CAEN Tools for Discovery

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1 Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators Viareggio 19 November 2012 Itroductio I recet years CAEN has developed a complete family of digitizers that cosists of several models differig i samplig frequecy, resolutio, form factor ad other features. Besides the use of the digitizers as waveform recorders (oscilloscope mode), CAEN offers the possibility to upload special versios of the FPGA firmware that implemet algorithms for the Digital Pulse Processig (DPP); whe the digitizer rus i DPP mode, it becomes a ew istrumet that represets a complete digital replacemet of most traditioal modules such as Multi Chael Aalyzers, QDCs, TDCs, Discrimiators ad may others. I this applicatio ote, we describe the capability of the series x720 (12 bit, 250MSps) to perform eutro-gamma discrimiatio based upo the digital pulse shape aalysis. The developmet of this FPGA firmware was based upo liquid scitillatig detectors of type BC501-A. All detector ad eutro/gamma source based tests were performed at the Triagle Uiversities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) o the campus of the Duke Uiversity i collaboratio with Mohammad Ahmed. Neutro-Gamma discrimiatio with liquid scitillators Liquid scitillatig detectors are widely used to achieve eutro-gamma discrimiatio due to their effective Pulse Shape Discrimiatio (PSD) properties [1]. The light emissio of liquid scitillatig detectors comprises of a fast decay compoet, as well as a substatial slow decay compoet. These compoets arise from de-excitatios of differet atomic states i the scitillator. The relative populatio of these states depeds o the eergy loss (de/dx) of the particle. I orgaic liquid scitillators, these compoets strogly deped o the eergy loss. The gamma rays iteract i the scitillator mostly via atomic Compto scatterig or pair productio mechaisms. The eutros are detected by scatterig them with the protos. These two differet processes for gamma-rays ad eutros give rise to sigificat differece i the slow decay compoet of the light emissio. This differece becomes the basis of pulse shape discrimiatio i the liquid scitillatig detectors [2]. Set-up descriptio Fig. 1: The detector used for these measures is a 5 x2 BC501-A liquid scitillator coupled to a Hamamatsu R1250 PMT The detector is a 5 ich diameter, 2 ich thick liquid scitillator of type BC501-A. The scitillator is coupled to a Hamamatsu R1250 photomultiplier tube (PMT). The base is also a Hamamatsu model HTV H6527. The detector is biased to -1430V. The sigals from the PMTs are coected to the digitizer iputs via 120 feet low-loss RG8 cables. The detector is biased to -1430V. The sigals from the PMTs are coected to the digitizer iputs via 120 feet low-loss RG8 cables. The digitizer is a 4 chael, 12 bit, 250 MS/s DT5720 (Desktop versio). The aalog badwidth is about 120 MHz ad the iput dyamic rage is 2 Vpp; the DC offset ca be adjusted by meas of a iteral DAC i the rage -2/+2 V. The digitizer rus the prelimiary versio of the DPP-PSD firmware for the digital charge itegratio ad eutro-gamma discrimiatio. This priciple of operatio of the DPP-PSD firmware ca be summarized by the followig operatios that are executed i real time iside the FPGA The baselie of the sigal is calculated by a programmable legth mea filter ad subtracted from the iput sigal; the result is compared with the trigger threshold ad, if exceeded, a trigger is issued; it is also possible to use the threshold oly to get armed, the wait for the pulse peak ad issue the trigger at that time. With the trigger, the baselie is froze, two gates of programmable width are opeed ad the charge itegratio starts; the sigal fed to the itegrator is delayed of a programmable umber of samples i order to let the gates to start before the trigger. The trigger also iitiates the evet buildig: this ca iclude the waveforms (i.e. row samples) of the iput, baselie, trigger, gate ad other sigals, the time stamp of the trigger ad the charges calculated withi the two gates (short ad log). 1

2 Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators At the ed of the log gate, the baselie calculatio restarts ad the system gets ready for a ew evet; if the waveform mode is eabled, the recordig cotiues util the requested umber of samples have bee saved ito the memory. With the DPP-PSD firmware, each chael has the ability to detect the iput pulses ad to self trigger idepedetly by the other chaels. Commo triggerig is still possible usig the exteral or software trigger. Calibratio The eergy calibratio of the liquid scitillatig detector was performed usig the 662 kev gamma-ray from a 137 Cs source. The Compto scattered gamma rays produce a Compto Edge. Due to multiple scatterig effects, the hard Compto edge is smeared towards higher eergies to produce the spectrum as show i Fig. 1.2 i which the peak is clearly recogizable. Compto edge ca be determied [3] usig: N N c P Fig. 2: Digitizer Mod. DT5720 (4 chael, 12 bit, 250MS/s) used for this test Nc = chael umber of the Compto edge NP = chael umber of the edge peak cetroid = stadard deviatio of the edge peak The spot half-way from the maximum is take as the 1-Cs-Edge ad the thresholds are set with respect to this Cs-Edge. For example, i the Fig 1.2 the 1-Cs-Edge is about 3750 ADC chaels, a 1/8 Cs threshold would be at 468 ADC chaels. Fig. 3: Cs-137 Spectrum with the Compto edge at 447 kev used for the calibratio Neutro - Gamma Measuremets We used a Americium-Beryllium (AmBe) source placed at about 1 meter away from the detector (measured rate = 2 kcouts/s) as a source of eutros ad gamma rays. The DPP-PSD parameters used for the acquisitio are reported i Tab. 1. It is worth oticig that the value of the trigger threshold is ot equal to the eergy threshold, although they are somehow related. I fact, the trigger threshold is actually the voltage (i ADC couts) that a pulse must exceed i order to be triggered. Istead, the eergy is represeted by the charge accumulated withi the log gate. TRIGGER THRESHOLD ADC cout = 0.5mV SHORT GATE WIDTH 100 s = 25 samples LONG GATE WIDTH 320 s = 80 samples GATE ANTICIPATION 40 s This is the delay applied to the iput sigal before eterig the accumulator; it defies how log the gates start be BASELINE THRESHOLD 3 This threshold is used to exclude oise spikes from the baselie calculatio NUM SAMP BL 16 Number of samples for the calculatio of the baselie (mea filter) SENSITIVITY 40fC/LSB This parameter defies the sesitivity of the charge itegrator ad it determies the full scale rage of the charge (which is expressed as a 16 bit umber) Tab. 1: DPP-PSD parameters 2

3 Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators I Fig. 4 the average waveforms of eutro ad gamma particles are show. These waveforms are realized averagig off-lie 50 evets per particle characterized by the same area. It is possible to otice the higher fractio of slow compoet for eutros tha gammas. The short ad the log gate used i the acquisitio are also show. Fig. 4: Average waveforms of eutro ad gamma pulses. I the right corer, a zoom showig the differet fractio of slow compoet for gammas ad eutros is draw.o The PSD (pulse shape discrimiatio) is a umber that is calculated (off lie) accordig to the followig formula: QL Q PSD Q L S QL = charges calculated withi log gate QS = charges calculated withi short gate Durig the acquisitio, the list of the evets (Time Stamp + QS + QL) is read from the DT5720 ad saved to disk (oe file per chael). At the ed of the acquisitio, the files are post processed i order to calculate the eergy histograms, the PSD umber ad to make the relevat plots. We are here cosiderig a ru of evets. Fig. 2.2 is a 2D plot of the couts as fuctio of the pulse Eergy (X-axis) ad PSD (Y-axis); the two lobes of the eutros ad gammas are well separated ad they do t preset ay bedig, thus makig easy the -g discrimiatio. Fig. 5: 2D plot of Eergy versus PSD (AmBe 2 kcouts/s) To quatify the separatio of the lobes, it is possible to make a eergy cut, take oly the poits of the 2D plot above that eergy ad project them alog the Y-axis. The resultig plot has the PSD o the X axis ad the couts o the Y axis. The eergy cut is applied off-lie. I Fig. 6 such a plot is show for five differet eergy cuts, that is 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 ad 2 times the 137Cs- Compto edge. Note that 1/8 is about the lower limit give by the trigger threshold, hece this is ot a actual cut. This plot helps i fidig the PSD value optimizig the -g separatio. 3

4 Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators I order to quatify the effectiveess of the eutro-gamma discrimiatio, the Figure of Merit, FOM, is usually used [4]; FOM is defied as: Peak FOM FWHM FWHM I Fig. 6 the FOM value for each eergy cut is also show. Peak = separatio betwee the eutro ad gamma peaks FWHM = full width at half maximum of the eutro peaks FWHM = full width at half maximum of the gamma peaks Fig. 6: Eergy cuts with the relevat projectio of Fig. 5 alog the PSD axis (AmBe 2 kcouts/s) I the fial versio of the DPP-PSD firmware, it will be possible to set a PSD threshold ad discard all the evets above it (essetially most of the gammas), sice i may applicatios oly the eutros have to be acquired. This feature is particularly importat i the cases where the coutig rate of the gammas is much higher tha that oe of the eutros. Two other data acquisitios were performed icreasig the cout rate at 10 kcouts/s ad 37 kcouts/s. I ad the 2D plots of these acquisitios are show. 4

5 Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators Fig. 7: 2D plot of Eergy versus PSD (AmBe 10 kcouts/s) Fig. 8: 2D plot of Eergy versus PSD (AmBe 37 kcouts/s) Comparig the measures at 2, 10 ad 37 kcouts/s we otice that, despite of a smearig of the two lobes, the eutro-gamma separatio is still effective. I Fig. 9 the projectios of the 2D plots referrig to the differet coutig rates are show havig set the eergy cut to 1/4 Cs. The projectios are ormalized to their area i order to compare the three distributios of PSD. Fig. 9: Eergy cut set at 1/4 Cs with the relevat projectio of the PSD axis (AmBe 2 kcouts/s, 10 kcouts/s, 37 kcouts/s). The histograms are ormalized to their area.) Cosiderig Fig. 9, icreasig the coutig rate leads to two differet effects i the PSD distributio: the cetroids of the gamma ad eutro peaks are shifted to higher values of PSD ad the ratio betwee the gamma peak ad the eutro oe decreases. The first effect is due to baselie shift caused by the tail of pulses precedig the evet goig to be aalyzed by the DPP-PSD; vice versa, the secod effect is due to pulses followig the aalyzed oe that fall ito the log gate (eve partially). I this way, QL, ad therefore the PSD value, icreases causig a wrog idetificatio of a large fractio of gammas as eutros. 5

6 Applicatio Note AN2506 Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators It is possible to modify the FPGA algorithms i order to cope with both effects: the baselie ca be made more stable ad precise by addig a programmable hold-off time that prevets a ew trigger to ope the itegratio gate too close to the previous pulse, thus leavig eough time for the baselie restorig. As for the multiple pulses withi the gate, it is possible to implemet a pile-up rejector that discards the evets for which the sigal presets multiple peaks. These features are curretly uder study. Refereces [1] P. J. Selli, G. Jaffar ad S. D. Jastaiah, Performace of digital algorithms for /γ pulse shape discrimiatio usig a liquid scitillatio detector, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Sciece Symposium ad Medical Imagig Coferece Record. [2] W.R. Leo, Techiques for Nuclear ad Particle Physics Experimets: A How-to Approach, 2d Revised Editio. Spriger-Verlag. [3] G.C. Chikkura, N. Umakatha, A ew method of determiig the Compto edge i liquid scitillators, Nuclear Istrumets ad Methods, Volume 107, Issue 1, 15 February 1973, Pages [4] R. Aryaeiejad, J. K. Hartwell, D. F. Specer, Compariso betwee digital ad aalog pulse shape discrimiatio techiques for eutro ad gamma ray separatio, 2005 IEEE Nuclear Sciece Symposium ad Medical Imagig Coferece Record. Applicatio Note AN Digital Gamma Neutro discrimiatio with Liquid Scitillators rev.3 09 September DGT20-ANXX Copyright CAEN SpA. All rights reserved. Iformatio i this publicatio supersedes all earlier versios. Specificatios subject to chage without otice. CAEN CAEN SpA Via Vetraia Viareggio Italy Tel Fax ifo@cae.it 6

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