CHAPTER 11. Feedback. Microelectronic Circuits, Seventh Edition. Copyright 2015 by Oxford University Press

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1 CHAPTER 11 Feedback

2 Figure 11.1 General structure of the feedback amplifier. This is a signal-flow diagram, and the quantities x represent either voltage or current signals.

3 Figure 11.2 Determining the loop gain by breaking the feedback loop at the output of the basic amplifier, applying a test signal xt, and measuring the returned signal xr : Aβ xr/xt.

4 Figure 11.3 (a) A noninverting op-amp circuit for Example (b) The circuit in (a) with the op amp replaced with its equivalent circuit.

5

6 Figure 11.4 Application of negative feedback reduces the midband gain, increases fh, and reduces fl, all by the same factor, (1 + AMβ), which is equal to the amount of feedback.

7 Figure 11.5 Illustrating the application of negative feedback to improve the signal-to-interference ratio in amplifiers.

8

9 Figure 11.7 Block diagram of a feedback voltage amplifier. Here the appropriate feedback topology is series shunt.

10 Figure 11.8 Examples of a feedback voltage amplifier. All these circuits employ series shunt feedback. Note that the dc bias circuits are only partially shown.

11 Figure 11.9 Breaking the conceptual feedback loop in (a) to determine the loop gain requires the termination of the loop as shown in (b), to ensure that the loop conditions do not change.

12 Figure Determining: (a) the feedback factor β; and (b) the loop gain Aβ for the feedback voltage amplifier of Fig. 11.8(b).

13 Figure Example (a) A series shunt feedback amplifier; (b) the feedback loop obtained by setting Vs = 0 and replacing the op amp with its equivalent-circuit model; (c) breaking the feedback loop to determine the loop gain Aβ = Vr/Vt.

14 Figure The series shunt feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure; (b) equivalent circuit.

15 Figure Determining the output resistance of the feedback amplifier of Fig (a): Rof = Vx/Ix.

16 Figure (a) Block diagram of a practical series shunt feedback amplifier. (b) The circuit in (a) represented by the ideal structure of Fig (a). (c) Definition of R11 and R22. (d) Determination of the feedback factor β. (e) The A circuit, showing the open-loop resistances Ri and Ro.

17 Figure continued

18 Figure Circuits for Example 11.4.

19 Figure (a) Series shunt feedback amplifier for Example 11.5; (b) the A circuit; (c) the β circuit.

20 Figure E11.8

21 Figure Example 11.6.

22 Figure The feedback transconductance amplifier (series series).

23 Figure The feedback transconductance amplifier (series series).

24 Figure Circuits for Example 11.7.

25 Figure Circuits for Example 11.8.

26 Figure The feedback transresistance amplifier (shunt shunt).

27 Figure The feedback transresistance amplifier (shunt shunt).

28 Figure (a) A feedback transresistance amplifier; (b) the β circuit; (c) determining β; (d) the A circuit.

29 Figure E11.19

30 Figure The feedback current amplifier (shunt series).

31 Figure The feedback current amplifier (shunt series).

32 Figure Circuit for Example

33 Figure continued

34

35 Figure The Nyquist plot of an unstable amplifier.

36 Figure Relationship between pole location and transient response.

37 Figure Effect of feedback on (a) the pole location and (b) the frequency response of an amplifier having a single-pole, open-loop response.

38 Figure Root-locus diagram for a feedback amplifier whose open-loop transfer function has two real poles.

39 Figure Definition of ω0 and Q of a pair of complex-conjugate poles.

40 Figure Normalized gain of a two-pole feedback amplifier for various values of Q. Note that Q is determined by the loop gain according to Eq. (11.70).

41 Figure Circuits and plot for Example

42 Figure Root-locus diagram for an amplifier with three poles. The arrows indicate the pole movement as A0β is increased.

43 Figure E11.26

44 Figure Bode plot for the loop gain Aβ illustrating the definitions of the gain and phase margins.

45 Figure Stability analysis using Bode plot of A.

46

47 Figure (a) Two cascaded gain stages of a multistage amplifier. (b) Equivalent circuit for the interface between the two stages in (a). (c) Same circuit as in (b), but with a compensating capacitor CC added. Note that the analysis here applies equally well to MOS amplifiers.

48 Figure (a) A gain stage in a multistage amplifier with a compensating capacitor connected in the feedback path, and (b) equivalent circuit. Note that although a BJT is shown, the analysis applies equally well to the MOSFET case.

49 Figure P11.2

50 Figure P11.3

51 Figure P11.9

52 Figure P11.24

53 Figure P11.29

54 Figure P11.31

55 Figure P11.32

56 Figure P11.33

57 Figure P11.40

58 Figure P11.41

59 Figure P11.43

60 Figure P11.45

61 Figure P11.47

62 Figure P11.48

63 Figure P11.52

64 Figure P11.53

65 Figure P11.54

66 Figure P11.55

67 Figure P11.56

68 Figure P11.57

69 Figure P11.58

70 Figure P11.63

71 Figure P11.64

72 Figure P11.65

73 Figure P11.68

74 Figure P11.69

75 Figure P11.70

76 Figure P11.72

77 Figure P11.73

78 Figure P11.77

79 Figure P11.78

80 Figure P11.79

81 Figure P11.80

82 Figure P11.81

83 Figure P11.82

84 Figure P11.106

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