Multiple Phase Screen Calculation of Wide Bandwidth Prop Pro a p gation Dennis L. Knepp L J Nickisch

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1 Multiple Phase Screen Calculation of Wide Bandwidth Propagation Dennis L. Knepp L. J. Nickisch NorthWest Research Associates 28 URSI General Assembly Chicago, August 28

2 Outline Summary of MPS technique Examples of scattering by a large cloud of structured ionization Comparison of a calculation of the average generalized power spectrum using the MPS technique and Nickisch s phase-screen diffraction method (PDM)

3 Introduction Multiple phase screen (MPS) calculations have long been useful for calculation of ionospheric scintillation Study the effects of turbulence on EM propagation Help understand ionospheric sensor measurements and how they relate to ionospheric physical properties Provide realizations of received signals for receiver design We utilize an updated version of an MPS code first written in the 198s New code has better handling of time domain results Several useful animations of transfer function and impulse response function

4 MPS Solution Technique Parabolic Wave Equation for E-field v U ( r ) 2 v 2 v v 2ik = U ( r ) + k ε1( r ) U ( r ) x Diffraction term Source term Solution Method: Collapse ionospheric structure into multiple thin phasechanging screens with free-space between At phase screen, neglect diffraction term Between screens, the parabolic wave equation is source free, solve by Fourier Transform method Perform MPS calculation for all frequency components in the signal bandwidth

5 MPS Propagation Geometry Structure extends infinitely into the figure Propagation Distance Incident Plane Wave Layer Thickness MPS Grid Length

6 Scattering From a Strong Gaussian Defocusing Lens Propagation distance Defocusing lens is a Gaussian with 5 m scale size 2 19 = 524, points along MPS grid, no small scale structure t

7 Strong Gaussian Defocusing Lens Amplitude and Phase vs Propagation Distance

8 plitude (d db) Am Phase (ra adians) 1-1 Strong Gaussian Defocusing Lens After Propagating 1 km MPSEFieldCase: 56 PropDistKm: Distance (km) Distance (km) Close up of last frame of previous movie

9 Time Domain Calculation Triangular time domain waveform: Fourier transform: MPS calculation: T c = 1 nsec Bandwidth = 2 MHz No of frequency components = 64 Carrier frequency = 1 MHz

10 Geometry of Ionized Cloud Plane wave Single phase screen Ionized cloud Propagating Triangular Pulse Barium Cloud Propagation distance Observation Plane MPS grid Diffraction and multipath predominate Signal delay due to large-scale phase perturbation Dis stance along

11 g 7 Time Domain Signal After Propagating 1 km Past the Strong Gaussian Lens p 6 5 Ampli itude Delay (μ sec)

12 Single Phase-Screen Representation of a Large Structured Ionized Cloud 2 15 Phase (ra adians) Distance (km) Cloud is a large smooth Gaussian with structure added Structure has a q -3 power-law power spectral density Outer scale = 39 m, Inner scale = 1 m, 2 19 points Phase standard deviation = 4 radians

13 Amplitude and Phase at the Carrier Frequency after Propagating 1 km Stuctured Cloud mplitude (db) A Distance (km) Phase (r radians) Distance (km) Propagation distance = 1 km Transmission frequency = 1 MHz

14 Scattering from the Large Gaussian Cloud With No Structure Signal experiences delay, focusing, and dispersion after propagating a distance of 1 km past the screen LargeLensMsec Case: 554 PropDistKm: 1 GridExtentKm: No scattering on edges 5 plitude Am Pulse spreading 1 points taken from 524, Delay (μ sec)

15 7 6 Time Domain Signal After Propagating a Distance of 1 pkm Structured Cloud Am mplitud de points taken from 524, Delay (μ sec) Ionization structure adds amplitude and phase scintillation to the previous figure

16 Close-Up of Center of the Previous Figure LensMsec Case: 551 PropDistKm: 1 GridExtent 7 Amp plitude points taken from 524, Delay y(μ sec)

17 7 Close-up of Center of Previous Figure p Amp plitude points taken from 524, Delay y(μ sec)

18 First Frame of MPS Animation Transfe er fn (db) Movie: 164 MPS Case: 551 Grid DistKm: Frequency (MHz) Distance along the grid Amplitude of transfer function Voltag ge (db) Time (Microsec) Amplitude of impulse response function

19 Variation of Transfer Function and Impulse Response Function Along the MPS Grid

20 Comparison of Averaged MPS Results to Strong-Scatter Theory

21 Phase Screen Diffraction Method (PDM) Where ω d, x, y are difference variables 1/z term applies to spherical wave propagation A is the quadratic expansion of the phase structure function PDM is valid for strong scattering Solution employs a split-step Fourier transform to march from phase screen to phase screen

22 Thick-Layer Propagation Geometry Incident Plane Wave 84 km 42 km Receiver plane L = 1 km Structure has a q -3 power-law power spectral density Outer scale = 5 km, Inner scale = 1 m, 2 17 points Phase standard deviation = 17 radians Carrier = 3 MHz, BW = 4 MHz, 128 discrete freqs Based on unpublished measurements (March 21)

23 5 4 Log 1 ( Γ(x,f) )(x,f) ) Thick Layer (42 km) 5 4 y -2 DeltaFr requency (MHz) DeltaFr requency (MHz) MPS calculation Separation (Meters) Two-position, two-frequency MCF Average of 5 realizations -4 Strong scatter theory Separation (Meters) -18

24 5 4 Log 1 ( Γ(x,f) )(x,f) ) - Single Phase Screen 5 4 y -2 DeltaFr requency (MHz) DeltaFre equency (MHz) MPS calculation Separation (Meters) Two-position, two-frequency MCF Average of 5 realizations -4 Strong scatter theory Separation (Meters) -18

25 Delay-Angle Power Spectrum Layer Thickness = 42 km MPS calculation Strong scatter theory For frozen-in turbulence, this becomes the Delay-Doppler power spectrum

26 Delay-Angle Power Spectrum Layer Thickness = km MPS calculation Strong scatter theory 4 2 2

27 Comparison of Thick Layer and Single Thin Phase Screen Layer Thickness = km Layer Thickness = 42 km CASE 547 CASE 548 Delay-angle power spectrum Average of 5 realizations

28 Conclusions MPS codes are very useful to analyze wide bandwidth signals Include diffraction and scintillation Include the effects of ionospheric dispersion Allow for non-homogeneous media Time delay results are obtained by FFTs Animations i of the combined transfer function and impulse response function are useful to understand wideband scintillation and develop mitigation MPS and PDM agree for our example of a wideband signal

29 BACKUPS

30 Foca al Distance Focusing and Defocusing Incident Plane Wave Focusing Gaussian Lens (Glass) Strong Defocusing Lens (Plasma) Gaussian Lens Z X Delayed Signal On-Time Signal Delayed Signal

31 2 to 3 km LensMsec Case: 551 PropDistKm: 1 GridExtent Amp plitude Delay (μ sec)

32 Entire 1 km grid LensMsec Case: 548 PropDistKm: 84 GridExtentK Amp plitude Delay (μ sec)

33 LargeLensMsec L Case: 554 PropDistKm: 1 GridExtentKm: tk Amp plitude Delay (μ sec)

Ionospheric Propagation Effects on W de Bandwidth Sig Si nals Dennis L. Knepp NorthWest Research NorthW Associates est Research Monterey California

Ionospheric Propagation Effects on W de Bandwidth Sig Si nals Dennis L. Knepp NorthWest Research NorthW Associates est Research Monterey California Ionospheric Propagation Effects on Wide Bandwidth Signals Dennis L. Knepp NorthWest Research Associates 2008 URSI General Assembly Chicago, August 2008 Ionospheric Effects on Propagating Signals Mean effects:

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