Experiments #7. Operational Amplifier part 1
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1 Experiments #7 Operational Amplifier part 1 1) Objectives: The objective of this lab is to study operational amplifier (op amp) and its applications. We will be simulating and building some basic op-amp circuits, including the four most common types, i.e. the inverting, non-inverting, differencing, and summing amplifiers and active filters. 2) Introduction: An operational amplifier ("op amp") is a direct-coupled device (means is no need for a DC blocking capacitor to be used in order to interconnect the circuits) with differential-inputs, and a single ended output with high gain voltage amplifier, usually packaged in the form of a small integrated circuit (i.e. LM741). The op-amp is a chip, a small black box with 8 connectors or pins (only 5 are usually used). Figure 7.1: Op-amp IC As shown in figure 7.1 the pins are numbered from 1 (starting at the upper left of the indent or dot) around in a U to the highest pin (in this case 8). - The op-amp has two inputs, an inverting input (-) and a non-inverting input (+), and one output. - The output goes positive when the non-inverting input (+) goes more positive than the inverting (-) input, and vice versa. - The symbols + and do not mean that you have to keep one positive with respect to the other, they tell you the relative phase of the output. (Vin = V1 V2) Page 1 of 8
2 - Since op-amps are used as amplifiers, they need an external source of (constant DC) power typically, this source will supply +15V at +V and -15V at -V. - The op-amp will output a voltage range of somewhat less because of internal losses. - So the power supplied determines the output range of the op-amp, It can never output more than you put in, Here the maximum range is about 28 volts. - However, the op-amp output is limited by the voltage that you provide to it, when the op-amp is at the maximum or minimum extreme, it is said to be saturated. if if V V 1 1 V V 2 2 then V then V V V out out out V V positive saturation V negative saturation Page 2 of 8
3 - Amplifiers increase the magnitude of a signal by multiply it in gain (Av). - The internal gain of an op-amp is very high, we call this gain the open-loop gain or intrinsic gain. V out V in = Av Open Loop The output of the op-amp is this gain multiplied by the input V out = Av o V in = Av o (V 1 V 2 ) - Properties that are useful in describing the operation of operational amplifiers are listed below and the ideal values given: The voltage gain is high - Ideal value Avo is =. The input resistance is high - Ideal value Rin =. The output resistance is low - ideal value Ro = 0. The bandwidth is high - ideal value BW =. The CMRR - ideal value =. 3) Operational Amplifiers circuits and its applications: Typical Op Amp Circuit: The figure 7.2 describe an example for typical operational amplifier circuit. Figure 7.2: An example of operational amplifier circuit Page 3 of 8
4 Where: - V+ and V- power the op-amp. - V3 is the input voltage signal. - R2 is the feedback impedance. - R1 is the input impedance. - RL is the load. Note: (how to connect two voltage source as series connection) - First trun on the power supply without output. - Select series mode as shown in menu of power supply ( in lab just press on the left button only to select series mode). - Then take the 3 wires from the 4 wires as shown in the following figure: Inverting configuration: Figure 7.3: The buttons view for power supply The inverting amplifier is one of the most common operational amplifier designs which is shown in figure 7.4 Figure 7.4: Basic Inverting configuration Page 4 of 8
5 The gain of this amplifier is: Av o = V o V in = R 2 R 1 This means that the gain is completely determined by the external resistors as we expected, the negative gain implies is called an inverting amplifier. This amplifier has an input resistance of approximately R 1. Non-Inverting configuration: The non-inverting amplifier is another common op-amp configuration which is shown in figure 7.5. Figure 7.5: The basic non-inverting configuration This amplifier has a very high input impedance and does not invert the signal like previous design. The gain of this amplifier is: Av o = V o V in = 1 + R 2 R 1 Page 5 of 8
6 The Unity Gain or voltage follower or buffer: A special case of the non-inverting amplifier is the voltage follower, in this case, we let the ratio of R2 go to zero. R1 This is done in practice by replacing R2 with a short circuit and replacing R1 with an open circuit as shown in figure 7.6 The gain of the amplifier is: Figure 7.6: The voltage follower configuration Av o = V o V in = 1 This configuration has the properties of having very high input impedance, very low output resistance, and the unity gain. It is used as a buffer to isolate a source from its load, it is very useful amplifier for the instrumentation circuits. Inverting summing amplifier: (weigthed adder) The inverting summing amplifier configuration is shown in figure 7.7 A weighted adder allows you to combine several different signals with a different gain on each input, and you can use weighted adders to build audio mixers and digital-to-analog converters. The output voltage signal can be obtain from the following expression: V o = R F ( V in1 R 1 + V in 2 R 2 ) Page 6 of 8
7 Differential (or Difference) amplifier: Figure 7.7: Inverting summing amplifier The differential amplifier configuration is shown in figure 7.8 Figure 7.8: Differential amplifier using Op-amp The output voltage signal can be obtain from the following expression: V o = R F R in (V in1 V in 2 ) Note: both input resistane should be equal Page 7 of 8
8 4) Lab work: 1) Part 1: Inverting Amplifier a) Design an inverting amplifiers with gain (Av = 1 & Av = 10) and input impedance R 1 = 1kΩ. b) Power the operational amplifier with +12v and -12v and put the input AC sinusoidal singal with (Vp = 0.5v and F = 1KHz). c) Then display the output voltage signal on oscilliscope. d) Increase the amplitude of input signal till distortion occur in output signal. e) After that increase the DC power supply to +15v and -15v and see if the distortion eliminate or note. 2) Part 2: Non-inverting Amplifier Repeat the previous steps in part 1 with positive gain 3) Part 3: Voltage follower a) Design a voltage follower amplifier with unity gain and high input impedance and low output impedance. b) Power the operational amplifier with +12v and -12v and put the input AC sinusoidal singal with (Vp = 1v and F = 1KHz). c) Then display the output voltage signal on oscilliscope. 4) Part 4: Summing Amplifier a) Design summing amplifier to implement the following function: V o = 10(V in1 + V in 2 ) b) Put Vin1 as AC input sinusoidal signal with (Vp = 0.1v and F = 1kHz) and Vin2 as DC input voltage with (Vdc=5v). c) Then display the output voltage signal on oscilliscope. 5) Part 5: Differential amplifier Repeat the previous steps in part 4 to implement the following function V o = 10(V in1 V in 2 ) Simulation: By using Orcad Program simulate the previous parts and verify if that meet your design measurement or not. Page 8 of 8
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