed reference voltage Vref is applied to the inverting (-) input terminal and sinusoidal signal Vin is applied to the non-inverting (+) input terminal. When vin exceeds Vref the output voltage goes to positive saturation because the voltage at the (-) input is smaller than at the (+) input. On the other hand, when vin is less than Vref the output voltage goes to negative saturation. Thus output voltage uout changes from one saturation level to another whenever vin = Vref

12 Schmidt Trigger Deadband Suppresses jitter and spurious triggering from noisy signals Deadband thresholds, V+ and V-, can be calculated via superposition Ground VIN, and with R1 and R2 as a voltage divider on Vout, calculate the voltage at the OpAmp s non-inverting pin Note that this assumes a low-impedance VIN (source impedance sums with R1)

13 Negative Feedback OpAmp Transimpedance Amplifier Voltage Follower Non-Inverting Amplifier Inverting Amplifier Inverting Summer

14 Voltage Follower Negative feedback force V- = V+ => Vin=Vout Vout give low impedance drive from potentially high impedance Vin source A unity-gain buffer to enable high-impedance sources to drive low-impedance loads

15 The Non-Inverting Amplifier Again, Negative-Feedback mean V =V + " R % V =V 1 out $ # R 1 +R ' 2 & =V + =V in " R V out =V 1 +R % 2 in $ # R ' 1 & =V " 1+ R 2 in $ # R 1 Gain % ' & Like voltage follower, but gives voltage gain Gain can be adjusted from unity upward via resistor ratio High-Z input is good for conditioning High-Z sensors

16 Transimpedence Amplifier IF Z in mean I in = I F = V out R F V out = I in R F Converts a current into a voltage Generates a proportional (w. Rf) voltage from an input current Produces a low-impedance output that can drive a microcomputer s A-D converter, for example

17 Inverting Amplifier Take KCL at the -ve node I 1 + I 2 = 0 Rewrite the KCL we obtained: ( V in V ) ( + V V ) out = 0 R 1 R 2 Since V- = V+ which is equal to Zero, because the +ve node connected to ground V 1 + V R out = 0 Finally V R 1 R out = V 0 in 2 R 1 Inverts signal, voltage gain varies from zero upward with the ratio of two resistors Extension to summer is trivial with additional Ri s Input impedance is not infinite: Zin = Ri

18 The Summing Amplifier From Inverting equation we know that:! I F = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 # " R in R in Inverting equation: V out = R F R in V in R in $ & % so: # V out = R F V R 1 + R F V in R 2 + R & F % V in R 3 ( $ in ' The output voltage, ( Vout ) now becomes proportional to the sum of the input voltages, V1, V2, V3 etc. No crosstalk between inputs because of virtual ground

19 The Diffrential Amplifier Intro to differential sensors Pickup coil, piezoelectric, etc. Comparison to reference (null drift, etc.) Bend with strain gauges Simple differential amplifier Intrinsic impedance imbalance Brute-force instrumentation amplifier 3-OpAmp differential amplifier w. gain 2-OpAmp differential amplifier

20 The Simple Diffrential Amplifier V out = (V 1 V 2 ) R 2 R 1 Z in = R 1 Z in + = R 1 +R 2 Z in Z in + Unbalanced Subtracts two input signals Input resistors must be equal, feedback and shunt resistors must be equal Provides voltage gain The input impedances aren t equal, however The amplifier is unbalanced! A high-impedance sensor will produce common-mode errors (e.g., the system will be sensitive to the common voltage) Differential sensors will be more sensitive to induced pickup signals (which tend to be high impedance)

21 The Simple Differential Amplifier V out = (V 1 V 2 ) R 2 R 1 Z in = R 1 Z in + = R 1 +R 2 Z in Z in + Unbalanced Subtracts two input signals Input resistors must be equal, feedback and shunt resistors must be equal Provides voltage gain The input impedances aren t equal, however The amplifier is unbalanced! A high-impedance sensor will produce common-mode errors (e.g., the system will be sensitive to the common voltage) Differential sensors will be more sensitive to induced pickup signals (which tend to be high impedance)

22 The Basic Instrumentation Amplifier Buffer each leg of the differential amplifier by a voltage follower Impedance is now extremely high at both inputs Impedance can be set by a shunt resistor across inputs This is a balanced instrumentation amplifier

23 The Three-OpAmp Instrumentation Amplifier Gain is varied by changing only one resistor, R1 No need to re-trim other components for a gain change Gain at first stages is better for signal/noise This is the instrumentation amplifier of choice

24 An Instrumentation Amplifier with Two OpAmps Can use when you only have space for a dual OpAmp Gain change requires two resistors to be adjusted Common mode sensitivity increases at higher frequency

25 SC Design Guideline Design the analog signal conditioning (s/c) a. Parameter - what is the nature of the desired output? the most common is voltage, but current & frequency are sometime specified. in the latter cases, conversion to voltage is still often a first step. b. Range - What is the desired range of the output parameter (e.g., 0 to 5V, 4 to 20mA, 5 to 10kHz) c. Input Impedance - what input impedance should the SC present to input signal source? this is very important in preventing loading of a voltage signal input d. Output impedance - what output impedance should the Sc offer to the output load circuit?

26 SC Design Guideline Notes on analog SC design a. If the input resistance change and a bridge or divider must be used, be sure to consider both the effect of output voltage nonlinearity with resistance and the effect of current through the resistive sensor. b. For the OpAmp portion of the design, the easiest design approach is to develop an equation for output versus input. from this equation, it will be clear what type of circuits may be used. this equation represents the static transfer function of the SC c. Always consider any possible loading of voltage sources by the SC. such loading is a direct error in the measurement system.

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