Passive Coherent Location ( PCL)

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1 Passive Coherent Location ( PCL)

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4 The very earliest radar systems were bistatic, with the transmitter and receiver at separate locations. The advent of the duplexer has meant that transmitting and receiving through the same antenna (monostatic radar) has since dominated radar design. Advantages Of bistatic passive over Monostatic Active Radar: 1. It is cheap and undetectable because of the lack of the transmitter. 2. It has also potential capability of detecting stealth targets due to bistatic geometry and low operating frequency. Disadvantages Of Passive Radar: 1) lack of control over transmitter and its parameters 2) sophisticated signal processing 3) general immaturity of the technology

5 PCL radar are bistatic or multistatic radar that do not contain trasmitters, but use other emitters such as: other radars Analogue Television signals FM Radio signals cell phone signals. Digital Radio and TV

6 Transmission Frequency Modulation, bandwidth P t G t (typical) HF broadcast MHz DSB AM, 9 khz 50 MW DRM, 10 khz VHF FM (analogue) ~ 100 MHz FM, 250 kw 50 khz UHF TV ~ 550 MHz vestigial-sideband AM (vision); 1 MW (analogue) FM (sound), 5.5 MHz Digital Audio Broadcast ~ 220 MHz digital, 10 kw COFDM 220 khz Digital TV ~750 MHz digital, 8 kw 6 MHz Cell-phone Networks (GSM) 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz GMSK, FDM/TDMA/FDD 200 khz 100 W Cell-phone Networks(3G) ~2 GHz CDMA, 3.84 MHz 100 W

7 High availability of at one FM broadcast stations. Wide-area coverage. Comparatively high ERP. RCS returns are higher in the FM band. Most absorber material used for stealth applications is not optimized for irradiation by lower frequency intercepts. More immune to Anti Radiation Missiles. This fact is due to practical accuracy problems in calculation of the exact location of a low frequency radar site. Ambiguity function of FM approaches that of the ideal "thumbtack response. Diffraction Effects at these frequencies allow the detection of hidden targets through forests or behind smooth objects.

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12 Low bandwidth waveform: poor range resolution Allowable channel bandwidth of 150 khz modulation bandwidth can provide 1km range resolution. At best case in FM, 30 khz modulation bandwidth is achieved, which results in 5km range resolution. Low carrier frequency: It is not practical to build highly directional antennas: Single PCL receiver can measure only range and range-rate. To determine bearing, multiple receiver are needed. To reach good Doppler frequency resolution, one must use long processing intervals places a computational burden on signal processor of PCL.

13 Block Diagram of a PCL Radar System Apply an adaptive filter to reject the unwanted transmitter signal in two surveillance channels. Using cross-correlator to generate two amplitude range Doppler (ARD) surfaces. Apply CFAR detection to each ARD surface to determine the range and Doppler of each target. Estimate the target bearing in direction finding processor. Associate range\doppler\bearing data with individual targets in Plot-to-target association box. Determine the target s location, speed and heading by nonlinear filter in target state estimation box.

14 Although the cross-correlation processing between the reference and surveillance channels causes any unwanted reference signal in the surveillance channel to be confined to the zero-doppler and zero-range bin, the range and Doppler sidelobes of this autocorrelation function remain significant, therefore, It is therefore critical that the direct signal and clutter is removed from the surveillance channels before crosscorrelation processing is attempted.

15 To act as a matched filter for the radar system and provide the necessary signal processing gain to allow detection of the target echo. To estimate the bistatic range and Doppler shift of the target.

16 تبدیل فوریه همبستگی= ضرب تبدیل فوریه ها Simplest algorithm for Range Doppler Processing is:

17 φ اختالف فاز بین دو کانال است )اختالف فاز بین دو مقدار FFT در سلول مشابه در دو کانال(

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21 Tracking targets is performed in the range Doppler-bearing domain.

22 FM radio-based bistatic radar FM radio-based bistatic radar, showing surveillance and direct signal antennas and digital receivers. Courtesy of Paul Howland and Darek Maksimiuk, NATO C3 Agency.

23 The accuracy of each of bistatic-range, bearing and Doppler, however, is quite different: Range and bearing are a factor of ten or so worse than a conventional microwave radar owing to the lower bandwidth of the FM radio signal. Doppler is two or three orders of magnitude more accurate (owing to the extended integration times possible with passive radar).

24 TV Based BPR

25 Analogue TV signals with a bandwidth of about 6.0 MHz are typically located in the several hundred MHz regions. In the frequency spectrum of analogue TV signals, two carriers are present, one for the visual and the other for sound signal. Typically a wideband spectral response provides good range resolution. However, the spectral shape of TV signals negates the advantages gained from its wideband spectrum. For example, the output of the filter matched to the TV signal has several strong recurrent lobs which produce several spurious. In addition, because of the periodic synchronization structure in the analogue TV signal, the unambiguous range is about order of 9 km. Regarding all these facts, the TV signal is not a suitable choice for range measurement. )وجود پالس های همزمان سازی و شباهت ذاتی سطرهای متوالی سازنده تصویر(

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28 Power budget

29 P.E.Howland et. Al.

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43 Other Signals

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