BCA. Combiners and Filters for FM Broadcast and TV Systems ABRIDGEMENT

Transcription

1 BCA Combiners and Filters for FM Broadcast and TV Systems ABRIDGEMENT

2 Photo on title page: FM Multipattern Combiner, 3x 10 kw Catalogue Issue 02/2007 All data published in previous catalog issues hereby becomes invalid. We reserve the right to make alterations in accordance with the requirements of our customers, therefore for binding datas please check valid datasheets! Please note: As a result of more stringent legal regulations and judgements regarding product liability, we are obliged to point out certain risks that may arise when products are used under extraordinary operating conditions. Extraordinary operating conditions, such as exceptional dynamic stress (e.g. strain caused by oscillating support structures), may result in decline in technical performance. Installation teams must be properly qualified and also be familiar with the relevant national safety regulations. Quality leads the way As the world s oldest and largest antenna manufacturer, we live up to claim Quality leads the way on a daily basis. One of the fundamental principies is to always be on the lookout for the best solution for our customers. Our quality assurance system and our environmental management system apply to the entire company and are certified by TÜV according to EN ISO 9001 and EN ISO Internet: KATHREIN-Werke KG. Phone Fax Anton-Kathrein-Straße 1 3. P.O. Box D Rosenheim. Germany

3 Contents Page Who we are 4 Band II (FM) MHz 5 13 Band III (VHF) MHz Band IV/V (UHF) MHz Further Components Customized Design Technical Annex

4 Who we are Kathrein-Werke KG, founded in 1919 in Rosenheim (Germany), is an international enterprise, active in antenna and communications technology. Since the early 1960 s Kathrein-Werke KG has been supplying professional combiner systems of all sizes to broadcasters in every part of the world from Canada to China and from Norway to South Africa. Right from the start Kathrein-Werke KG has maintained a high level of engineering capability. Today there is a team of antenna and mechanical engineers dealing exclusively with broadcast transmitting systems. Customers are welcome to take advantage of the technical expertise available from Kathrein- Werke KG and to discuss their specific requirements. If your needs cannot met with our standard components we are prepared to develop customized solutions for you. Kathrein-Werke KG quality management system is certified in accordance with DIN EN ISO This certification includes manufacturing operations as well as design processes. As a result of the introduction of the Environment Management System according DIN EN ISO environmental protection is beeing systematically integrated into the corporation entire process chain. 4

5 Band-pass Filter MHz, 100 W Band-pass filter can be used for improving the input selectivity of receivers and amplifiers for increasing the isolation of transmitters where respective antennas are close together for suppressing noise side bands and intermodulation products as a component in the construction of combiners Design and Construction The band-pass filter is made of three capacitively coupled resonators. The operating frequency, the coupling between the resonators and also the input and output couplings are adjustable. The band-pass filter is convection-cooled, no ventilators are required. The band-pass filter must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are part of the delivery extent FM Band-pass filter, 100 W Technical Data Type No MHz Insertion loss (1 < 0.7 db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power max. 100 W Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7-16 female Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, silver-plated (inner conductor) Weight 12 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 460 mm x 312 mm x 100 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 550 mm x 360 mm x 160 mm (1 Insertion loss value apply to standard tuning with 3-dB bandwidth of about khz. Attenuation/dB Attenuation/dB f Frequency/MHz f Frequency/MHz 5

6 Band-pass Filter MHz, 3 kw Band-pass filter can be used for improving the input selectivity of receivers and amplifiers for increasing the isolation of transmitters whose respective antennas are close together for suppressing noise side bands and intermodulation products as a component in the construction of combiners Design and Construction The band-pass filter is made of three capacitively coupled, temperature stabilised resonators. The operating frequency, the coupling between the resonators and also the input and output couplings are adjustable. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings via heat sinks. The band-pass filter is convectioncooled, so no ventilators are required. The band-pass filter must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are part of the delivery extent FM Band-pass filter, 3 kw Technical Data Type No MHz Insertion loss (1 < db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power max. 3 kw Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7/8 EIA-flange Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, silver-plated (inner conductor) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 55 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 680 mm x 220 mm x 1320 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 720 mm x 300 mm x 1500 mm (1 Insertion loss value with standard tuning will be approx db; refering 3-dB bandwidth is 900 khz. Attenuation/dB Attenuation/dB f Frequency/MHz f Frequency/MHz 6

7 Band-pass Filter MHz, 5 kw Band-pass filter can be used for improving the input selectivity of receivers and amplifiers for increasing the isolation of transmitters whose respective antennas are close together for suppressing noise side bands and intermodulation products as a component in the construction of combiners Design and Construction The band-pass filter is made of three capacitively coupled, temperature stabilised resonators. The operating frequency, the coupling between the resonators and also the input and output couplings are adjustable. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings via heat sinks. The band-pass filter is convectioncooled, so no ventilators are required. The band-pass filter must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are part of the delivery extent FM Band-pass filter, 5 kw Technical Data Type No MHz Insertion loss (1 < db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power max. 5 kw Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 1 5/8 EIA-flange Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, silver-plated (inner conductor) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 100 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 975 mm x 285 mm x 1260 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 1100 mm x 470 mm x 1450 mm (1 Insertion loss value with standard tuning will be approx db; reference 3-dB bandwidth is 800 khz. Attenuation/dB Attenuation/dB f Frequency/MHz f Frequency/MHz 7

8 Starpoint Combiner MHz, 100 W General Starpoint combiners enable several transmitters or receivers to be connected to one common output. This arrangement provides a cost-efficient solution while retaining the advantages of band-pass filter usage. Design and Construction This starpoint combiners consist of one 3-pole bandpass filter per channel. The inputs of the filters are narrowband. The outputs are connected via pre-defined cable lengths to a common starpoint. This starpoint then forms the output of the combiner. The starpoint combiners may be extended by adding further band-pass filters and by exchanging the starpoint. The combiners are maintenance-free and are thus especially safe to operate. The band-pass filters must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are supplied along with the combiner FM Starpoint combiner, 4x 100 W Output Starpoint CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 CH 3 Input 3 CH 4 Input 4 Technical Data Type No. Inputs Insertion Connectors Weight Height (2 Packing size loss (1 Input / Output [mm] < 0.9 db 7-16 female 31 kg 8 HU 650 x 590 x < 0.9 db 7-16 female 43 kg 8 HU 650 x 590 x < 1.0 db 7-16 female 55 kg 12 HU 650 x 590 x MHz Channel spacing > 2 MHz Isolation > 30 db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power max. 100 W (per input) Temperature range 20 C C Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, silver-plated (inner conductor) Colour (front plate) RAL 7032 (grey) Dimensions 19 drawer (depth 550 mm) (1 Insertion loss value refers to a 3-dB bandwidth of khz. Minimum 3-dB bandwidth is 1000 khz. (2 One HU (height unit) is equivalent to mm 8

9 Starpoint Combiner MHz, 3 kw General Starpoint combiners enable several transmitters or receivers to be connected to one common output. This arrangement provides a cost efficient solution while retaining the advantages of band-pass filter usage. Design and Construction This starpoint combiners consist of one temperature stabilised 3-pole band-pass filter per channel. The inputs of the filters are narrowband. The outputs are connected via pre-defined rigid-lines onto a common starpoint. This starpoint then forms the output of the combiner. The starpoint combiners may be extended by adding further band-pass filters and by exchanging the starpoint. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings via heat sinks. The starpoint combiner is convectioncooled, so no ventilators are required. The band-pass filters must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are supplied along with the combiner FM Starpoint combiner, 2x 3 kw Output Starpoint Technical Data CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 Type No. Inputs Insertion Connectors Weight Dimensions Packing size loss (1 Input / Output (l x w x h) [mm] [mm] < 0.5 db 7/8 EIA / 1 5/8 EIA 110 kg 790 x 482 x x 610 x < 0.6 db 7/8 EIA / 1 5/8 EIA 180 kg 1553 x 482 x x 1010 x 610 x x 1010 x 315 x < 0.7 db 7/8 EIA / 1 5/8 EIA 250 kg 1553 x 482 x x 1010 x 610 x MHz Channel spacing > 1.5 MHz Isolation > 30 db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power max. 3 kw (per input) Temperature range 20 C C Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, sliver plated (inner conductor) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) (1 Insertion loss value refers to a 3-dB bandwidth of 900 khz. Minimum 3-dB bandwidth is 600 khz. 9

10 Starpoint Combiner MHz, 5 kw General Starpoint combiners enable several transmitters or receivers to be connected to one common output. This arrangement provides a cost efficient solution while retaining the advantages of band-pass filter usage. Design and Construction This starpoint combiners consist of one temperature stabilised 3-pole band-pass filter per channel. The inputs of the filters are narrowband. The outputs are connected via pre-defined rigid-lines onto a common starpoint. This starpoint then forms the output of the combiner. The starpoint combiners may be extended by adding further band-pass filters and by exchanging the starpoint. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings via heat sinks. The starpoint combiner is convectioncooled, so no ventilators are required. The band-pass filters must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are supplied along with the combiner FM Starpoint combiner, 4x 5 kw Output Starpoint CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 CH 3 Input 3 CH 4 Input 4 Technical Data Type No. Inputs Insertion Connectors Weight Dimensions Packing size loss (1 Input / Output (l x w x h) [mm] [mm] < 0.4 db 1 5/8 EIA / 1 5/8 EIA 220 kg 975 x 695 x x 890 x < 0.5 db 1 5/8 EIA / 3 1/8 EIA 335 kg 2185 x 695 x x 1080 x 890 x x 1080 x 470 x < 0.6 db 1 5/8 EIA / 3 1/8 EIA 450 kg 2185 x 695 x x 1080 x 890 x MHz Channel spacing > 1.5 MHz Isolation > 35 db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power max. 5 kw (per input) Temperature range 20 C C Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, silver-plated (inner conductor) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) (1 Insertion loss value refers to a 3-dB bandwidth of 800 khz. Minimum 3-dB bandwidth is 600 khz. 10

11 Directional Filter Combiner MHz, 200 W General Directional filter combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The design offers an expandable system which is constructed in a modular form. The configuration provides the best frequency response and optimum isolation between the inputs. Design and Construction This combiner consists of two 3-pole band-pass filters, two 3-dB couplers and a balancing load. One input is narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the band-pass filters. The second input is broadband (BB) within the operating frequency range of the 3-dB coupler. The directional filter combiner may be extended by adding further combiners directional filter combiners as well as starpoint combiners. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings. Thus the combiner is maintenance free and especially safe to operate. The band-pass filters must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are supplied along with the combiner FM Directional filter combiner, 200 W Technical Data Type No Output Inputs Narrowband input (NB) Broadband input (BB) MHz MHz tuned to one channel free choice of channel Insertion loss (1 < 0.8 db < 0.2 db Input power 200 W 800 W Channel spacing > 1.5 MHz Isolation > 30 db (NB to BB-input) > 50 db (BB to NB-input) VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) < 1.25 (at stop band) Impedance 50 Ω Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7-16 female Colour (front-plate) RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 34 kg Dimensions 19 drawer (6 height units, depth 550 mm) (2 CH 1 Narrowband input (NB) Load CH 2 Broadband input (BB) (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the min. channel spacing of 1.5 MHz. (2 One HU (hight unit) refers to mm. 11

12 Directional Filter Combiner MHz, 5 kw General The directional filter combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The design offers an expandable system which is constructed in a modular form. The configuration provides the best frequency response and optimum isolation between the inputs. Design and Construction This combiner consists of two temperature stabilised 3-pole band-pass filters, two 3-dB couplers and a balancing load. One input is narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the band-pass filters. The second input is broadband (BB) within the operating frequency range of the 3-dB coupler. The directional filter combiner may be extended by adding further combiners directional filter combiners as well as starpoint combiners. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings via heat sinks. Thus the combiner is maintenance-free and especially safe to operate. The band-pass filters must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are supplied along with the combiner FM Directional filter combiner, 5 kw Technical Data Type No Output Inputs Narrowband input (NB) Broadband input (BB) MHz MHz tuned to one channel free choice of channel Insertion loss (1 < db < 0.2 db Input power 5 kw 15 kw Channel spacing > 0.8 MHz Isolation > 30 db (NB to BB-input) > 50 db (BB to NB-input) VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) < 1.25 (at stop band) Impedance 50 Ω Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7/8 EIA-flange (NB-input) 1 5/8 EIA-flange (BB-input and Output) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 140 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 850 mm x 560 mm x 1320 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 1015 mm x 615 mm x 1400 mm CH 1 Narrowband input (NB) Load CH 2 Broadband input (BB) (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the min. channel spacing of 0.8 MHz. 12

13 Directional Filter Combiner MHz, 10 kw General The directional filter combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The design offers an expandable system which is constructed in a modular form. The configuration provides the best frequency response and optimum isolation between the inputs. Design and Construction This combiner consists of two temperature stabilised 3-pole band-pass filters, two 3-dB couplers and a balancing load. One input is narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the band-pass filters. The second input is broadband (BB) within the operating frequency range of the 3-dB coupler. The directional filter combiner may be extended by adding further combiners directional filter combiners as well as starpoint combiners. Any heat produced is dissipated into the surroundings via heat sinks. Thus the combiner is maintenance free and especially safe to operate. The band-pass filters must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are supplied along with the combiner FM Directional filter combiner, 10 kw Technical Data Type No Output Inputs Narrowband input (NB) Broadband input (BB) MHz MHz tuned to one channel free choice of channel Insertion loss (1 < db < 0.15 db Input power 10 kw 50 kw Channel spacing > 0.8 MHz Isolation > 35 db (NB to BB-input) > 55 db (BB to NB-input) VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) < 1.25 (at stop band) Impedance 50 Ω Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 1 5/8 EIA-flange (NB-input) 3 1/8 EIA-flange (BB-input and Output) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 290 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 1150 mm x 695 mm x 1435 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 1350 mm x 870 mm x 1620 mm CH 1 Narrowband input (NB) Load ~ ~ CH 2 Broadband input (BB) (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the min. channel spacing of 0.8 MHz. 13

14 Band-pass Filter MHz, DAB, 1 kw The band-pass filter can be used as output filter of DAB-transmitters for appliances where high Q is requested to achiveve low insertion loss in addtion with high selectivity close to the pass-band to achieve filter-mask criteria conform to standard ETS non critical mask as a component in the construction of DAB-combiners Design and Construction The band-pass filter is made of six inductively coupled resonators. The operating frequency, the coupling between the resonators and also the input and output couplings are adjustable. The band-pass filter is convection-cooled, no ventilators are required. The band-pass filter must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are part of the delivery extent DAB Band-pass filter, 1 kw Technical Data Type No Insertion loss (1 Selectivity VSWR Impedance Input power MHz < 0.9 db (at f 0 typ. 0.7 db) < 1.1 db (at edge frequencies) > 40 db (at f 0 ± MHz) > 60 db (at f 0 ± 5 MHz) < 1.2 (at pass band) 50 Ω max. 1 kw Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7-16 female Material Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, silver-plated (inner conductor) Colour RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 45 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 610 mm x 400 mm x 550 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 800 mm x 600 mm x 1100 mm Attenuation/dB f 0 /MHz Frequency/MHz (1 Insertion loss value apply to standard tuning with pass-band width of 1.54 khz. 14

15 Band-pass Filter MHz, DAB, 2 kw The band-pass filter can be used as output filter of DAB-transmitters for appliances where high Q is requested to achiveve low insertion loss in addtion with high selectivity close to the pass-band to achieve filter-mask criteria conform to standard ETS critical mask as a component in the construction of DAB-combiners Design and Construction The band-pass filter is made of eight inductively coupled resonators. The operating frequency, the coupling between the resonators and also the input and output couplings are adjustable. The band-pass filter is convection-cooled, no ventilators are required. The band-pass filter must be tuned to the operating channel. Tuning may be done at our factory or can be carried out on site. The band-pass filter can be mounted in an 19 rack. Clear tuning instructions and also any special tools necessary are part of the delivery extent DAB Band-pass filter, 2 kw Also availble is a version with 1 5/8 EIA-flanges. Max power handling then 3 kw. Technical Data Type No Insertion loss (1 Selectivity VSWR Impedance Input power Temperature range Connectors Material Colour Weight Dimensions (l x w x h) Packing size (l x w x h) MHz < 0.8 db (at f 0 typ. 0.6 db) < 1.5 db (at edge frequencies) > 20 db (at f 0 ± MHz) > 55 db (at f 0 ± MHz) > 60 db (at f 0 ± 5 MHz) < 1.2 (at pass band) 50 Ω max. 2 kw 20 C C 7-16 female Aluminium (outer conductor) Brass, sliver plated (inner conductor) RAL 7032 (grey) 150 kg mm x 570 mm x 500 mm mm x 800 mm x 800 mm Attenuation/dB f 0 /MHz Frequency/MHz (1 Insertion loss value apply to standard tuning with pass-band width of 1.54 khz. 15

16 Stretchline Combiner MHz, 200 W General Stretchline combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The stretchline combiner offers a low cost solution with compact design. The configuration is ideal if the frequency spacing is not too close. Design and Construction This stretchline combiner consists of two 3-dB couplers, a commutating line and a balancing load. The inputs are narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the commutating line. The principle of operation refers to the length of the commutating line. The electrical characteristics of the 3-dB couplers make the functioning possible. Isolation between the inputs is determined by the 3-dB couplers. The stretchline combiner may be extended by adding further directional filter combiners. The length of the commutating line has to be calculated with refer to the operating channels VHF Stretchline combiner, 2x 200 W Channel 1 Channel 2 Attenuation/dB 0 1 f 1 f 2 Output 3 Load CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input Frequency/MHz Technical Data Type No. Inputs Insertion Power Weigth Dimensions Packing size loss (1 (per input) [mm] [mm] < 0.5 db 200 W 3.5 kg 450 x 350 x x 460 x < 0.6 db 200 W 4.0 kg 450 x 350 x x 460 x MHz Channel spacing > 3 channels (2 CH between) Isolation > 30 db VSWR < 1.06 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7-16 female Colour RAL 7032 (grey) (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the minimum channel spacing. Given is the typical value. Insertion loss is depending on channel combination. 16

17 Stretchline Combiner MHz, 2 kw General Stretchline combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The stretchline combiner offers a low cost solution with compact design. The configuration is ideal if the frequency spacing is not too close. Design and Construction This stretchline combiner consists of two 3-dB couplers, a commutating line and a balancing load. The inputs are narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the commutating line. The principle of operation refers to the length of the commutating line. The electrical characteristics of the 3-dB couplers make the functioning possible. Isolation between the inputs is determined by the 3-dB couplers. The stretchline combiner may be extended by adding further directional filter combiners. The length of the commutating line has to be calculated with refer to the operating channels VHF Stretchline combiner, 2x 2 kw Channel 1 Channel 2 f 1 f 2 Attenuation/dB Technical Data 10 Type No. / Order No MHz Inputs 2 Channel spacing > 3 channels (2 CH between) Insertion loss (1 < 0.4 db Isolation > 30 db VSWR < 1.06 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Input power 2 kw (per input) Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7/8 EIA-flange Colour RAL 7032 (grey) Weight 85 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) 1500 mm x 800 mm x 200 mm Packing size (l x w x h) 1800 mm x 1000 mm x 500 mm (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the minimum channel spacing. Given is the typical value. Insertion loss is depending on channel combination Load 195 Output CH 1 Input CH 2 Input Frequency/MHz

18 Stretchline Combiner MHz, 100 W General Stretchline combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The stretchline combiner offer a low cost solution with compact design. The configuration is ideal if the frequency spacing is not too close. Design and Construction This stretchline combiner consists of two 3-dB couplers, a commutating line and a balancing load. The inputs are narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the commutating line. The principle of operation refers to the length of the commutating line. The electrical characteristics of the 3-dB couplers make the functioning possible. Isolation between the inputs is determined by the 3-dB couplers. The stretchline combiner may be extended by adding further directional filter combiners. The length of the commutating line has to be calculated with refer to the operating channels UHF Stretchline combiner, 2x 100 W f 1 f 2 Attenuation/dB Output Load Frequency/MHz 850 CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 Technical Data Type No. Inputs Insertion Power Weigth Dimensions Packing size loss (1 (per input) [mm] [mm] < 0.5 db 100 W 3 kg 700 x 400 x x 600 x < 0.6 db 100 W 5.5 kg 700 x 400 x x 600 x MHz Channel spacing > 3 channels (2 CH between) Isolation > 30 db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7-16 female Colour RAL 7032 (grey) (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the minimum channel spacing. Given is the typical value. Insertion loss is depending on channel combination. 18

19 Stretchline Combiner MHz, 1 kw General Stretchline combiners enable several transmitters to be connected to one common output. The stretchline combiner offer a low cost solution with compact design. The configuration is ideal if the frequency spacing is not too close. Design and Construction This stretchline combiner consists of two 3-dB couplers, a commutating line and a balancing load. The inputs are narrowband (NB) in accordance with the frequency response of the commutating line. The principle of operation refers to the length of the commutating line. The electrical characteristics of the 3-dB couplers make the functioning possible. Isolation between the inputs is determined by the 3-dB couplers. The stretchline combiner may be extended by adding further directional filter combiners. The length of the commutating line has to be calculated with refer to the operating channels UHF Stretchline combiner, 3x 1 kw f 1 f 2 Attenuation/dB Output Load Frequency/MHz 850 CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 Technical Data Type No. Inputs Insertion Power Weigth Dimensions Packing size loss (1 (per input) [mm] [mm] < 0.5 db 1 kw 9 kg 1000 x 800 x x 1000 x < 0.6 db 1 kw 14 kg 1300 x 950 x x 1100 x MHz Channel spacing > 3 channels (2 CH between) Isolation > 30 db VSWR < 1.1 (at pass band) Impedance 50 Ω Temperature range 20 C C Connectors 7/8 EIA-flange Colour RAL 7032 (grey) (1 Insertion loss and isolation values refer to the minimum channel spacing. Given is the typical value. Insertion loss is depending on channel combination. 19

20 Load 50 Ω, 0.5 W 100 W 50-Ω loads are suited as absorbers for small and medium power. They are used: as termination for transmitters or amplifiers used for testing, measuring or tuning, as termination for circulators, directional couplers, hybrid ring junctions and decoupled power splitters. Special features of the loads are: very low VSWR within a wide frequency range, high stability and RF shielding due to the closed aluminium construction, arbitrary installation position because of convectional cooling, 50 W and 100 W models can be installed on front or rear panels of electrical equipment for heat dissipation. 0.5 Watt * ) Type No. K ( ) Connector N male MHz VSWR MHz < 1.08 VSWR MHz < 1.15 VSWR MHz < 1.20 Application Indoor Weight 40 g Packing size 90 mm x 60 mm x 25 mm Dimensions 33 mm / 21 mm diameter K Watt * ) Type No Connector 7-16 male MHz VSWR MHz < 1.10 VSWR MHz < 1.30 IP rating IP65 Application Outdoor Weight 120 g Packing size 50 mm x 90 mm x 100 mm Dimensions 40 mm / 32 mm diameter Watt * ) Type No. K ( ) Connector N male MHz VSWR MHz < 1.08 VSWR MHz < 1.15 VSWR MHz < 1.20 Application Indoor Weight 40 g Packing size 90 mm x 60 mm x 25 mm Dimensions 30 mm / 21 mm diameter K

21 Load 50 Ω, 0.5 W 100 W 10 Watt * ) Type No. K K ( ) ( ) Connector N female N male MHz VSWR MHz < 1.08 V MHz < 1.15 VSWR MHz < 1.20 VSWR MHz < 1.25 Application Indoor Weight Approx. 250 g Packing size 50 mm x 90 mm x 100 mm Dimensions (w x h x d) 40 x 82 x x 82 x 85 by mm (incl. connector) (incl. connector) K Watt * ) Type No. K K K K ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Connector N female N male 7-16 female 7-16 male MHz VSWR MHz < 1.08 VSWR MHz < 1.15 VSWR MHz < 1.20 Application Indoor Weight Approx. 500 g Packing size 50 mm x 100 mm x 135 mm Dimensions by mm (w x h x d) 35 x 94 x x 94 x x 94 x x 94 x 124 (incl. connector) (incl. connector) (incl. connector) (incl. connector) K Watt * ) Type No. K K K K ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Connector N female N male 7-16 female 7-16 male MHz VSWR MHz < 1.08 VSWR MHz < 1.15 VSWR MHz < 1.20 Application Indoor Weight Approx. 800 g Packing size 80 mm x 95 mm x 145 mm Dimensions by mm (w x h x d) 67 x 90 x x 90 x x 90 x x 90 x 133 (incl. connector) (incl. connector) (incl. connector) (incl. connector) K Watt * ) Type No. K K K ( ) ( ) ( ) Connector N female N male 7-16 female MHz VSWR MHz < 1.08 Application Indoor Weight Approx. 2.4 kg Packing size 130 mm x 195 mm x 180 mm Dimensions by mm (w x h x d) 114 x 153 x x 161 x x 170 x 156 (including connector) (including connector) (including connector) K * ) Rated power at 40 C ambient temperature. The max. power rating increases or decreases with falling or rising ambient temperature. 21

22 Customized Design VHF Multiplexer combiner with 2 inputs, 10 kw each FM Starpoint combiner with 6 inputs, 5 kw each 22

23 Customized Design FM Directional Filter Combiner 2 x 5 kw for Multipattern application UHF High power Stretchline Combiner with 2 inputs, 10 kw each 23

24 Technical Annex Introduction Filters and combiners are essential components of many broadcasting antenna systems. They are used for selecting frequencies, suppressing disturbing emissions and noise sidebands. Several channels can be combined into one common antenna by using combiners. In certain cases, separate antenna diagrams for individual channels can also be generated. 0 a 2 a 1 f 1 b 3 db a Selection of parameters According to their use as elements of a system, filters are constructed as two-port networks and are matched to the impedance of the other system elements (e.g. transmitter, receiver, antenna or connecting cables) at both the input and the output. f Diagram 1: Frequency response of a filter tuned to frequency f 1 with insertion loss a 1, stop band attenuation a 2 at the frequency of f 1 f and with bandwidth b at 3 db. f P 1 P 2 Source 2-port Load Transmitter P r Filter Antenna 0 db f 1 P 2 = P 1 - P r - P v P 1 = Input power P r = Reflected power P v = Power loss through filter P 2 = Power transmitted a Fig. 1: Filter as element of a system. Frequency response The attenuation usually depends on the frequency used. This relationship is illustrated in diagram 1, showing a typical attenuation curve for a filter. A plot of the attenuation vs frequency shows the typical filter curve. The attenuation a (1.1) is the logarithmic ratio between input power and transmitted power. d Diagram 2: Return loss of a 2-cavity band-pass filter, tuned to the frequency f 1 and with pass-band bandwidth d. f Matching As a measurement of how a filter is matched the return loss, which is the logarithmic relationship between the input and reflected power a r (1.2), is displayed in diagram 2. The return loss a r, reflection coefficient r and VSWR factor s (1.3 and 1.4) are all related according to the formulas. 24

25 Technical Annex Filters Where used in broadcasting systems, filters are normally set up as a combination of several λ/4 resonators. The Q factor of the resonators is very important with regard to the electrical data and is influenced by the shape and volume of the filter as well as by the conductivity of the material used. The selectivity of the filters used for combiners has a decisive influence on the minimum spacing required between the transmitters to be connected onto one common antenna. If the frequency spacing is narrow then the filters must similarly be tuned in a very narrow way. But this will cause an increase in the insertion loss resulting in the filters becoming hot (diagram 3). This problem can be avoided if filters of greater volume are used which have a relatively lower insertion loss. 0 db a f 0 f Directional couplers A directional coupler is a reciprocal four-port construction, whereby two of the ports are isolated from each other. For example, the power fed in at port 1 is split up to ports 2 and 3, whereas port 4 is isolated. The power fed into the other ports is similarly split. If the coupling range of a transmission-line coupler is λ/4 at the center frequency f m then the coupling attenuation over a frequency range of f 1 / f 2 = 2 is almost independent of the frequency (fig. 3). For example, with a 3-dB directional coupler there is a divergence of ± 0.4 db and phase difference of 90 occurs between the signals at ports 2 and 3, which is also almost independent of the frequency (fig. 2). If every port is terminated with a reflection-free load, then the formulas for coupling attenuation and directivity apply. Diagram 3: Examples of two different tuning possibilities for a band-pass filter. Narrower tuning will result in higher insertion loss and steeper slopes. P P 2,ϕ = 0 Fig. 2: Directional coupler. P 3,ϕ = P 4 Coupling attenuation 2.5 db a k = 10 log P 1 P 2 3 db 3.5 db Directivity a d = 10 log P 2 P 4 2/3 f f m m 4/3 f m Fig. 3: Coupling attenuation for 3-dB transmission-line coupler of λ/4 length. 25

26 Technical Annex Combiners Combiners are a combination of frequency-selecting components (e.g. filters, stretchlines) with nodes and connecting elements (e.g. directional couplers, starpoints). In high quality combiners bandpass filters are used in preference to stop band filters. Starpoint combiners Starpoint combiners for n channels consist of n band-pass filters with outputs that are connected to a common starpoint. The individual band-pass filters are tuned to the respective frequencies. Since the band-pass filters are mismatched outside their pass-bands (with inductive coupling the impedance approaches a short-circuit) the impedance can be transformed up to very high levels by selecting the appropriate length for the link between the filters and the starpoint. This means that for every input the transformed impedances of all the other inputs are very high at the starpoint which produces a very low parallel load at the antenna output. CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 Output Starpoint CH 3 Input 3 Fig. 4: Starpoint combiner for 4 channels CH 4 Input 4 Directional filter combiner Directional filter combiners are a combination of filters and 3-dB couplers. One module consists of two band-pass filters, two 3-dB couplers and a balancing load. One input is narrowband, corresponding to the band-pass curve of the band-pass filter. The other input is broadband, corresponding to the operating range of the 3-dB coupler. Compared to other types of combiners that can be produced at less expense, directional filters offer a number of useful advantages: Simple set-up of multiple combiners through cascading of modules Very high isolation between the inputs Broadband matching at all inputs Easy extension of existing combiners by adding new modules. Function of module The signal fed into the narrowband input is split into two halves by the 3-dB coupler. Both of these pass through one of the band-pass filters to the second 3-dB coupler where they are then added in equal phase at its output due to the 3-dB couplers function. At the broadband input the two partial signals are anti-phase and therefore practically no signal appears at this port. The broadband input is isolated from the narrowband input by the directional coupler. However the isolation depends on the band-pass filters being identically tuned. CH 1 Narrowband input (NB) Load Output Fig. 5: Directional filter combiner Load CH 2 Broadband input (BB) The frequency of a signal fed into the broadband input lies within the stop band of the band-pass filters. The signal is split into two halves by the 3-dB coupler and reflected completely by the band-pass filters and proceeds to the output after co-phase addition. The narrowband input is isolated from the broadband input by the directional coupler, as described above, but there is additional isolation due to the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filters. CH 1 Narrowband input (NB) Fig. 6: Functioning of module CH 2 Broadband input (BB) 26

27 Technical Annex Cascading of modules Multiple combiners are easly set up by using several modules with the output of each module feeding the broadband input of the next module. The number of channels possible in a given frequency band is limited only by the minimum spacing between the signals. However limitation can also arise because the insertion loss for each additional module increases by 0.05 up to 0.2 db and can assume intolerable values. The power rating of the 3-dB coupler at the output also can limit the number of channels in practice. CH 1 Narrowband Input (NB1) Load Output CH 2 Narrowband Input (NB2) Load CH 3 Broadband Input (BB) Fig. 7: Directional filter combiner with 2 modules Multiplexer Multiplexers consist of one or more directional filter modules and a starpoint combiner. The output of the starpoint combiner is connected to the broadband input of the directional fiter combiner. It is advantageous to feed the channels with the largest possible frequency spacing into the starpoint combiner since this produces the optimal isolation. The isolation between the narrowband input to the starpoint combiners inputs is determined by the directional couplers and additionally by the stop-band attenuation of the band-pass filters. CH 1 Narrowband input (NB1) Load Output CH 2 Narrowband input (NB2) Fig. 8: Multiplexer for three channels Starpoint CH 3 Narrowband input (NB3) Stretchline combiner Stretchline combiners consist of two 3-dB couplers, a stretchline (communtating line) and a balancing load. Decoupling of the inputs is achieved through the directional coupler. The combiner can not be tuned but it may be reconfigured for other channels simply by changing the stretchline. Signals fed in at the 3-dB coupler are each split into half. One half signal is then routed through the stretchline. The length of the stretchline must be chosen in such a way, that the partial power flows will add up at the output and no power flows into the load. These conditions are fulfilled if the stretchline has a length of nλ 2 for f 2 and (n+1/2)λ 1 for f 1. Load Output CH 1 Input 1 CH 2 Input 2 Fig. 9: Stretchline combiner for two channels 27

28 Technical Annex Comparison Starpoint combiners / Directional filter combiners / Multiplexers / Stretchline combiners Combiner Starpoint Directional Multiplexer Stretchline Type combiner filter combiner combiner Set-up Band-pass filters Band-pass filters Directional filter - 3-dB couplers + starpoint + 3-dB coupler + starpoint combiner + stretchline Spacing FM: 30 W 1 kw 2.5 MHz 2 MHz 2 MHz FM: 3 kw 20 kw 1.5 MHz 2 MHz 0.8 MHz 1 MHz 1 MHz VHF: 100 W 2 kw 3 channels 3 channels 3 channels UHF: 200 W 3 kw 3 channels 3 channels 3 channels 3 channels Matching All inputs matched All inputs Starpoint inputs: All inputs (VSWR) in pass-band range; broadband matched pass-band matched; broadband matched Directional filter inputs: broadband matched; Frequency All inputs are narrow- Narrowband input: All inputs are narrowband All inputs are narrowresponse band according to according to frequency according to frequency band, depending on frequency response response of the response of the channel combination of the band-pass filters band-pass filters band-pass filters Broadband input: not selective Isolation According to NB BB: Between starpoint inputs: Attenuation through stop-band attenuation attenuation through like starpoint combiner; 3-dB couplers of the band-pass filters 3-dB coupler Directional filter inputs: BB NB / NB NB: attenuation through 3-dB Attenuation through coupler + stop band 3-dB coupler + attenuation of stop-band attenuation band-pass filters of band-pass filters Extensions With additional Very simply by adding Simple by adding new band-pass filter; up a directional filter directional filter module new starpoint cabling module; no altering of between starpoint and necessary existing cabling directional filter; altering of existing cabling necessary Costs Economical solution Sophisticated solution Costs between starpoint and Ecomomical solution for wide frequency with several technical directional filter combiner; for wide frequency spacing advantages smaller frequency spacing spacing; usage in possible than with starpoint VHF and UHF-band 28

29 Technical Annex VSWR, Return Loss Reflected Power, Reflection Coefficient VSWR Return loss Reflected Reflected in db power in % coefficient Locate the known value on the appropriate scale, then read across horizontally to find the equivalent values as shown in the examples above. 29

30 Notice 30

31 Notice 31

32 /0207/3/ZW/PF Subject to alteration. Internet: KATHREIN-Werke KG. Phone Fax Anton-Kathrein-Straße 1 3. P.O. Box D Rosenheim. Germany