The Influence of Propagation Environment in a Live GSM Network

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1 The Influence of Propagaion Environmen in a ive GSM Nework Yu-Huei Tseng, Wen-Shyang Hwang, *Ce-Kuen Shieh Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Naional Kaohsiung Universiy of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, R.O.C. *Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Naional Cheng Kung Universiy, Tainan, R.O.C. rachel@wshlab.ee.kuas.edu.w, wshwang@earh.ee.kuas.edu.w, shieh@ee.ncku.edu.w Absrac This paper discusses he influence of propagaion environmen o he GSM cellular mobile nework. Based on he propagaion dependen environmen, he mobile saion suffered from he inerference anyime and anywhere. This paper shows he measuremen and analysis resuls for a special case in a live GSM nework. The measuremen-processing daa from he field-srengh driving es shows he enormous variances abou 8% of he measured RXEV >= -75dBm (received signal srengh) beween he shor call case (105 seconds for conversaion and 15 seconds for idle, cycling) and he long call case (1800 seconds for conversaion and 15 seconds for idle, cycling). Our invesigaion for he GSM nework is based on he GSM merics RXEV, RXQUA, DTX, slow frequency hopping and handover characerisics. The problems caused by measuremen insrumens are ouside he scope of his paper. Keywords: GSM, propagaion effec, field-srengh measuremen, slow frequency hopping, handover, DTX, RXEV, and RXQUA. 1 Inroducion As he peneraion of GSM (Global Sysem for Mobile communicaions) cellular users increase specral efficiency is becoming more criical. Because of frequencies are limied resources. The smaller he frequency reuse, he greaer he nework capaciy has. High specral efficiency is achieved by reusing frequencies over small geographic disances over he propagaion dependen environmen. As cellular marke peneraion increases even closer frequency reuses are required o suppor he growing cusomer base. However, he smaller he frequency reuse, he greaer he inerference levels. Techniques or mechanisms ha improve he inerference immuniy for he cellular radio nework opimizaion are of paricular imporance. In a normal conversion, each person speaks, on average, for less han 50% of he ime. Disconinuous ransmission (DTX) is swiching he ransmier off when speech is no presen [8], so DTX is an efficiency way of decreasing he inerference and hus increasing he qualiy/capaciy. And slow frequency hopping improves nework qualiy in wo differen ways, i minimizes he effecs of Rayleigh fading (small-scale fading) and provides inerference diversiy. Frequency hopping provides a mehod of expanding he bandwidh used by a logical channel. In GSM, a change of frequency akes place for every new burs (every ms), hus giving almos 17 hops per second. This is known as slow frequency hopping. Addiionally, keeping coninuous connecions during a call conversaion, good handover performance is also a key poin o he success of he cellular mobile nework. An Effecive handover sraegy scheme needs consideraion in hree key areas: propagaion, raffic, and swiching and processing. The minimizaion of drop call rae needs efficien schemes for making handover requess a he righ place a he righ ime based on he propagaion environmen. The following secions are organized as follows: Secion is he GSM concep, Secion 3 invesigaes he propagaion dependen environmen effec, Secion 4 is he mobile received signal, Secion 5 discusses he handover mechanism, Secion 6 is measuremen and analysis resuls, and evenually Secion 7 is our conclusions and fuure works. GSM GSM uses a TDMA (Time Division Muliple Access) channel srucure [5]. On every radio channel ime is divided ino slos ms in lengh. Eigh imeslos, number from 0 o 7, form a TDMA frame of lengh 4.615ms. There are almos 17 burss

2 per second. Each of hese slos can be given o a full rae raffic channel, wo half rae raffic channels or one of he conrol channels. In GSM he daabis are coded. The channel coding inroduces redundancy ino he daa flow, by increasing he bi rae. For he TCH/FS mode, a 3 bi CRC is a firs applied o he Class 1a bis, and secondly all class 1 bis are encoded by a convoluion code. The class bis remain unproeced. The reordering and inerleaving process mixes he encoded daa block of 456 bis, and groups he bis ino 8 sub-blocks (half burss). The 8 sub-blocks are ransmied on 8 successive burss (inerleaving deph equals 8). The channel coding can be seen in Figure 1, while he reordering and inerleaving can be seen in Figure. 3 The Propagaion Dependen Environmen Effec As GSM inerleaves speech blocks over eigh burss, he bi error rae (BER) of he ransmied informaion depends upon he mean carrier o inerference raio (C/I) performance of he eigh burss raher han on ha of an individual burs [1]. In general, he C/I is differen for each burs. This occurs as he desired and inerfering signals are coninuously changing. In he radio environmen he signal undergoes fading, shadowing and disance dependen pah loss. In general, he Rayleigh disribuion is used o model fading and he lognormal disribuion o model shadowing. The Rayleigh disribuion is given by [] pdf Ray α α Γ ( α ) = exp, Γ (1) where α is he received signal volage and Γ is he average power of he fading. The average power of he Rayleigh signal is lognormally disribued and he lognormal disribuion is given by [] Figure 1: Channel coding of he TCH/FS Figure : Reordering and Inerleaving of he TCH/FS Due o he mulipah propagaion, he erroneous received bis end o appear in burss. The convoluion code gives he bes performance for random posiioned bi errors, and herefore reordering and inerleaving is inroduced in he GSM signal ransmission flow. However, he reordering/inerleaving only improves he coding performance, if he 8 successive burss carrying he daa informaion of one speech block are exposed o uncorrelaed fading. This can be ensured by eiher a spaial movemen (high user speed) or frequency hopping. pdf log ( Γ) 10 = exp ln( 10) πσγ 10 ln 10 ( ) ( Γ) σ where Μ is he area mean power and σ is he sandard deviaion of he associaed normal disribuion. The area mean Μ is he difference beween he ransmied power and he pah loss. The Haa model is used o calculae he pah loss. In an urban environmen he pah loss is given by [3] + p = log f ( log h ) log d, (3) where f c is he carrier frequency of operaion in MHz, h is he base anenna heigh in meers, d is he disance beween he base saion and he mobile in kilomeers. The effec of mobile anenna heigh is ignored. When modeling he signal srengh in suburban environmens a correcion facor is added o equaion (3). The correcion facor is given by [3] log f = c ps 8 c 5.4, ln 13.8 log h Μ, () a ( h ) (4)

3 The addiional pah loss suffered due o he direcionaliy of he secorized anennas is given by ϕ 3 = 0.000ϕ ϕ ϕ , (5) where ϕ is he angular deviaion from he cener of he beam measured in degrees. Equaion (5) was derived by fiing a polynomial o he horizonal anenna radiaion paern. Rayleigh and lognormal random numbers are generaed o represen he effecs of fading and shadowing. As fading occurs faser han shadowing, random Rayleigh numbers are produced every burs while random lognormal numbers are generaed every hundred burss. Inra-imeslo handover (i.e. inra-cell handover) uses idle imeslo inerference measuremens o selec he imeslo wih he leas inerference. When inerference is experienced he mobile will be handed over o anoher imeslo. Frequency hopping disribues he inerference over all he hopping channels and herefore inra-imeslo handover becomes less effecive when used in conjuncion wih frequency hopping. Also he effeciveness of inra-imeslo handover reduces as he probabiliy of channel occupancy increases. Noe ha inra-imeslo handover is no responsive enough o reac o he effecs of Rayleigh fading, and herefore only he effec of shadowing and disance dependen pah loss is aken ino accoun for inra-imeslo handover. Inra-imeslo handover is assumed o only occur on he serving base saion. In an acual sysem, inra-imeslo handover will occur on boh he serving and inerfering cells. As a resul collisions may occur and addiional inra-imeslo handovers will be aemped. The inra-imeslo model used here does no incorporae he effec of imeslo collisions beween differen cells. The C/I a he mobile is given by n C / I = i= 0 C p n i i n i ( 1 p) S / I, (6) where S d is he carrier signal srengh, I i is he signal srengh of he ih inerferer and p is he probabiliy of channel occupancy. Equaion (6) uses he binomial disribuion o models channel occupancy. The menioned above assumed ha he fading of consecuive hopping channels is uncorrelaed. As mos cellular neworks have limied bandwidh he fading characerisics of consecuive hops in acual sysems are ofen found o be correlaed. The performance improvemen when hopping over more han eigh channels was assumed o be negligible as informaion is inerleaved over eigh burss in he GSM sysem [1]. This is only valid if he correlaion d i beween consecuive hopping channels is zero. If he burss are correlaed, improvemen may be experienced when more han eigh hopping frequencies are used. 4 The Mobile Received Signal The received signal by an MS could be considered as consising of hree componens, namely, a free-space pah loss componen, a slow fading componen due o shadowing, and a fas fading componen due o vehicle velociy. However, when deermining handover necessiies, he received signal is averaged, and over he normal averaging periods, he fas fading componen of he signal is averaged ou. The shadowing componen of he signal is a funcion of he cell propagaion environmen, and is a random variable ha conforms o lognormal disribuion. Therefore he propagaion characerisics of he cell environmen could be represened by he saisics of he lognormal disribuion. The free space pah loss componen ha gives rise o he mean value µ of he received signal can appropriaely be described by he empirical formula given by Haa [3]. Wih σ as he variance of he shadowing componen he composie received signal ha deermines handover would hen be a random varian X wih pdf, ( ln x µ ) 1 σ f X ( x) = e, x > 0 xσ π 5 Handover In he GSM cellular mobile sysem he handover process is idenified as a combined operaion of he mobile saion (MS), base saion (BS), and mobile swiching cener (MSC). Handover mechanism occurs when a mobile saion crosses a cell boundary. In GSM Recommendaions [7], he measuremen repors (Figure 3, [6]) are combined o generae seven crieria for handover. These are, in order of prioriy: Inra-cell (i.e. Inra-imeslo): where he RXEV is sill high bu he RXQUA is poor, a handover o anoher channel on he same base saion cell is requesed. Downlink and uplink RXQUA: where a handover is requesed due o poor RXQUA. Downlink and uplink RXEV: where a low RXEV riggers a handover reques. Disance: where a handover reques is riggered when he mobile saion ravels beyond a cerain maximum disance from he base

4 saion. This condiion is very less. Power budge: where a mobile saion requess a handover o a neighboring cell if i deecs ha he received signal budge from he neighbor is beer han is curren cell by a given margin. The las prioriy is also called beer cell handover, he ohers are belong o survival handovers. Figure 3: Decision seps in a GSM handover 6 Measuremen and Analysis Resuls 6.1 Measuremen Parameers Table 1: RXEV values and corresponding received signal level In principle, GSM uses wo parameers o describe he qualiy of a channel: he Received Signal evel (RXEV), defined as he R.M.S. received signal level a he receiver inpu and absolue MS-BS range obained from he iming informaion for frame alignmen and measured in dbm, and he Received Signal Qualiy (RXQUA), measured as bi error rae (BER) in percen before error correcion [7] (Table 1 and Table ). These wo values are averaged over a SACCH inerval (480 ms) and ransmied o he base saion on he SACCH as a measuremen repor/measuremen informaion. The way he downlink qualiy of he channel assigned o he mobile saion can be judged. In addiion o hese measuremens of he downlink by he mobile saion, he base saion also measures he RXEV and RXQUA values of he respecive uplink. Table : RXQUA values and corresponding BER 6. RXEV/RXQUA Esimaion Accuracy I is measured by mobile saion for he downlink and by he base saion for he uplink. The esimaed RXQUA values can be averaged before hey are

5 used in he power conrol and handover algorihm. The esimaion is done by evaluaing he BER before decoding over a SACCH muliframe (0.48 sec.) and hen maps he value over o an RXQUA in he way, which was shown in Table. The way he BER is esimaed is no specified by he GSM Recommendaions, bu is free o implemen in any way, as long as he accuracy s of [7] are fulfilled. Since an RXQUA value is calculaed for every SACCH muliframe, he BER is esimaed over 100 TDMA burss in case of no being in DTX mode, and 1 TDMA burss if in DTX mode. The firs is called RXQUA-FU and he second RXQUA-SUB. If his is RXEV esimaion in DTX non-acive and DTX acive, called RXEV-FU and RXEV-SUB respecively. In he power conrol and handover algorihm hese wo kinds of differen qualiy measures can be weighed differenly. 6.3 Measuremen Sysem and Analyic Tool The measuremen sysem is a TS9951 sysem of Rohde & Schwarz. The professional sysem includes a global posiioning sysem (GPS) receiver and suppors a number of GSM es handses ha oupu he sysem informaion and measuremen repors o a noebook compuer wih posiional informaion. The windows based sofware inerpres he handse signals and displays he sysem informaion in boh alphanumeric, scrolling char, and map forms in real ime. Furhermore, logged daa including he ime and posiion informaion can be expored for deailed analysis. Analyic ool is a TORNADO v.8 of PANET sysem. TORNADO provides a mobiliy model and a radio propagaion model, delivering he measuremen repors. The measured daa can be processed saisically. If a sufficien number of roues is measured, he field srengh paern of he area is clearly visible, and enered along he digiized roues can plo ou wih he aid of a ploer. 6.4 Measuremen Resuls and Analysis Resuls Toally, i ook abou 15 minues o complee he driving es abou 17.3 km long from he wes o he eas in Freeway no. 8, which belongs o suburban environmens, in Taiwan on he hird Sepember, 001. The MS was assumed o be raveling a a consan speed of 69 km per hour. Figure 4 o Figure 9 is he measuremen-processing map by TORNADO. The comparison for he measured RXEV and RXQUA liss respecively in Table 3 and Table 4. The deailed cell-by-cell es mobile roue analysis is also included in Figure 4 for he shor call case, and Figure 5 for he long call case. The resuls analysis of field-srengh driving es shows in he following: The signal levels during he enire driving run had coverage which was well above he GSM reference sensiiviy level of -104 dbm for he MS. In he shor call case (105 seconds for conversaion and 15 seconds for idle, cycling), here are eigh calls, including many beer cell handovers, en survival handovers and one handover failure during ha periods. In he long call case (1800 seconds for conversaion and 15 seconds for idle, cycling), only one call has many beer cell handovers, 17 survival handovers during ha periods. No handover failure happened. The resuls show ha he long call case ges more handovers han he shor call case, no maer in survival handovers and beer cell handovers. The shor call case ges one handover failure, bu no happened in he long call case. This is due o he seizing differen frequencies, so he relaed BSC, MSC made he differen decision o deal wih he propagaion dependen environmen in order o ge beer RXQUA or RXEV. Due o he propagaion effec, he radio signal varies from ime o ime, varies from place o place. Even hese wo MSs inside he measuremen car and agains he window, bu hey suffered from he differen propagaion effec. If seize he same frequency band a he same ime, he RXEV, RXQUA maybe no equal, i.e. he mobiles wih he differen anenna locaion suffered from he differen propagaion effec. I is possible for hese wo MSs o use he differen serving cell and frequency band a he same ime especially if ha area has no dedicaed cell/sie o serve. The resuls show ha during he curve errain road no dedicaed sie make he radio signal reaching he MS is no srong enough and someimes is very similar, so a ha ime co-channel/adjacen inerference easily akes place if frequency planning considers no well especially in such closer frequency reuse siuaion, herefore hese will lead o many handovers (survival handovers mosly due o bad qualiy). According o he resul analysis, co-channel/adjacen inerference ofen occurred along he road of freeway no.8. As menioned earlier, he frequency seizing in he similar signal srengh is a random probabiliy. The probabiliy will be very similar if driving-es ime is longer. Bu his case i jus akes abou 15 minues o field-srengh driving es abou 17.3 km long. And he SUB value emphasizes he performance of speech ime in dedicaed mode if he DTX (Disconinuous Transmission) is acive. The FU value akes he same weighing o speech/silence ime in dedicaion mode and

6 idle ime in idle mode. In his case, he shor call case idle mode ge very good RXEV (deailed please see Figure 4), herefore, from he below Tes Mobile Roue Analysis of TORNADO beween he shor call case and he long call case, his is why he RXEV_FU (>=-75dBm; he shor call case:49.1, he long call case:77.3) beer han RXEV_SUB (>=-75dBm; he shor call case:48.8, he long call case:76.8) in boh shor call and long call case, and his is also he variances beween RXQUA_FU(0~3)=89.54 and RXQUA_SUB(0~3)=90.95 in he long call case. Table 3: RXEV comparison Figure 5: RXEV_SUB for he long call case Table 4: RXQUA comparison Figure 6: RXQUA_SUB for he shor call case Figure 7: RXQUA_SUB for he long call case Figure 4: RXEV_SUB for he shor call case

7 References Figure 8: RXEV value analysis Figure 9: RXQUA value analysis 7 Conclusions and Fuure Works In his case, we can easily find he case in he enormous variances abou 8% of he measured RXEV >= -75dBm (received signal srengh) is also normal siuaion based on he propagaion effec for a live GSM nework. No enough dedicaed base saions here and he propagaion environmen effec caused many handovers occur. Based on he propagaion dependen environmen, cellular mobile nework can be opimized. Of course, firsly by good frequency planning in such limied frequency band, and by using DTX [8] o improve he nework qualiy, seing less collision hopping sequence for slow frequency hopping really increase he inerference immuniy. The simulaion resul [4] shows ha, Inra-imeslo handover (i.e. inra-cell handover) provides beer inerference immuniy han wo channel frequency hopping when he mean C/I is less han approximaely 16 db in boh he urban and suburban environmens. In addiion, seing appropriae hyseresis value (handover margin), hreshold and oher parameers such as averaging ime lengh, weighing facor for he differen propagaion environmens can opimize he behavior of he handover sraegy. [1] Michel MOUY, Marie-Bernadee Paue, The GSM Sysem for Mobile Communicaions, CE & SYS, 199. [] J D Parsons and J G Gardiner, Mobile Communicaion Sysems, Blackie, Chaper 3, [3] M Haa, Empirical formula for propagaion loss in land mobile radio services, IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol., vol. 9, pp , Augus [4] G W Tunnicliffe, A Sahyendran, and A R Murch, Performance Improvemen in GSM Neworks due o Slow Frequency Hopping, IEEE conference, [5] ETSI/GSM Recommendaions 05.0, Digial cellular elecommunicaions sysem (Phase +); Muliplexing and muliple access on he radio pah, GSM 05.0 version 8.4.0, [6] Jorg Eberspacher, Hans-Jorg Vogel, and Chrisian Beseer, GSM Swiching, Services and Proocols, second ediion, John Wiley & Sons d, 001. [7] ETSI/GSM Recommendaions 05.08, Digial cellular elecommunicaions sysem (Phase +); Radio subsysem link conrol, GSM version 8.4.0, [8] Jeroen Wigard, Thomas Tofegaard Nielsen, Per Henrik Michaelsen, Soren Skjarris, and Preben Mogensen, The Influence of Disconinuous Transmission on RXQUA Saisics in GSM, IEEE conference, 1999.

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