Experimental Study of Atmospheric Turbulence Effects on RoFSO Communication Systems
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1 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, Experimental Study of Atmospheric Turbulence Effects on RoFSO Communication Systems W. Ni 1, Y. Miyamoto 1, K. Wakamori, K. Kazaura, M. Matsumoto, T. Higashino 3, K. Tsukamoto 3, and S. Komaki 3 1 Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku Hamamatsu-shi, , Japan GITS/GITI, Waseda University, 1011 Okuboyama, Nishitomida Honjo-shi, , Japan 3 Division of EEIE, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University -1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, , Japan Abstract Many existing and emerging broadband wireless services benefit from the Radio on Fiber (RoF technology offering high speed and large bandwidth over long distance at a low attenuation. Although RoF approach works well in many cases, in fiber not feasible area, freespace optics (FSO communication techniques have received renewed interest as alternative for Radio-Frequency (RF signal transmission-concept referred to as Radio on FSO (RoFSO-because they can offer similar capacity while being cost effective and secure access without extensive installation of copper or fiber infrastructure. We are currently in the development stage of the advanced RoFSO system. On the other hand, atmospheric turbulence manifested as beam wander, intensity fluctuation and beam spreading has significant influence on the performance of conventional FSO as well as RoFSO systems. In order to measure, characterize and quantify the influence of atmospheric turbulence in our system deployment environment, we described in this paper a setup Radio Frequency-FSO (RF-FSO link to test the basic characteristics of RF signal transmission under various atmospheric and weather conditions e.g., clear weather, clouds, rain, fog and snow. We have attempted to quantify the strength of atmospheric turbulence by calculating the refractive-index structure parameter Cn from scintillation index indicating intensity fluctuation caused by atmospheric turbulence. Correlation analysis on carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR and Cn was also made and presented. In addition, a comparative measurement to characterize intensity scintillation and Angle-of-Arrival (AoA variance has also been presented in this paper. The experimentally derived data and results will be available for antenna design, link margin prediction and evaluation of performance criterion of future RoFSO systems in different deployment environments. 1. INTRODUCTION In the future ubiquitous society, consumers will be provided with reliable and cost effective communication systems that can support anytime, anywhere, any media they want. As a result, wideband radio links will become more prevalent in communication systems. To satisfy this increasing demand, the high capacity optical networks should be integrated with the flexibility of radio networks. The aforementioned wideband demands can be specifically met with fiber based wireless access schemes such as RoF [1] by which high-speed multimedia can be easily supported. In areas where optical fiber or other broadband networking technologies deployment are not feasible, FSO communication links can be utilized as an alternative technology because they can offer capacity similar to optical fiber. RoFSO [] link can be used to reliably transport multiple RF signals comprising of various kinds of communication and broadcasting signals. We are developing an advanced dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM RoFSO link whereby the basic antenna design concept will be similar to the full-optical FSO antenna [3]. Fulloptical FSO links [4] in Figure 1(b utilize seamless connection of free-space beam to single-mode fiber (SMF therefore eliminating the necessity of converting the transmitted signal from opticalto-electrical (O/E or vice versa in conventional FSO as in. Figure 1(a. The use of 1550 nm as the transmission wavelength for FSO systems is attractive for DWDM RoFSO system as it will be compatible with long-haul fiber optic technologies such as wavelength division multiplexing and erbium doped fiber amplifiers [5, 6]. Atmospheric turbulence, i.e., refraction-index fluctuations in free space, will destroy light beam spatial coherence, cause phase front distortion, alter and redirect the flow of energy in the beam, and finally lead irradiance and AoA fluctuations in the plane of
2 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, the receiver aperture. This can be characterized statistically by the variance of optical intensity as depicted in Figure 1(c. Moreover, in full-optical FSO links, the free-space transmitted optical beam will be received and coupled directly onto the SMF interface with core diameter of only 10 µm, that is more difficult to ensure the stability of the RoFSO communication [7]. (a (c (b O/E Electrical signal Optical source PD Electrical signal E/O Time Optical amplifier Control mechanism Time Figure 1: (a Conventional FSO link; (b full-optical FSO link; (c intensity variance attributed to atmospheric turbulence.. MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE.1. Measurement Setup In order to study atmospheric turbulence impact on the quality of the envisaged RoFSO, RF- FSO antennas (commercial available Canobeam DT-170 antennas have been used to set up an experimental link over 1km distance between two campuses of Waseda University in Tokyo. As depicted in Figure, an RF signal generator (Agilent E4438C is used to generate a W-CDMA signal which is propagated through the atmosphere using the RF-FSO antenna installed on the rooftop of Bldg. 14 at the Nishi-waseda campus. On the opposite side, the corresponding RF- FSO installed on the rooftop of Bldg. 55 at the Okubo campus along with a signal analyzer is used to measure the received optical power and calculate the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR in 1 minute interval. An optical FSO antenna has been set to measure optical attenuation and intensity fluctuation simultaneously. And a weather meter was used to record temperature, rain rate, and other weather condition data. Signals from both of them are sampled and processed by the monitor personal-computer (PC. Weather meter Optical FSO antenna Atmospheric RF-FSO antenna RF-FSO antenna turbulence 1km Sig. Analyzer Sig. Generator Figure : Schematic of RF-FSO test link... The Refractive-index Structure Parameter C n The refractive-index structure parameter C n /3 is the parameter most commonly used to describe the strength of atmospheric turbulence. According to Andrews et al. [8], C n can be approximately calculated as following: C n σ 1 1.3k 7/6 L 11/6 (1
3 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, where k = π/λ is wavenumber, L is link distance and σ1 is called the Rytov variance [8] which can be obtained by σ1 σi = < I > < I > < I > ( where the quantity I denotes the measured irradiance of the optical wave and the angle brackets <> denote an ensemble average or, equivalently, a long-time average. In the RF-FSO test link, optical power received by the optical FSO antenna was sampled as in Figure 3(a. It can be seen that intensity denoted by the monitor voltage V caused by atmospheric turbulence fluctuates more strongly on clear day than rainy day. Monitor output (V heavy rainy day clear day Time sec (a Carrier-to-noise ratio (dbc minimum CNR average CNR 6:00 1:00 18:00 4:00 (b Figure 3: (a Measured intensity fluctuations; (b minimum and average CNR (August 6, 008. Calculated C n values nearly show the same diurnal cycle on all clear days due to similar conditions, cloudless sky when daily temperatures have also been relatively higher as shown in Figure 4(a. Around noon, maximum C n value of about m- /3 can be found as the refractionindex fluctuations are caused almost exclusively by temperature variations. When the air temperature is close to ground temperature, for example at sunrise and during the night, C n values are lower and even reach the minimum (about m- /3. For the month of July in 008, it rained frequently even though the temperature was still higher. As presented in Figure 4(b, the calculated C n values were almost the same during a whole day without any characteristic diurnal pattern identified The phenomenon was the similar in other three seasons: on rainy days, C n values are lower than the ones on clear days in the same season. The main reason for that is on rainy day, temperature stratification of the atmosphere was stable. Figure 4(c gives the C n values on clear days in December 007 and July 008. The typical diurnal cycle of C n was both found except that the C n values were generally higher in summer than those in winter. That is because solar radiation is usually weaker in winter season, thus the temperature is relatively lower as well as temperature stratification. The phenomenon can be more clearly seen on rainy days in Figure 4(d. Therefore, when we make consideration for effect of atmospheric turbulence on the future RoFSO communication link, we should pay more attention in summer season with clear weather condition, e.g., system link margin should be designed to be able to tolerate the strongest strength of atmospheric turbulence at that time with C n value of m /3 obtained from our experimental setup in the same deployment environment..3. Correlation Analysis on CNR One-day result of the recorded CNR values from the RF-FSO test setup has been displayed in above Figure 3(b. Both minimum and average CNR were generally above the desired minimum threshold value of 110 dbc for our present W-CDMA signal transmission. The maximum variance of the minimum CNR was found at noon period when the strength of atmospheric turbulence was also larger as stated in Section.. We have made correlation analysis on C n values and CNR deviation which is defined as the difference between average and minimum CNR at the same time point. On clear day in summer season, CNR deviations increased with the increasing C n values as shown in Figure 5(a. On rainy day, CNR deviations caused by the atmospheric turbulence were thought to be mostly not larger than 6 db as seen in Figure 5(b while other larger deviations maybe caused by heavy rain drops. This phenomenon can also be found in other three seasons. So, from
4 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, /3 Clear day in Aug 008 3:00 6:00 9:00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 4:00 (a -/3 3:00 6:00 9:00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 4:00 (b Rainy day in Jul 008 -/3 Clear day in Dec 007 Clear day in Jul 008 3:00 6:00 9:00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 4:00 (c -/3 3:00 6:00 9:00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 4:00 (d Rainy day in Dec 007 Rainy day in Jun 008 Figure 4: Calculation results of C n values on: (a clear day in summer; (b rainy day in summer; (c clear day in winter and summer; (d rainy day in winter and summer. the relationship between CNR deviation and C n values at corresponding time point, we can get an estimation of redundancy for CNR deviation to mitigate the effect of atmospheric turbulence, e.g., threshold of CNR deviation should be not less than 10 db in the setup RF-FSO link system to withstand strongest atmospheric turbulence. -/3 Clear day in Aug 008 Fitted curve CNR deviation (db (a -/3 Rainy day in Jul CNR deviation (db (b Figure 5: C n values vs. CNR deviation: (a on clear day; (b on rainy day in summer of AoA Fluctuations We have also set up a FSO link, depicted in Figure 6, for studying turbulence-induced phase fluctuations on the propagating optical wave. The link distance is 300 m between two buildings in Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. On the receiver side, optical beam propagating through atmosphere
5 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, will be focused onto a position sensitive detector (PSD inside one FSO antenna with aperture diameter of 0.04 m. A/D conversion of signals from the two receiving antennas will be made by Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC. The interested data including received optical power, scintillation index, average arrival angles and variance of AoA were sampled at 10 khz and recoded in 15 seconds interval in PC, as shown in Figure 6. The AoA variance is a result of phase change and can relate to Cn according to [8, 9]: < β >=.91C nld 1/3 R (3 where L is link distance, here is 300 m and D is the receiver aperture of 0.04 m. The C n values can be calculated from the received intensity data of the FSO antenna with PD by applying (1 and (. Comparison was made between the simulated AoA variance from (3 and experimentally recorded one from PSD. On clear day, AoA variances in both X and Y directions agreed well with the calculated ones. And all of those variances fluctuated with the C n values. On rainy day as in Figure 7(b, the experimental AoA variances also agreed with the calculated ones and changed with C n except for some large deviation points caused by large rain drops. And AoA variance changes more severely with clear sunny weather than cloudy or rainy ones as shown in Figure 7. The largest deviation happens mostly at noon time on clear day. Therefore, as expected, AoA variance fluctuates well with the strength of atmospheric turbulence. Moreover, it is helpful that we can make a better estimation of AoA variance as long as we know the strength of atmospheric turbulence, i.e., C n values in the deployment environment in preparation for RoFSO system design, e.g., setting suitable tracking characteristics. FSO antenna with PSD A/D FSO antenna FSO antenna with PD A/D 300m Figure 6: Angle of arrival measurement setup. Angle of arrival (AoA variance 1E-6 1E-8 1E-10 X-direction AoA variance Y-direction AoA variance simulated AoA variance C n -/3 1E-16 1E-16 3:00 6:00 9:00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 4:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 1:00 15:00 18:00 1:00 4:00 (a Angle of arrival (AoA variance 1E-6 1E-8 1E-10 X-direction AoA variance Y-direction AoA variance simulated AoA variance Figure 7: Simulated and experimental AoA variances: (a on clear day (Mar 18th, 008; (b on rainy day (Mar 19th, 008. (b C n -/3 3. CONCLUSIONS We have presented some preliminary experimental results with more emphasis on the effect of atmospheric turbulence from an existing RF-FSO test bed which is significant in the design and
6 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, evaluation of the advanced RoFSO system. The results will be available for antenna design, link margin prediction and evaluation of performance criterion of RoFSO systems in different deployment environments. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Part of this work is supported by a grant from NiCT (Japan. REFERENCES 1. Al-Raweshidy, H. and S. Komaki, eds., Radio over Fiber Technologies for Mobile Communication Networks, First ed., Artech House Publishers, 00.. Tsukamoto, K., K. Nakaduka, et al., Development of DWDM radio on free space optic link system for ubiquitous wireless, Asia-Pacific Microwave Photonics Conference (AP-MWP 007, Apr Arimoto, Y., Multi-gigabit free-space optical communication system with bidirectional beacon tracking, IEEJ Trans. FM, Vol. 17, No. 7, , Marioni, F., Z. Sodnik, and F. E. Zocchi,.5-Gb/s free-space optics link over 1.1 km with direct fiber coupling to commercial devices, Free-space Laser Communications IV, Vol. 5550, 60 69, Oct Nykolak, G., P. Szajowski, D. Romain, G. Tourgee, H. Presby, and J. Auborn, Update on 4.5 Gb/s, 4.4 km free-space optical communications link: Availability and scintillation performance, Optical Wireless Communications II, Vol. 3850, 11 19, SPIE, Boston, Massachusetts, Sept Kazaura, K., K. Omae, et al., Performance evaluation of next generation free-space optical communication system, IEICE Transactions on Electronics Special Section on Evolution of Microwave and Millimeter-wave Photonics Technology, Vol. E90-C, No., , Feb Aburakawa, Y. and T. Otsu, Dense wavelength division multiplexed optical wireless link towards terabit transmission, Proc. MWP 03, , Andrews, L. C. and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, SPIE Press, Washington, Andrews, L. C., R. L. Phillips, and C. Y. Hopen, Laser Beam Scintillation with Applications, SPIE Press, Bellingham, Washington, 001.
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