Getting One Foot Into RF
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1 Getting One Foot Into RF 6/6/ Abstract A Wireless primer covering some of the fundamental RF concepts, Guidance on optimizing system design and maximizing range Frequency bands available for use RF solutions available from TI and how to interface an MSP430 RF development tools that are available to get your application kick started
2 Agenda Regulation Basics Basic Building Blocks of an RF System RF System Parameters Getting Started (Interface to MSP430) 3 ISM/SRD License-Free Frequency Bands 4 2
3 Short Range Wireless Range 1000m Proprietary Low-Power Radio 100m 10m IEEE /ZigBee Medical Industrial Tracking Automation Meter Reading Gaming PC Peripherals Audio Meter Reading Building Mgt. Automotive Wi-Fi/ m Headsets PC Peripherals PDA/Phone PC Networking Home Networking Video Distribution UWB Wireless USB Video/audio links 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M Data Rate (bps) 5 Regional Differences Europe ETSI 433/868 MHz 2.4 GHz USA FCC 315/915 MHz 2.4 GHz Japan ARIB 426 MHz 2.4 GHz Other National Requirements 6 3
4 License Free Sub 1 GHz bands 7 ETSI Example 8 4
5 ETSI Example 2.4 GHz Output power [dbm] FHSS 15 non-overlapping Channels or DSSS EN EN Frequency [MHz] Source: IEEE Wireless Communications Dec 06 9 FCC Example (915 MHz and 2.4 GHz) 10 5
6 Agenda Regulation Basics Basic Building Blocks of an RF System RF System Parameters Getting Started (Interface to MSP430) 11 Transmission Method Signal System Complexity TDMA, CDMA Time Variant Signals ASK, FSK, QPSK Vector Signals AM, FM Scalar Signals Digital Modulation Techniques 12 6
7 Transmission Methods: DSSS and FHSS Power Wide Band Transmission Power DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Narrow Band Transmission Frequency FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Frequency 13 Modulation and Demodulation OOK ON/OFF Keying ASK Amplitude Shift Keying FSK Frequency Shift Keying BFSK or 2FSK Binary FSK GFSK Gaussian FSK QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 14 7
8 Basic Building Blocks of an RF System RF-IC Transmitter Receiver Transceiver System-on-Chip (SoC); typically transceiver with integrated microcontroller Crystal Reference frequency for the LO and the carrier frequency Balun Balanced to unbalanced Converts a differential signal to a single-ended signal or vice versa Matching Filter Used if needed to pass regulatory requirements / improve selectivity Antenna 15 Extending the Range of an RF System 1. Increase the Output power Add an external Power Amplifier (PA) 2. Increase the sensitivity Add an external Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) 3. Increase both output power and sensitivity Add PA and LNA 4. Use high gain antennas Regulatory requirements need to be followed 16 8
9 Crystal Accuracy Compromise between RF performance and crystal cost Receiver channel filter BW -2 X ppm 0 +2 X ppm Frequency offset Total error of 4 X ppm 17 Balun There are different balun implementations Trade-off: PCB area versus cost Microstrip delay line Discrete balun IC balun 18 9
10 Why Matching? Zs 150 ohm Pa 0 dbm 1 mw Available power from source, requiresd Load Mismatch matched load. V 1, V Amplitude of unloaded Optimum signal energy source transfer when ZS=ZL (example with resistive loads) Plot vector P Energy dis Energy dissepated in load PL [dbm] 1,20 ZL PL Power ipl Power inγ RL [db] TL [db] VSWR PL Power in load [mw] mw dbm x1 mw Plot index 1 PL Power in [mw] 1,00 0 load 0-9,04-1,000 0,00 9,04 30,00 0,00 Z S 5 0,12-9,04-0,935 0,58 9,04 30,00 0, ,23-6,30-0,875 1,16 6,30 15,00 0,23 0, ,33-4,81-0,818 1,74 4,81 10,00 0, ,42-3,82-0,765 2,33 3,82 7,50 0,42 V = Vˆ sin( ωt) Z L 25 0,49-3,10-0,714 2,92 3,10 6,00 0,49 0, ,56-2,55-0,667 3,52 2,55 5,00 0, ,61-2,12-0,622 4,13 2,12 4,29 0,61 0,40 0,66-1,77-0,579 4,75 1,77 3,75 0, ,71-1,49-0,538 5,38 1,49 3,33 0, ,75-1,25-0,500 6,02 1,25 3,00 0,75 Signal Source 0, ,79-1,05-0,463 6,68 1,05 2,73 0, ,82-0,88-0,429 7,36 0,88 2,50 0, ,84-0,74-0,395 8,06 0,74 2,31 0,84 0, ,87-0,62-0,364 8,79 0,62 2,14 0,87 2 Vˆ Z ,89-0, , ,54 0, , , L = Re ,91 PL Power -0,42 in load [mw] -0,304 10,33 0,42 1,88 Load impedance 0,91 ZL [Ohm] 2( Z S + Z L ) 85 0,92-0,35-0,277 11,16 0,35 1,76 0,92 L 90 0,94-0,28-0,250 12,04 0,28 1,67 0, ,95-0,22-0,224 12,98 0,22 1,58 0,95 Z 100 0,96-0,18-0,200 13,98 0,18 1,50 0,96 L Z S Z L Z0 2 = R L = 20LOG( Γ ) T L = 10LOG( 1 Γ ) Z L + Z S Z L + Z0 Γ = 19 Smith Chart Graphic presentation of al Re{ Z} 0 Directly Display Reflection coefficient VSWR Insertion loss Return loss Q-factor Impedance/admittance Invaluable tool when making match circuits
11 Schematic CC2500EM schematic 21 Matching CC
12 Matching the CC11xx family (315/434MHz) 23 Matching the CC11xx family (868/915MHz) Operation at 868MHz ETSI with antenna connector 24 12
13 Principle of Antennas A very crucial component The purpose of an antenna: Transmit mode: Transform RF signals into electromagnetic waves, propagating into free space TX Receive mode: Transform electromagnetic waves into RF signals RX 25 Frequency vs. Size Lower frequency gives better range Reducing the frequency with a factor of two doubles the range Lower frequency requires a larger antenna λ/4 at 433 MHz is 17.3 cm λ/4 at 915 MHz is 8.2 cm λ/4 at 2.4 GHz is 3.1 cm A meandered structure can be used to reduce the size 26 13
14 Antenna Parameters Important parameters Directivity, D. Difference between maximum radiation intensity and average radiation intensity Gain, G. Describes efficiency and radiation properties Polarization. Describes the direction of the electric field Impedance. Describes how much of the available power that can be delivered to the antenna Bandwidth is the frequency band where the antenna has desired performance D = G = U max U avg P P rad in D 27 Radiation Pattern (1) Radiation pattern for a folded dipole Gain 5.6 dbi 4 db/div Frequency 2.44 GHz Horizontal polarization XY plane 28 14
15 Radiation Pattern (2) Influence from ground plane With SmartRF04EB Without SmartRF04EB +4.6 dbi Gain -1.2 dbi Gain 29 Agenda Regulation Basics Basic Building Blocks of an RF System RF System Parameters Getting Started (Interface to MSP430) 30 15
16 Definitions (2) Sensitivity Lowest input power with acceptable link quality (typically 1% PER) PER Packet Error Rate, % of packets received not successfully Deviation/separation Frequency offset between a logic 0 and 1 using FSK modulation Blocking/selectivity How well a chip works in an environment with interference 31 Low-Power Essentials Use the lowest possible duty cycle Send data only when needed, do not send more data than necessary Use the highest data rate you can (trade-off vs. range) Watch out for protocol-related overhead Use the lowest possible voltage RF chips have reduced current draw at lower voltages Low voltage degrades RF performance Above not a problem if on-chip regulator Use a switch-mode regulator with low quiescent current to maximize battery lifetime 32 16
17 Waking up the Radio Waking up a radio from sleep takes it through several intermediate steps Calculate the average current to estimate battery lifetime Current Time Power-down Crystal oscillator start-up PLL start-up Transmit/Receive Power-down 33 Polling Receiver Use a polling receiver if possible Wakes up periodically and searches for data Power-down Wake up Check for data Power-down Wake up Check for data Timing depends on behavior of the transmitter RX RX RX TX 34 17
18 RX-TX Switching For 2 way protocols, go as quickly as possible from transmit to receive mode or vice versa Worst case: Power-down Xtal start PLL start Transmit Power-down Xtal start PLL start Receive Power-down Best case: Power-down Xtal start PLL start Transmit Receive Power-down 35 Discard False/Error Packets in RX Minimize time in RX processing false packets Check carrier sense Check for valid preamble Check for valid sync word Check length byte Check for valid address Only notify MCU when a valid packet has been received Automatic CRC check Packet discarded if CRC fails Interrupt to MCU if CRC OK 36 18
19 Frequency Hopping System Fast settling PLL important to minimize blanking interval Minimize synchronization time Frequency Blanking interval ch6 ch5 ch4 ch3 ch2 ch1 Time GHz ISM-band devices Due to the world-wide availability of the 2.4GHz ISM band it is getting more crowded day by day Devices such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, cordless phones, microwave ovens, wireless game pads, toys, PC peripherals, wireless audio devices and many more occupy the 2.4 GHz frequency band The figure below shows a common senario in a building with a WiFi access point, a microwave oven and a cordless phone Power b/g Microwave oven Cordless Frequency Source: Eliezer & Michael, TI 38 19
20 Static Frequency Hopping Utilise a predetermined set of frequencies with either a repeating hop pattern or a pseudorandom hop pattern, e.g. Bluetooth (versions 1.0 and 1.1) Power b/g Microwave oven Cordless Frequency Source: Eliezer & Michael, TI 39 Adaptive Frequency Hopping Scan the entire frequency band at start-up and restrict usage to frequencies with the lowest energy content, e.g. RadioDesk and Bluetooth 1.2 and 2.0 Substitute frequencies experiencing interference on the fly Power b/g microwave oven cordless Frequency Source: Eliezer & Michael, TI 40 20
21 Frequency Agility Frequency agility can be considered an extremely slow hopping frequency hopping system In a frequency agile system the frequency is first changed when the link performance is degraded, i.e. when the Packet Error Rate (PER) exceeds a predetermined threshold Power 1 2 Frequency 41 What do I really receive? Your receiver will receive more than just the desired signal Even if in interferer is sending on a nearby channels you will loose sensitivity If you loose to much sensitivity you will not be able to receive anything even if you are far away from the interferer Power Received b/g Desired signal Microwave oven Cordless Frequency 42 21
22 Selectivity / Channel rejection How good is the receiver at handling interferers at same frequency and close by frequencies? Desired signal / Interferer Power Adjacent channel rejection [db] Alternate channel rejection [db] Co-channel rejection [db] Channel separation Channel separation Desired channel ±Frequency 43 RF is like a Cocktail Party RF is like a cocktail party: It does not help to shout loud (high TX power) or to hear perfectly (good sensitivity) if one is not able to select (good selectivity) what to listen to. Shouting too loud (high TX power) can result in that no one can understand each other anymore due to the resulting noise (interference from unwanted signals). If it gets too noisy you will also have to repeat what you say often (retransmit) which will cause you to work more (higher current consumption) 44 22
23 Agenda Regulation Basics Basic Building Blocks of an RF System RF System Parameters Getting Started (Interface to MSP430) 45 SmartRF05EB 46 23
24 CCMSP-EM430F Use Cases SmartRF05EB + CCxxxx transceiver EM SmartRF Studio controlled or user application running on CC2511 SmartRF05EB + CCxxxx SoC EM SmartRF Studio controlled or user application running on SoC Layer 3. Transceiver EM connector Layer 2. MSP430 EM connector Layer 1. SmartRF05EB SmartRF05EB + CCMSP-EM + CCxxxx EM User application running on CCMSP-EM CCMSP-EM + CCxxxx EM CCMSP-EM and transceiver standalone 48 24
25 SmartRF05EB + CCMSP-EM + CC2520EM 49 ZigBee Demonstration Kit GPIO MSP430F2274 Light Sensor CC2480 2x LEDs Button Antenna ez430-rf2480 Based on the CC2480 A ZigBee Network Processor 3x Target Boards 2x Battery Boards 1x USB debug dongle Comes with a simple application that demonstrates - Command interface - Chip configuration - Simple API - Basic network operations A PC application shows the network topology Price $
26 MSP430 Experimenter s Board MSP430FG F2013 RF Expansion Buzzer Audio Out RS232 Supports selected Low Power RF Evaluation Modules Does not support SmartRF Studio Touch Pad Mic Perfect for prototyping Complete software libraries and RF stacks available MSP430 Interface to CC1100/2500 Code Library TIMAC ( ) ported to MSP430 Z-stack ported to MSP430 $99 51 Thank you 52 26
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