Circuit Simulation with SPICE OPUS

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1 Circuit Simulation with SPICE OPUS Theory and Practice Tadej Tuma Arpäd Bürmen Birkhäuser Boston Basel Berlin

2 Contents Abbreviations About SPICE OPUS and This Book xiii xv 1 Introduction to Circuit Simulation Signals and Linear Systems Lumped Circuits DC Solutions and the Operating Point of a Circuit Incremental DC Circuit Model Circuit's Response in the Time Domain Fourier Series and Fourier Transformation Incremental Circuit Model in the Time Domain Incremental Circuit Model in the Frequency Domain Noise Signals in LTI Systems Circuit Noise Modeling and Analysis Laplace Transformation and the.v-domain Circuit Analysis in the s-domain, DC Solution Stability 33 2 Short Tutorial Installation Starting SPICE OPUS The Command Window Describing a Circuit Input File Structure Numbers in SPICE A Simple Circuit Operating Point (OP) Analysis Operating Point Sweep (DC), Plotting of Simulation Results Small Signal Analysis (AC and TF) Pole-Zero Analysis (PZ) Small Signal Noise Analysis (NOISE) Time-Domain Analysis (TRAN) 71

3 vi Contents 2.11 Interactive Interpreter and Advanced Features Expressions, Vectors, Plots, and Automated Measurements Control Structures, Substitution, and Variables Libraries, Raw Files, and File Output Saving Device Quantities During Analyses Tracing and Interactive Plotting 87 3 Input File Syntax File Structure Numbers Instances and Nodes Models Instance and Model Parameters Device Syntax Resistor Capacitor Inductor Inductive Coupling Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source Linear Voltage-Controlled Current Source Linear Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source Linear Current-Controlled Current Source Linear Current-Controlled Voltage Source Nonlinear Controlled Sources Voltage-Controlled Switch Current-Controlled Switch Lossless Transmission Line Lossy Transmission Line Uniformly Distributed RC Line Semiconductor Diode Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Legacy MOSFET Models (Levels 1-6) BSIM3 and BSIM4 MOSFET Models (Levels 47,53, and 60) Silicon on Insulator (SOI) MOSFET Models (Levels 55-58) UFET and EKV MOSFET Models (Levels 7 and 44) Binning of MOS Models Including Files in the Netlist Describing Circuits Hierarchically 153

4 Contents vii Defining a Subcircuit, Subcircuit Instantiation Global Nodes Nesting Subcircuits and Understanding the Flat Circuit Parametrization of Subcircuits Initial Operating Point Solution and Initial Conditions Joining Multiple Topologies in anetlist Simulator Parameters Analyzing the Circuit Operating Point (OP) Analysis Handling of Initial Solutions (Nodesets) Solving Convergence Problems Operating Point Sweep Analysis (DC Analysis) DC Transfer Function Analysis (TF Analysis) Small Signal Analysis (AC Analysis) Pole-Zero (PZ) Analysis Noise (NOISE) Analysis Transient (TRAN) Analysis NUTMEG Scripting Language Input Handling Splitting the Input Line into Words, Escaped Characters History and History Substitution Aliases and Alias Substitution Control Lines and Statements Evaluation of Statements Text Output Plots, Vectors, and Expressions Organization of Numeric Data Plot Management Storing and Restoring Plots in Files Vectors Expressions Operators in NUTMEG Expressions NUTMEG Built-in Functions User-Defined Functions Arithmetic Substitution Variables Variable Basics NUTMEG Control Variables and Simulator Parameters Variable Substitution and Text Input Circuits Circuit and Script Input (source Command) Circuit Management Circuit Listing 206

5 Vlll Contents Printing Parameter Values of SPICE Primitives Selecting the Topology and Rebuilding the Circuit Changing Nodesets and Initial Conditions Changing Instance, Model, and Subcircuit Parameters Parameter Value Propagation in Subcircuits Changing and Accessing Simulator Parameters for the Current Circuit Accessing Instance, Model, and Subcircuit Parameter Values Simulation Choosing What the Simulator Stores in Vectors (Saving) Tracing Simulation Results During Simulation Plotting Simulation Results During Simulation (Iplotting) Invoking Simulation Analyzing the Results Linearizing the Scale of a Plot Performing Measurements on Vectors Fourier Analysis of Vectors Transforming Vectors to Frequency Domain Plotting the Results The Plot Window Curve Display Styles Plot Window Grids Vector Interpretation Modes The plot Command Examples Control Structures if-elseif-else Block while, dowhile, and repeat Loops Breaking and Continuing a Loop Miscellaneous Directory and File Management Obtaining Statistics from the Simulator The spinit File Mathematical Background Linear Resistive Networks Circuit Tableau Basic Nodal Equations Modified Nodal Equations Solving the Set of Circuit Equations Sparse Matrices LU Decomposition Successful Pivoting Techniques Numerical Error Control 271

6 Contents ix 6.3 Introducing Nonlinear Devices Fixed Point Iteration Newton-Raphson Algorithm Convergence Detection Automatic Convergence Helpers Specifying the Initial Point for the Newton-Raphson Algorithm Dynamic Devices and Frequency-Domain Analysis Small Signal Response (AC) Analysis Poles and Zeros of the Small Signal Transfer Function (PZ) Small Signal Noise Analysis (NOISE) Frequency-Domain Model of an Inductor in SPICE OPUS Transient (Time-Domain) Analysis (TRAN) Backward Euler Integration Trapezoidal Integration General Linear Multistep Numerical Integration Local Truncation Error (LTE) Inductors in SPICE OPUS Time-Domain Analysis Initial Conditions Predictor-Corrector Integration Choosing the Integration Algorithm Integration Time-Step Control Examples Parametrized Attenuator and Transmission Lines Modeling a Nonlinear Transformer Analyzing a CMOS Differential Amplifier Using Corner Models Local Variations (Mismatch) and Monte-Carlo Analysis Drawing Histograms, Yield Analysis Logic Gates Flip-Flops Counters and Frequency Dividers Phase Frequency Detector Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Phase-Locked Loop 381 References 387 Index 391

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