R10. IV B.Tech I Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTION. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
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1 R10 Set No. 1 Code No: R a) Explain how arc is initiated and sustained in a circuit breaker when the CB controls separates. b) The following data refers to a 3-phase, 50 Hz generator: emf between the lines is 33 kv (r.m.s) Reactance of generator and connected systems is 2.5 Ω Distributed capacitance to neutral is 0.03 µ F, negligible resistance. Determine the following. i) Peak-Restriking voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker. ii) The frequency of Restriking voltage transient, and iii) The rate of the rise of voltage up to first peak of the oscillation. 2. Give reasons and suggest a suitable type of CB for the 220kV, 7500 MVA circuit breaker for an overhead line. State the salient features of the CB suggested. 3. Explain the principle of operation of a percentage differential relay with relevant characteristic. 4. a) Why does earth fault in a stator winding of a generator pose a series problem? b) A 12.6 kv, 125 MVA generator is provided with differential scheme of protection. The percentage of the generator winding to be protected against phase to ground fault is 75%. The relay is set to operate when there is 15% out of balance current. Calculate the value of the resistance to be placed in the neutral to ground connection. 5. Describe the principle of merz-price system of protection applied to a power transformer. What are the short comings of this scheme and how are they overcome. 1 of 2
2 R10 Set No. 1 Code No: R Explain the directional comparison method of carrier current protection. Why it is used in impedance or other type of non unit protection. 7. a) Draw and explain the block diagram and wave shapes of input and output signals for a block and spike phase comparator. b) Is it possible to achieve various over current relay characteristics in a single static relay? How? 8. a) What is the probable cause of failure of a gapless lightning arrester? What is the remedy to avoid such a failure? b) Describe arc suppression coil grounding. 2 of 2
3 R10 Set No. 2 Code No: R a) Explain how an arc is initiated in a circuit breaker. b) A circuit breaker is rated at 120 A, 30 MVA, 12.6 kv, 2.5-sec, 3-phase Oil circuit breaker. Determine the following: i) Rated normal current, ii) Breaking capacity iii) Rated symmetrical breaking current, iv) Rated making capacity v) Short time rating and vi) Rated service voltage 2. Write a detailed note on construction, operation and use of an air break circuit breaker with diagrams. 3. a) With a neat sketch, explain induction-cup type directional relay. b) How is definite minimum time achieved in an IDMT relay? 4. a) Explain how a generator is protected against earth faults in stator winding. What is the necessity for limiting the fault current in the stator? b) A 11 kv, 25 MVA star connected alternator has reactance of 2.5 Ω per phase and negligible resistance. Merz-price protection is used for protection of winding the neutral grounding resistance is 3.5 Ω. If only 12% of the winding is to remain unprotected, Determine the setting of the relay. 5. Draw the neat diagram of Buchholtz relay protection of transformer and explain its operating principle. 6. a)what are the merits and demerits of pilot wire protection of ling transmission lines? b) Discuss the considerations which determine the need for bus bar protection. 7. a) Draw a block diagram of static definite-time over current relay. Explain. b) Discuss the advantages of digital relays. 8. a) What are the causes of over voltages arising on a power system? Why is it necessary to protect the lines and other equipment of the power system against over voltages? b) Explain the reactance grounding? State the advantages and limitations. 1 of 1
4 Code No: R41023 R10 1. a) Explain Stepain s theory of arc interruption and discuss its limitations. b) How does the energy balance theory explain the process of arc extension? 2. Explain why SF6 circuit breakers are considered maintenance free breakers with neat diagrams. 3. a) How is directional control realized in an electromagnetic type directional over current relay giving inverse time-current characteristics? b) Discuss the different types of distance relay characteristics. How are these characteristics derived in an electromagnetic comparator? 4. Would the generator inter turn fault protection operate for phase to phase fault within the generator? Would your generator differential protection operate for inter turn fault? Give your remarks. 5. Explain the effect of inrush magnetizing current on the protective system of transformers. Why does desensitizing of relay not provided satisfactory protection of the transformer? What is the principle of harmonic restraint? 6. a) Discuss the 3-zone distance relay protection using impedance relay. b) Explain Translay relay protection for the feeders. 7. a) What are the advantages and limitations of static relays? b) Explain a static IDMT over current relay giving a neat block diagram. Set No.3 8. a) What is a Peterson coil? What protective functions are performed by this device? b) Explain the term insulation coordination. Describe the construction of voltage time curve and the terminology associated with impulse testing. 1 of 1
5 Code No: R41023 R10 Set No.4 1. a) In connection with circuit breaker, explain the significance of RRRV, TRV, recovery voltage and active recovery voltage. b) In a short circuit test on a 200 kv, 3-phase CB with earthed neutral the following results were obtained. Fault p.f. = 0.6, recovery voltage = 0.7 of full line value, the breaking current is symmetrical and the restriking transient had a natural frequency of 7.2 khz. Find RRRV, assuming that short circuit is an earthed fault. 2. Explain the construction of an SF6 breaker with neat diagram. How does it essentially differ from an ABCB? 3. a) Discuss the principle of over current protection and various current-time characteristics there in. b) What is the principle of differential relays? What are their limitations? Explain their characteristics. 4. Explain, with the help of a relevant drawing, the protection scheme of 100% stator earth fault protection of a large generator. 1 of 2
6 Code No: R41023 R10 Set No.4 5. a) Why restraining winding is provided in a biased differential relay as applied to the differential protection of a transformer and draw the diagram. b) A 25 MVA, 132/33 kv, /Y, 3 φ power transformer is protected by percentage differential relays. If the CT s located on delta and wye side of the power transformers are 350/5 A and 2000/5 A respectively. Determine the following i) the output current of fault load, ii) the relay current at fault load and iii) the minimum relay current setting to permit 50% over load. 6. Explain what is meant by carrier system of protection. With a block diagram discuss how the carrier system of protection works. What is the basis for the choice of frequency in power line carrier system? 7. a) Draw the block diagram of static directional over current relay, explain. b) How can numerical distance relaying algorithm be implemented on the 8086 microprocessor? Is it possible to implement these algorithms on the 8085? 8. a) Describe the construction and operation of zinc oxide lightning arrester with neat diagram b) Explain the basic impulse insulation level. 2 of 2
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