Introduction to Analog Interfacing. ECE/CS 5780/6780: Embedded System Design. Various Op Amps. Ideal Op Amps

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1 Introduction to Analog Interfacing ECE/CS 5780/6780: Embedded System Design Scott R. Little Lecture 19: Operational Amplifiers Most embedded systems include components that measure and/or control real-world parameters. These include position, speed, temperature, etc. Usually exist in a continuous, or analog, form. We often need to amplify, filter, and convert these signals to a digital form. This chapter develops analog circuit building blocks for data acquisition and control systems. Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Ideal Op Amps Various Op Amps V out = K(V y V x ) Op amp Description Open loop gain ±V s ±I s OPA4227 High Precision 160 db ±5 to ±15 V ±3.8 ma OPA4132 High-Speed FET 130 db ±2.5 to ±18 V ±4.8 ma TLC2274 Rail-to-Rail 104 db 0 to 5 or ±5 V 3 ma 1 Voltage ranges are bounded by the supply voltages, ±V s. 2 Input currents, I x and I y, are zero. 3 Negative feedback drives V x to equal V y. 4 Positive or no feedback drives V out to equal V s or +V s. Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

2 Input Impedance Output Impedance Op amp R cm R diff OPA GΩ 10 MΩ OPA Ω Ω TLC Ω Ω Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Offset Voltage, Offset Current, and Bias Current Noise Density Op amp V os I os I b OPA mv 10 na 10 na OPA mv 50 pa 50 pa TLC mv 100 pa 100 pa Op amp OPA4227 OPA4132 TLC2274 e n 3 nv/ Hz 23 nv/ Hz 50 nv/ Hz Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

3 Transient Response Frequency Response Op amp OPA4227 OPA4132 TLC2274 dv /dt, Slew rate 2.3 V/µs 20 V/µs 3.6 V/µs Op amp f 1 OPA MHz OPA khz TLC MHz Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Power Gain (A db ) Threshold Detector Combines voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance. P in = V 2 in R in P out = V 2 out R out A db = 10log 10 P out P in = 20log 10 V out V in + 10log 10 R in R out Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

4 Simple Rules for Linear Op Amp Circuits Choose quality components. Negative feedback required to create linear mode circuit. Simple Rules for Linear Op Amp Circuits (cont) Equalize the effective resistance to ground at the two op amp input terminals. Input impedance is input voltage / input current. Assume no current flows into the op amp inputs. Assume negative feedback equalizes input voltages. Choose resistor values in the 1kΩ to 1MΩ range. BW depends on the gain and the op amp performance. Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Simple Rules for Linear Op Amp Circuits (cont) Inverting Amplifier Match input impedances to improve common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

5 Inverting Amplifier with -2.5V to 2.5V Range Noninverting Amplifier Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Model for Linear Circuit Design Linear Circuit Design V out = A 1 V 1 + A 2 V A n V n + B V out = 5V 1 3V 2 +2V 3 10 Choose a reference voltage from available reference voltage chips. V ref = 5V Rewrite the design equation in terms of the reference voltage, V ref. V out = 5V 1 3V 2 +2V 3 2V ref Add a ground input to the equation such that the sum of the gains is 1. V out = 5V 1 3V 2 +2V 3 2V ref V g Choose a feedback resistor, R f, in range of 10 kω to 1 MΩ. R f = 150kΩ R 1 = 30kΩ R 2 = 50kΩ R 3 = 75kΩ R ref = 75kΩ R g = 150kΩ Build the circuit: connect positive gain inputs to positive terminal and negative gain inputs to the negative terminal. Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

6 Linear Op Amp Circuit Instrumentation Amplifier Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Current-to-Voltage Circuit Voltage-to-Current Circuit Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

7 Integrator Circuit Derivative Circuit Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Hysteresis Voltage Comparators with Hysteresis Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29 Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

8 Analog Isolation Scott R. Little (Lecture 19: Op Amps) ECE/CS 5780/ / 29

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