Experiences in Integrating PV and Other DG to the Power System
|
|
- Neil Hood
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Experiences in Integrating PV and Other DG to the Power System (Radial Distribution Systems) Prepared by: Philip Barker Founder and Principal Engineer Nova Energy Specialists, LLC Schenectady, NY Phone (518) Website: novaenergyspecialists.com Presented at: Utility Wind Interest Group (UWIG) 6 th Annual Distributed Wind/Solar Interconnection Workshop February 22-24, 2012 Golden, CO Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 1
2 Topics Discussion of Distribution and Subtransmission Factors Considered in Basic DG integration Studies Useful Ratios for Screening Analysis of DG Impacts Review of Some System Impacts: Voltage Issues Fault Current Issues Islanding Issues Ground Fault Overvoltage Issues Summary and Conclusions of PV Experiences Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 2
3 Discussion of Some Factors to Consider in DG Integration Alt. Feed Other Substations with Load and DG LTC kv Subtransmission Line Substation Transformer Reclosing and Relay Settings Subtransmission Source Bulk System Regulator and LTC Settings Adjacent Feeders Other load and DG scattered on feeder Distribution Feeder Voltage Regulator Step Up Transformer DG Type of Grounding Rotating Machine or Inverter based DG Primary Feeder Point of Connection (POC) Alt. Feed Capacitor Customer Site Load Prime mover or energy source characteristics Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 3
4 Some Useful Penetration Ratios for Screening Analysis Minimum Load to Generation Ratio (this is the annual minimum load on the relevant power system section divided by the aggregate DG capacity on the power system section) Stiffness Factor (the available utility fault current divided by DG rated output current in the affected area) Fault Ratio Factor (also called SCCR) (available utility fault current divided by DG fault contribution in the affected area) (Note: also called Short Circuit Contribution Ratio: SCCR) Ground Source Impedance Ratio (ratio of zero sequence impedance of DG ground source relative to utility ground source impedance at point of connection) Note: all ratios above are based on the aggregate DG sources on the system area of interest where appropriate Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 4 NREL Workshop on High Penetration PV: Defining High Penetration PV Multiple Definitions and Where to Apply Them Phil Barker, Nova Energy Specialists, LLC
5 Minimum Load to Generation Ratio (MLGR) Peak Load Weekdays Minimum Load Weekend Annual Minimum Load Time (up to 1 year is ideal) False Minimum Try to use the annual minimum load (don t just assume 1 week of measurements gives the minimum) Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 5
6 Some Helpful Screening Thresholds the Author Uses in His Studies Name of Ratio Minimum Load to Generation Ratio [MLGR] (2) What is Ratio useful for? (Note: these ratios are intended for distribution and subtransmission system impacts of DG for the types of impacts described below.) MLGR used for Ground Fault Overvoltage Suppression Analysis (use ratios shown when DG is not effectively grounded) MLGR used for Islanding Analysis (use ratios 50% larger than shown when minimum load characteristics are not well defined or if significant load dropout is a concern during sags.) Suggested Penetration Level Ratios (1) Very Low Penetration (Very low probability of any issues) >10 Synchronous Gen. Moderate Penetration (Low to minor probability of issues) 10 to 5 Synchronous Gen. Higher Penetration (4) (Increased probability of serious issues. Less than 5 Synchronous Gen. >6 6 to 3 Less than 3 Inverters (3) Inverters (3) Inverters (3) >4 4 to 2 Less than 2 Notes: 1. Ratios are meant as guides for radial 4-wire multigrounded neutral distribution system DG applications and are calculated based on aggregate DG on relevant power system sections 2. Minimum load is the lowest annual load on the line section of interest (up to the nearest applicable protective device). Presence of power factor correction banks that result in a surplus of VARs on the islanded line section of interest may require slightly higher ratios than shown to be sure overvoltage is sufficiently suppressed. 3. Inverters are inherently weaker sources than rotating machines therefore this is why a smaller ratio is shown for them than rotating machines 4. If DG application falls in this higher penetration category it means some system upgrades/adjustments are likely needed to avoid power system issues. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 6 NREL Workshop on High Penetration PV: Defining High Penetration PV Multiple Definitions and Where to Apply Them Phil Barker, Nova Energy Specialists, LLC
7 Screening Ratios (Continued) Type of Ratio Fault Ratio Factor (I SCUtility /I SCDG ) Ground Source Impedance Ratio (2) Stiffness Factor (I SCUtililty /I RatedDG ) What is it useful for? (Note: these ratios are intended for distribution and subtransmission system impacts of DG for the types of impacts described below.) Suggested Penetration Level Ratios (1) Very Low Penetration (Very low probability of any issues) Moderate Penetration (Low to minor probability of issues) Overcurrent device coordination Overcurrent device ratings > to 20 Ground fault desensitization Overcurrent device coordination and ratings Voltage Regulation (this ratio is a good indicator of voltage influence. Wind/PV have higher ratios due to their fluctuations. Besides this ratio, may need to check for current reversal at upstream regulator devices.) > to 20 >100 PV/Wind > 50 Steady Source 100 to 50 PV/Wind 50 to 25 Steady Source Higher Penetration (3) (Increased probability of serious issues. Less than 20 Less than 20 Less than 50 PV/Wind Less than 25 Steady Source Notes: 1. Ratios are meant as guides for radial 4-wire multigrounded neutral distribution system DG applications and are calculated based on aggregate DG on relevant power system sections 2. Useful when DG or it s interface transformer provides a ground source contribution. Must include effect of grounding step-up transformer and/or accessory ground banks if present. 3. If DG application falls in this higher penetration category it means some system upgrades/adjustments are likely needed to avoid power system issues. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 7 NREL Workshop on High Penetration PV: Defining High Penetration PV Multiple Definitions and Where to Apply Them Phil Barker, Nova Energy Specialists, LLC
8 What Does it Mean if it Falls Into the Higher Penetration Category? If the DG application falls into these higher penetration categories, then a detailed study is generally recommended and may lead to the need for mitigation Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 8 NREL Workshop on High Penetration PV: Defining High Penetration PV Multiple Definitions and Where to Apply Them Phil Barker, Nova Energy Specialists, LLC
9 In addition to the ratios discussed in the prior slides, also check for: Reverse power flow at any voltage regulator or transformer LTC bank: if present, check compatibility of the controls and settings of regulator controls. Check line drop compensation interaction: if employed by any upstream regulator, do a screening calculation of the voltage change seen at the regulator with the R and X impedance settings actually employed at the regulator. Generally, if ΔV < 1% seen by the regulator controller calculated for the full rated power change of DG, then line drop compensation effects and LTC cycling is not usually an issue. Capacitor Banks: if significant VAR surplus on a possible islanded area study for potential impact Fast Reclosing Dead Times: if less than 5 seconds (especially those less than 2 seconds) consider the danger of reclosing into live island. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 9
10 Caveats for Use of the Ratios & Checks Ratios we have discussed on preceding slides are only guides for establishing when distribution and subtransmission system effects of DG become significant to the point of requiring more detailed studies and/or potential mitigation options. They must be applied by knowledgeable engineers that understand the context of the situation and the exceptions where the ratios don t work It requires a lot more than just these slides here to do this topic justice. We have omitted a lot of details due to the short presentation format so this is just meant as a brief illustration of these issues. Prepared NREL by Workshop Nova Energy on High Specialists, Penetration LLC PV: Defining High Penetration PV Multiple Definitions and Where to Apply Them Phil Barker, Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 10
11 Voltage Regulation & Variation Issues Steady State Voltage (ANSI C84.1 voltage limits) Voltage Excursions and LTC Cycling Voltage Flicker Line Drop Compensator Interactions Reverse Power Interactions Regulation Mode Compatibility Interactions Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 11
12 High Voltage Caused by Too Much DG at End of Regulation Zone LTC V IDG X Sin SUBSTATION Feeder (with R and X) RCos Large DG exports large amounts of power up feeder I DG DG current at angle IEEE 1547 trip Limit (132 Volts) Voltage ANSI C84.1 Upper Limit (126 volts) Light Load (DG at High Output) ANSI C84.1 Lower Limit (114 volts) Heavy Load No DG Heavy Load (DG High Output) Distance Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 12 End
13 Voltage Impact of Distributed Generation on Line Drop Compensation Exporting DG shields the substation LTC controller from seeing the feeder current. The LTC sees less current than there is and does not boost voltage adequately. SUBSTATION LTC Line drop compensator LTC Controller CT Heavy Load No DG DG Supports most of feeder load Large DG (many MW) ANSI C84.1 Upper Limit (114 volts) Heavy Load with DG Light Load No DG ANSI C84.1 Lower Limit (114 volts) Distance End Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 13
14 Voltage Regulator Reverse Mode Confused by DG Reverse Power SUBSTATION LTC Normally Closed Recloser Supplementary Regulator with Bi- Directional controls Normally Open Recloser R R Supplementary regulator senses reverse power and erroneously assumes that auto-loop has operated it attempts to regulate voltage on the substation side of the supplementary regulator Reverse Power Flow Due to DG DG What happens? Since the feeder is still connected to the substation, the line regulator once it is forced into the reverse mode will be attempting to regulate the front section of the feeder. To do this can cause the supplementary regulator to runaway to either its maximum or minimum tap setting to attempt to achieve the desired set voltage. This in turn could cause dangerously high or low voltage on the DG side of the regulator. This occurs because the source on DG side of regulator is voltage following (not aiming to a particular voltage set point) and is weak compared to the substation source. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 14
15 Fluctuating Output of a Photovoltaic Power Plant Days Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 15
16 Flicker The GE Flicker Curve (IEEE Standard and ) Screening: Using the voltage drop screening formula to estimate the ΔV for a given DG current change (ΔI DG ). Then plot ΔV on the flicker curve using expected time period between fluctuations System Impedance ΔI DG Infinite Source R X DG Starting Current and DG Running current fluctuations V I DG X Sin DG RCos V Flicker Voltage Example Realize that this is a basic screening concept. For situations where there might be more significant dynamic interactions with other loads, or utility system equipment, a dynamic simulation with a program such as EMTP or PSS/E may be required to verify if flicker will be visible. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 16
17 Percent Voltage Change ( V%) A Conservative Quick Screen for PV Flicker (Not as accurate as IEEE 1453 method but easy and quick for PV) This is the IEEE flicker curve, but with two new adjusted curves added by NES to conservatively approximate PV flicker thresholds. Adjusted Borderline of Irritation Curve for PV: This curve used/developed by NES represents a conservative modification to the regular IEEE flicker irritation curve. This curve for PV is meant to capture the fact that PV is not square modulation, and is based on cloud ramping rates, and possible LTC interactions causing flicker. IEEE Borderline of Irritation Curve While the IEEE 1453 method based on Pst, Plt is still the most technically robust approach and should allow best results in tight situations, it is the author s view that this adjusted IEEE curve approach shown here can serve as a cruder but easier alternative method to facilitate quick screens. 519 Visibility Curve x Irritation Curve x 1.25X Adjusted Borderline of Visibility Curves for PV: This curve used/developed by NES represents a conservative modification to the regular IEEE flicker visibility curve. This curve for PV is meant to capture the fact that PV is not square modulation, and is based on cloud ramping rates, and possible LTC interactions causing flicker. IEEE Borderline of Visibility Curve Note that for PV, the regular IEEE curves are generally too conservative from a flicker visibility perspective due to the fact that PV fluctuations are more rounded rather than square. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 17
18 PV Flicker Experiences Use of IEEE 1453 method is a technically very robust screening methodology for flicker when very accurate threshold levels need to be determined However, a suggested modified GE flicker curve can work well for PV as a conservative tool for simple screening when less accuracy is required It is the author s experience that other voltage problems (LTC cycling, ANSI limits, etc.) related to PV become problematic at lower capacity thresholds than flicker flicker is one of the last concerns to arise Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 18
19 Some DG Fault Current Issues Impact of current on breaker, fuse, recloser, coordination. Affect on directional devices and impedance sensing devices. Increase in fault levels (interrupting capacity of breakers on the utility system) Nuisance trips due to backfeed fault current Distribution transformer rupture issues Impact on temporary fault clearing/deionization Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 19
20 Fault Current Fault Current Fault Currents of Rotating Machines Separately-Excited Synchronous Generator 4-10 times rated current Subtransient Period Envelope Transient Period Envelope Steady State Period Envelope 2 to 4 times rated current Induction Machine 100% 37% Time Transient Time Constant 4-10 times rated current Current Decay Envelope Time Current decays to essentially zero Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 20
21 Fault Current Contributions of Inverters i Pre-fault I rated Fault Current Worst case t Best Case: May last only a few milliseconds (less than ½ cycle) for many typical PV, MT and fuel cell inverters Typical Worst Case: may last for up to the IEEE 1547 limits and be up to 200% of rated current Note: The exact nature and duration of the fault contribution from an inverter is much more difficult to predict than a rotating machine. It is a function of the inverter controller design, the thermal protection functions for the IGBT and the depth of voltage sag at the inverter terminals. In the worst case if fault contributions do continue for more than ½ cycle, they are typically no more than 1 to 2 times the inverter steady state current rating. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 21
22 Utility DG Utility Fault Current Impacts: Nuisance trips, fuse coordination issues, transformer rupture issues, etc. 115 kv 13.2 kv Fault Contribution from DG Might Trip The Feeder Breaker and Recloser (Nuisance trip) Adjacent Feeder Fault Case 1 I utility I DG Recloser A The good news is that PV is much less likely than conventional rotating DG to cause issues since inverter fault contributions are smaller! Transformer Rupture Limits (fault magnitude) Fault Case 3 Fault Case 2 DG DG Fault Contribution from DG Might Interfere with Fuse Saving or Exceed Limits of a Device Recloser B Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 22
23 The Author s Experiences Related to PV Fault Levels In doing many projects, I have observed that fault current problems associated with PV in most cases are not an issue due to the low currents injected by the inverter (about 1-2 per unit of rating). In general, only the largest PV (or large PV aggregations) can cause enough fault current to even begin to worry current impacts (there are some special exceptions). As PV capacity grows on a circuit, voltage problems usually arise well before fault currents become an issue. A circuit without voltage problems is not likely to have fault current problems due to PV. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 23
24 Unintentional DG Islanding Issues Incidents of energized downed conductors can increase (safety) Utility system reclosing into live island may damage switchgear and loads Service restoration can be delayed and will become more dangerous for crews Islands may not maintain suitable power quality Damaging overvoltages can occur during some conditions Adjacent Feeder Islanded Area 115 kv 13.2 kv Recloser A Recloser B (Normally Open) The recloser has tripped on its first instantaneous shot, now the DG must trip before a fast reclose is attempted by the utility Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 24 DG
25 Islanding Protection Methods of DG Passive Relaying Approach (Voltage and frequency windowing relay functions: 81o, 81u, 27, 59 if conditions leave window then unit trips) Active Approach (instability induced voltage or frequency drift coupled and/or actively perturbed system impedance measurement or other active parameter measurement) (UL-1741 utility interactive inverters) Communication Link Based Approach (use of direct transfer trip [DTT] or other communications means) Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 25
26 Islanding and PV Inverters Inverters typically have very effective active antiislanding protection. Unfortunately, the IEEE 1547 and UL-1741 islanding protection requirements (2 second response time) are not compatible with high speed utility reclosing practices used at many utilities If minimum load is nearly matched to generation then provisions such as DTT and/or live line reclose blocking may be needed, especially with high speed reclosing situations. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 26
27 Screening for Islanding Issues No No No Start Is the DG equipped with at least passive relayingbased islanding protection? Yes Is the reclosing dead time on the Islandable section 5 seconds? Yes Is the annual minimum load on any Islandable section at least twice the rated DG capacity? No Is the DG an Inverter Based Technology Certified Per UL1741 Non-IslandingTest? Yes Yes No Is the mix of (number of and capacity) inverters and other converters and capacitors on the Islandable section within comfortable limits of the UL1741 algorithms? Islanding Protection May Need Careful Examination and Possible Enhancement Yes Islanding Protection is Adequate Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 27
28 Ground Fault Overvoltage V(t) Voltage swell during ground fault Phase A Phase B X 1, X 2 R 1, R 2 X 1, X 2 R 1, R 2 (t) Source Transformer (output side) Phase C X 1, X 2 R 1, R 2 Fault V cn V bn V an X 0 R 0 Ground Fault Overvoltage can result in serious damaging overvoltage on the unfaulted phases. It can be up to roughly 1.73 per unit of the pre-fault voltage level. V cn Before the Fault Neutral Neutral and earth return path V an V bn Neutral V cn During the Fault V an Voltage Increases on V an, V bn V bn Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 28
29 IEEE Effective Grounding Effective grounding is achieved when the source impedance has the following ratios: R o /X 1 < 1 X o /X 1 < 3 V an Voltage includes 5% regulation factor Effective grounding limits the L-G voltage on the unfaulted phases to roughly about per unit of nominal during the fault Effectively grounded system N N ideally grounded system With ungrounded source, the voltage could be as high as 1.82 per unit. V cn N Ungrounded system 1.82 V LN V bn Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 29
30 Generator Step-Up Transformer Grounding Issues High Voltage Side (to Utility Distribution System Primary) Distribution Transformer Low Voltage Side (DG facility) Acts as grounded source feeding out to system Neutral wye delta C C Gen. A B N Neutral grounding of generator on low side of transformer does not impact grounding condition on high side Acts as grounded source feeding out to system only if generator neutral is tied to the transformer grounded neutral Neutral wye wye C C Gen. A B N *IMPORTANT: Generator neutral must be connected to the neutral/ground of the transformer to establish zero sequence path to high side Acts as ungrounded source feeding out to system only if generator neutral is not connected to transformer grounded neutral* Neutral wye wye C C Gen. A B N *neutral is not connected then the source acts as an ungrounded source even though transformer is grounded-wye to grounded-wye Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 30
31 Generator Step-Up Transformer Grounding Issues Continued High Voltage Side (to Utility Distribution System Primary) Distribution Transformer Low Voltage Side (DG facility) Acts as ungrounded source feeding out to system delta delta C C Gen. A B N Neutral grounding of generator on low side of transformer does not impact grounding condition on high side No connection to Transformer Neutral Acts as ungrounded source feeding out to system Neutral Floating Neutral wye delta C C Gen. A B N Neutral grounding of generator on low side of transformer does not impact grounding condition on high side Acts as ungrounded source feeding out to system A Gen. delta wye C N Neutral grounding at generator C on low side of transformer does B not impact grounding condition on high side Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 31
32 PV Inverter Neutral Is Typically Not Effectively Grounded Three Phase Inverter with Internal Isolation Transformer all inside an enclosure a typical arrangement C Wye Delta A B Neutral Terminal Wye has high resistance neutral grounding or is essentially ungrounded Enclosure bond to safety ground 12,470V Utility Distribution Transformer A 480V Neutral B C Building Neutral Safety Ground 277V Usually bonded to earth ground at main service panel per NEC but this does not make it effectively grounded if inverter transformer is not so Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 32
33 Ground Fault Overvoltage Issues Utility System Bulk Source Subtransmission source transformer acts as grounded source suppressing ground fault overvoltage on subtransmission until subtransmission breaker opens. Substation transformer acts as grounded source with respect to feeder suppressing ground fault overvoltage on distribution until feeder breaker opens. But it acts as an ungrounded source when feeding backwards into subtransmission! DG Subtransmission Breaker Subtransmission (46kV) Ground Fault Distribution Substation Distribution Substation Feeder Breaker DG Site 1 Ground Fault Transformer Acts as ungrounded source (not effectively grounded) kv Line DG Site 2 Transformer acts as ungrounded source or acts as high Z grounded source (if generator neutral is not grounded or high z grounded) DG Load Distribution Substation Load Load Load Neutral is Ungrounded or High Z Grounded Load Need enough load on this island with respect aggregate DG at distribution level to suppress overvoltage otherwise effective grounding or other solutions are needed! Need enough load on this island with respect aggregate DG at all connected distribution substations to suppress overvoltage otherwise special solutions are needed! Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 33
34 Solutions to Ground Fault Overvoltage (any one of these alone will work) Effectively ground the DG if possible (But be careful since too much effectively grounded DG can desensitize relaying and cause other issues. Also, see note 1 with regard to subtransmission impacts of distribution effective grounding of DG.) If DG is not effectively grounded make sure to maintain a minimum load to aggregate generation ratio >5 for rotating DG and >3 for inverter generation Don t separate the feeder from the substation grounding source transformer until sufficient non-effectively grounded DG is cleared from the feeder (e.g. use a time coordinated DTT method.) Use grounding transformer banks at strategic point(s) on feeder. Note 1: On subtransmission since the distribution substations usually feed in through delta (high-side) windings, effective grounding of DG at the distribution level does not make it effectively grounded with respect to subtransmission level. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 34
35 How Load Reduces Ground Fault Overvoltage V cg Neutral V ag Before the Fault V bg Neutral V cg =0 V ag Voltage Increases on V ag, V bg During Ground Fault (light load) V bg X R For inverters the excessive load will also trigger fast shutdown to protect transistors Impedance of DG Source, its transformer and connecting leads V ag During Ground Fault (heavy load) kv Feeder V cg =0 Neutral V bg Utility Source Open Breaker Load Ground Fault (phase C) Voltage does not rise much on V ag, V bg because the overall size of the triangle has been reduced (phase to phase voltage has dropped) Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 35
36 Grounding Transformer Impedance Sizing Utility Source Open X t =5% X 1PV = 30% IEEE Effective Grounding Definition Utility Primary Feeder Grounding Transformer Bank X 0groundbank, R 0groundbank Inverter Assume inverter X 1 is 30% for generic worst case 30% is not the actual impedance since the inverter impedance varies due to controller dynamics and operating state. But 30% is a conservative number that factors worst case conditions whether the inverter is a current controlled or voltage controlled PV source. A higher number can be used for some inverters, but care should be exercised if using a higher value (especially if it exceeds 50%). X R X R 0groundbank X 1pv 0groundbank X 1pv 0groundbank X 1pv 0groundbank X 1pv 3 1 Engineering Targets to Provide Effective Grounding with Reasonable Margin Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 36
37 Ground Transformer Sizing/Rating Must be sized such that: X0/X1 and R0/X1 ratios are satisfied with some margin (see the targets prior slide) Bank must be able to handle fault currents and steady state zero sequence currents without exceeding damage limits Bank must not desensitize the utility ground fault relaying or impact ground flow currents too much Bank may need alarming or interlock trip of DG if bank trips off. Utility Source Path I 0 utility I 0 Total I 0 Ground transformer Grounding Transformer Path Zero Sequence Current Divider Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 37
38 Ferroresonance and Load Rejection Overvoltage with DG Conditions to Avoid: Islanded State (Feeder Breaker open) Generator Rating > minimum load on island Excessive Capacitance on island Reliable and fast anti-islanding protection that clears DG from line before island forms is a good defense against this type of ferroresonant condition! Reasonably high MLGR avoids it too. EMTP Simulation of Ferroresonant Overvoltage Unfaulted Phase Voltage Normal Voltage Waveform shown is Rotating Machine Type Overvoltage Load rejection, ground fault and resonance related overvoltage Breaker Opens (island forms) Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 38
39 Outcomes of PV Projects (0.1 to 5 MW) the Author Has Been Involved With in Various Locations Type of Issue Voltage Regulation Interactions Fault Current Interactions Islanding Interactions Ground Fault Overvoltage Harmonics Other Typical Experience (over 30 projects studied) Most have not required changes to the regulator or regulation settings and no special mitigation. A few projects have required regulator setting changes to reduce the chance of LTC cycling or ANSI C84.1 voltage violations. The largest sites studied are considering reactive compensation to mitigate LTC cycling and voltage variations. No sites except one caused enough additional fault current to impact coordination or device ratings in a significant manner. For islanding protection, roughly 1/3 rd of the sites have required something special beyond the standard UL-1741 inverter with default settings. Some required more sensitive inverter settings or adjustments to utility reclosing dead time. A few have needed a radio based or hardwired DTT and/or live line reclose blocking added. About 1/3 rd of the sites need some form of mitigation usually a grounding transformer bank, a grounded inverter interface, or a time coordinated DTT No sites have required any special provisions for harmonics yet Some sites are considering operating in power factor mode producing VARs to provide reactive power support. One site had a capacitor concern. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 39
40 Conclusions PV and other types of DG today are being successfully interconnected on distribution feeders all over the country. In many cases the impacts are not enough to cause worrisome effects. However, the size of projects is growing, especially now that many large commercial and FIT type projects are being considered at the distribution level. Also, the ongoing aggregation effects as PV becomes more widely adopted is leading to more substantial impacts. Many projects can still be screened using simple methods, but increasingly, more detailed analytical methods are becoming necessary. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 40
41 Conclusions (continued) The relative size of the PV (or DG) compared to the power system to which it is connected plays the key role in system impact effects. Key factors that gauge the relative size include: The MLGR, FRF (SCCR), Stiffness Factor, and GSIR The ratios will usually need to be gauged based on aggregate DG in a zone or region of concern The settings of utility voltage regulation equipment and feeder overcurrent devices and system designs also play a key role. The absolute size and project class (e.g. FIT, net metered) play a role only in that this impacts the scope and criticality of the project and may trigger certain regulatory requirements. Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 41
Distributed Solar Integration Experiences
Distributed Solar Integration Experiences Prepared by: Philip Barker Founder and Principal Engineer Nova Energy Specialists, LLC Schenectady, NY Phone (518) 346 9770 Website: novaenergyspecialists.com
More informationImpacts of the Renewable Energy Resources on the Power System Protection by: Brent M. Fedele, P.E., National Grid for: 11 th Annual CNY Engineering
Impacts of the Renewable Energy Resources on the Power System Protection by: Brent M. Fedele, P.E., National Grid for: 11 th Annual CNY Engineering Expo - Nov. 3, 2014 Index Normal Distribution System
More informationBabak Enayati National Grid Thursday, April 17
2014 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition Impacts of the Distribution System Renewable Energy Resources on the Power System Protection Babak Enayati National Grid Thursday, April
More informationE N G I N E E R I N G M A N U A L
1 1 1.0 PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to define policy and provide engineering guidelines for the AP operating companies (Monongahela Power Company, The Potomac Edison Company, and West Penn
More informationISO Rules Part 500 Facilities Division 502 Technical Requirements Section Aggregated Generating Facilities Technical Requirements
Division 502 Technical Applicability 1(1) Section 502.1 applies to: Expedited Filing Draft August 22, 2017 the legal owner of an aggregated generating facility directly connected to the transmission system
More informationDP&L s Technical Requirements for Interconnection and Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation
DP&L s Technical Requirements for Interconnection and Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Technical Requirements for Interconnection and Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Single Phase
More informationProtective Relaying for DER
Protective Relaying for DER Rogerio Scharlach Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Basking Ridge, NJ Overview IEEE 1547 general requirements to be met at point of common coupling (PCC) Distributed
More informationPOWER QUALITY IMPACTS AND MITIGATION OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR POWER
POWER QUALITY IMPACTS AND MITIGATION OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR POWER Presented by Ric Austria, Principal at Pterra Consulting to the IEEE San Francisco Chapter Feb 17, 2016 California Public Utilities Commission,
More informationTable of Contents. Introduction... 1
Table of Contents Introduction... 1 1 Connection Impact Assessment Initial Review... 2 1.1 Facility Design Overview... 2 1.1.1 Single Line Diagram ( SLD )... 2 1.1.2 Point of Disconnection - Safety...
More informationWind Power Facility Technical Requirements CHANGE HISTORY
CHANGE HISTORY DATE VERSION DETAIL CHANGED BY November 15, 2004 Page 2 of 24 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES...5 LIST OF FIGURES...5 1.0 INTRODUCTION...6 1.1 Purpose of the Wind Power Facility Technical
More informationGeneration Interconnection Requirements at Voltages 34.5 kv and Below
Generation Interconnection Requirements at Voltages 34.5 kv and Below 2005 March GENERATION INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS AT 34.5 KV AND BELOW PAGE 1 OF 36 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1. Intent
More informationBED INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
BED INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS By Enis Šehović, P.E. 2/11/2016 Revised 5/19/2016 A. TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Interconnection Processes... 2 1. Vermont Public Service Board (PSB) Rule 5.500... 2
More informationINTERIM ARRANGEMENTS FOR GRID TIED DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES. Technical Requirements for Grid-Tied DERs
INTERIM ARRANGEMENTS FOR GRID TIED DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES Technical Requirements for Grid-Tied DERs Projects Division 6/29/2017 Contents 1 Definitions and Acronyms... 1 2 Technical Interconnection
More informationFocused Directional Overcurrent Elements (67P, Q and N) for DER Interconnection Protection
Engineered Solutions for Power System Protection, Automaton and Control APPLICATION NOTE Focused Directional Overcurrent Elements (67P, Q and N) for DER Interconnection Protection 180622 Abstract This
More information2012 Grid of the Future Symposium. Impacts of the Decentralized Photovoltaic Energy Resources on the Grid
21, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARIS CIGRE US National Committee http : //www.cigre.org 2012 Grid of the Future Symposium Impacts of the Decentralized Photovoltaic Energy Resources on the Grid B. ENAYATI, C.
More informationISO Rules Part 500 Facilities Division 502 Technical Requirements Section Wind Aggregated Generating Facilities Technical Requirements
Applicability 1(1) Section 502.1 applies to the ISO, and subject to the provisions of subsections 1(2), (3) and (4) to any: (a) a new wind aggregated generating facility to be connected to the transmission
More informationIEEE sion/1547revision_index.html
IEEE 1547 IEEE 1547: Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547_revi sion/1547revision_index.html
More informationHarmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations
Harmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations This report documents the findings on the harmonic voltage and current levels at ENMAX Power Corporation (EPC) substations. ENMAX is concerned
More informationModelling Parameters. Affect on DER Impact Study Results
Modelling Parameters Affect on DER Impact Study Results Agenda Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Impact Studies DER Challenge Study Steps Lessons Learned Modeling Reverse Power Transformer Configuration
More informationECE 528 Understanding Power Quality
ECE 528 Understanding Power Quality http://www.ece.uidaho.edu/ee/power/ece528/ Paul Ortmann portmann@uidaho.edu 208-733-7972 (voice) Lecture 22 1 Today Homework 5 questions Homework 6 discussion More on
More informationImpact of High PV Penetration on Grid Operation. Yahia Baghzouz Professor of Electrical engineering University of Nevada Las Vegas
Impact of High PV Penetration on Grid Operation Yahia Baghzouz Professor of Electrical engineering University of Nevada Las Vegas Overview Introduction/Background Effects of High PV Penetration on Distribution
More informationIssued: September 2, 2014 Effective: October 3, 2014 WN U-60 Attachment C to Schedule 152, Page 1 PUGET SOUND ENERGY
WN U-60 Attachment C to Schedule 152, Page 1 SCHEDULE 152 APPLICATION FOR INTERCONNECTING A GENERATING FACILITY TIER 2 OR TIER 3 This Application is considered complete when it provides all applicable
More informationGENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 5 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 2 MW
GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 5 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 2 MW ELECTRIC UTILITY CONTACT INFORMATION Consumers Energy Interconnection Coordinator 1945
More informationTECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR THE INTERCONNECTION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES TO EPCOR DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION INC. S DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR THE INTERCONNECTION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES TO EPCOR DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION INC. S DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM January 5, 2017 Francesco Mannarino SVP, Electricity Operations
More informationOPERATING, METERING AND EQUIPMENT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF LARGE-SIZE GENERATING FACILITIES GREATER THAN 25,000 KILOWATTS
OPERATING, METERING AND EQUIPMENT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF LARGE-SIZE GENERATING FACILITIES GREATER THAN 25,000 KILOWATTS AND MEDIUM-SIZE FACILITIES (5,000-25,000KW) CONNECTED
More informationNORTH CAROLINA INTERCONNECTION REQUEST. Utility: Designated Contact Person: Address: Telephone Number: Address:
NORTH CAROLINA INTERCONNECTION REQUEST Utility: Designated Contact Person: Address: Telephone Number: Fax: E-Mail Address: An is considered complete when it provides all applicable and correct information
More informationSystem Protection and Control Subcommittee
Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination Reverse Power (32), Negative Sequence Current (46), Inadvertent Energizing (50/27), Stator Ground Fault (59GN/27TH), Generator Differential (87G),
More informationThe Connecticut Light and Power Company
The Connecticut Light and Power Company and The United Illuminating Company Exhibit B - Generator Interconnection Technical Requirements May 12, 2010 Page 1 of 26 Table of Contents 1. SCOPE... 3 2. GENERAL
More informationPhase-phase/phase-neutral: 24/13.8 kv star, 13.8 kv delta, 12/6.9 kv star.
Summary Of Interconnection Technical Guidelines for Renewable Energy Systems 0-100 kw under Standard Offer Contract (Extract from JPS Guide to Interconnection of Distributed Generation) This document is
More informationRisk of unintentional islanding in the presence of multiple inverters or mixed generation types
Risk of unintentional islanding in the presence of multiple inverters or mixed generation types presented by: Chris Mouw Northern Plains Power Technologies Brookings, SD USA Brief introduction to NPPT
More informationInverter-Based Resource Disturbance Analysis
Inverter-Based Resource Disturbance Analysis Key Findings and Recommendations Informational Webinar February 15, 2018 August 16, 2016 Blue Cut Fire Disturbance Key Findings and Recommendations 2 Western
More informationNERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series July 15, Jon Gardell
Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination Reverse Power (32), Negative Sequence Current (46), Inadvertent Energizing (50/27), Stator Ground Fault (59GN/27TH), Generator Differential (87G),
More informationSequence Networks p. 26 Sequence Network Connections and Voltages p. 27 Network Connections for Fault and General Unbalances p. 28 Sequence Network
Preface p. iii Introduction and General Philosophies p. 1 Introduction p. 1 Classification of Relays p. 1 Analog/Digital/Numerical p. 2 Protective Relaying Systems and Their Design p. 2 Design Criteria
More informationIDAHO PURPA GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION REQUEST (Application Form)
IDAHO PURPA GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION REQUEST (Application Form) Transmission Provider: IDAHO POWER COMPANY Designated Contact Person: Jeremiah Creason Address: 1221 W. Idaho Street, Boise ID 83702 Telephone
More informationSection 6: System Grounding Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services
Section 6: System Grounding Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services Introduction The topic of system grounding is extremely important, as it affects the susceptibility of the system to voltage
More informationUProtection Requirements. Ufor a Large scale Wind Park. Shyam Musunuri Siemens Energy
UProtection Requirements Ufor a Large scale Wind Park Shyam Musunuri Siemens Energy Abstract: In the past wind power plants typically had a small power rating when compared to the strength of the connected
More informationOPERATING, METERING, AND EQUIPMENT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF LARGE-SIZE GENERATING FACILITIES GREATER THAN 2,000 KILOWATTS
OPERATING, METERING, AND EQUIPMENT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF LARGE-SIZE GENERATING FACILITIES GREATER THAN 2,000 KILOWATTS CONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ORANGE AND ROCKLAND
More informationShort-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Purpose of Short-Circuit Studies A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine any or all of
More informationTechnical Requirements for Connecting Small Scale PV (sspv) Systems to Low Voltage Distribution Networks
2014 Technical Requirements for Connecting Small Scale PV (sspv) Systems to Low Voltage Distribution Networks This document specifies the technical requirement for connecting sspv to the low voltage distribution
More informationEmbedded Generation Connection Application Form
Embedded Generation Connection Application Form This Application Form provides information required for an initial assessment of the Embedded Generation project. All applicable sections must be completed
More informationIEEE 1547: Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces
IEEE PES Boston Chapter Technical Meeting IEEE 1547: Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces P1547 Chair David
More informationESB National Grid Transmission Planning Criteria
ESB National Grid Transmission Planning Criteria 1 General Principles 1.1 Objective The specific function of transmission planning is to ensure the co-ordinated development of a reliable, efficient, and
More informationEmbedded Generation Connection Application Form
Embedded Generation Connection Application Form This Application Form provides information required for an initial assessment of the Embedded Generation project. All applicable sections must be completed
More informationSummary of the Impacts of Grounding on System Protection
Summary of the Impacts of Grounding on System Protection Grounding System grounding big impact on ability to detect ground faults Common ground options:» Isolated ground (ungrounded)» High impedance ground»
More informationConnection Impact Assessment Application
Connection Impact Assessment Application This form is for generators applying for Connection Impact Assessment (CIA) and for generators with a project size >10 kw. Please return the completed form by email,
More informationPRC Generator Relay Loadability. Guidelines and Technical Basis Draft 5: (August 2, 2013) Page 1 of 76
PRC-025-1 Introduction The document, Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination, published by the NERC System Protection and Control Subcommittee (SPCS) provides extensive general discussion
More informationGENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 3 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 150 kw but Less Than or Equal to 550 kw
GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 3 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 150 kw but Less Than or Equal to 550 kw ELECTRIC UTILITY CONTACT INFORMATION Consumers Energy
More informationPRC Generator Relay Loadability. Guidelines and Technical Basis Draft 4: (June 10, 2013) Page 1 of 75
PRC-025-1 Introduction The document, Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination, published by the NERC System Protection and Control Subcommittee (SPCS) provides extensive general discussion
More informationPowerMonitor 5000 Family Advanced Metering Functionality
PowerMonitor 5000 Family Advanced Metering Functionality Steve Lombardi, Rockwell Automation The PowerMonitor 5000 is the new generation of high-end electrical power metering products from Rockwell Automation.
More informationNERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series June 16, Phil Tatro Jon Gardell
Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination Phase Distance (21) and Voltage-Controlled or Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent Protection (51V) NERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series June
More informationPower Quality Basics. Presented by. Scott Peele PE
Power Quality Basics Presented by Scott Peele PE PQ Basics Terms and Definitions Surge, Sag, Swell, Momentary, etc. Measurements Causes of Events Possible Mitigation PQ Tool Questions Power Quality Measurement
More information1200 MW Fault Induced Solar Photovoltaic Resource Interruption Disturbance Report
1200 MW Fault Induced Solar Photovoltaic Resource Interruption Disturbance Report Rich Bauer Associate Director Reliability Risk Management / Event Analysis Mid C Seminar July 19, 2017 Western Interconnection
More informationProtecting Feeders With Distributed Resource Scott Elling HDR Inc HDR, all rights reserved.
Protecting Feeders With Distributed Resource Scott Elling HDR Inc. 2015 HDR, all rights reserved. Background Several Hundred Mega Watts of distributed PV Distribution Grid is no longer radial Protection
More information1C.6.1 Voltage Disturbances
2 1 Ja n 1 4 2 1 J a n 1 4 Vo l.1 -Ge n e r a l;p a r tc-p o we r Qu a lity 1. Scope The purpose of this document is to state typical levels of voltage disturbances, which may be encountered by customers
More information1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
GEK-00682D INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The MDP Digital Time Overcurrent Relay is a digital, microprocessor based, nondirectional overcurrent relay that protects against phase-to-phase
More informationEvaluating the Response of Surge Arresters
1 Jens Schoene Chandra Pallem Tom McDermott Reigh Walling Evaluating the Response of Surge Arresters to Temporary Overvoltages Panel Session of the IEEE Wind and Solar Collector Design Working Group 2014
More informationEmbedded Generation Connection Application Form
Embedded Generation Connection Application Form This Application Form provides information required for an initial assessment of the Embedded Generation project. All applicable sections must be completed
More informationFERRORESONANCE SIMULATION STUDIES USING EMTP
FERRORESONANCE SIMULATION STUDIES USING EMTP Jaya Bharati, R. S. Gorayan Department of Electrical Engineering Institute of Technology, BHU Varanasi, India jbharatiele@gmail.com, rsgorayan.eee@itbhu.ac.in
More informationTABLE OF CONTENT
Page : 1 of 34 Project Engineering Standard www.klmtechgroup.com KLM Technology #03-12 Block Aronia, Jalan Sri Perkasa 2 Taman Tampoi Utama 81200 Johor Bahru Malaysia TABLE OF CONTENT SCOPE 3 REFERENCES
More informationNERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series June 9, Phil Tatro Jon Gardell
Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination GSU Phase Overcurrent (51T), GSU Ground Overcurrent (51TG), and Breaker Failure (50BF) Protection NERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series
More informationO V E R V I E W O F T H E
A CABLE Technicians TESTING Approach to Generator STANDARDS: Protection O V E R V I E W O F T H E 1 Moderator n Ron Spataro AVO Training Institute Marketing Manager 2 Q&A n Send us your questions and comments
More informationGenerator Protection GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Generator Protection Generator Protection Introduction Device Numbers Symmetrical Components Fault Current Behavior Generator Grounding Stator Phase Fault (87G) Field Ground Fault (64F) Stator Ground Fault
More informationHarmonic control devices. ECE 528 Understanding Power Quality
ECE 528 Understanding Power Quality http://www.ece.uidaho.edu/ee/power/ece528/ Paul Ortmann portmann@uidaho.edu 208-733-7972 (voice) Lecture 12 1 Today Harmonic control devices In-line reactors (chokes)
More informationCapstone Turbine Corporation Nordhoff Street Chatsworth CA USA Phone: (818) Fax: (818) Web:
Phone: (818) 734-5300 Fax: (818) 734-5320 Web: www.capstoneturbine.com Technical Reference Capstone MicroTurbine Electrical Installation 410009 Rev F (October 2013) Page 1 of 31 Capstone Turbine Corporation
More informationRemotes Case 2&3 Form REINDEER Cases 2&3 -Connection Impact Assessment (CIA) Application
General Application Information Remotes Case 2&3 Form REINDEER Cases 2&3 -Connection Impact Assessment (CIA) Application Hydro One Remote Communities Inc. Lori.Rice@hydroone.com 1-807-474-2828 This Application
More informationUtility Interconnection and System Protection
Utility Interconnection and System Protection Alex Steselboim President, Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. Utility paralleling vs. isolated operation. Isochronous kw load sharing Reactive power (VAR) sharing
More informationTECHNICAL BULLETIN 004a Ferroresonance
May 29, 2002 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 004a Ferroresonance Abstract - This paper describes the phenomenon of ferroresonance, the conditions under which it may appear in electric power systems, and some techniques
More informationAPPLICATION FOR INTERCONNECTION & OPERATIONS OF MEMBER-OWNED GENERATION
APPLICATION FOR INTERCONNECTION & OPERATIONS OF MEMBER-OWNED GENERATION This application should be completed and returned to in order to begin processing the request for interconnecting as required by
More informationImpact Assessment Generator Form
Impact Assessment Generator Form This connection impact assessment form provides information for the Connection Assessment and Connection Cost Estimate. Date: (dd/mm/yyyy) Consultant/Developer Name: Project
More informationHybrid Anti-Islanding Algorithm for Utility Interconnection of Distributed Generation
Hybrid Anti-Islanding Algorithm for Utility Interconnection of Distributed Generation Maher G. M. Abdolrasol maher_photo@yahoo.com Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of Malaya Lembah Pantai, 50603
More informationThyristorised Automatic Power Factor
Thyristorised Automatic Power Factor Correction with 7% D Tune Harmonics Suppression (Reactor/Filtering) System Power quality? In the present Low voltage (LV) industrial distribution system the power factor
More informationA Tutorial on the Application and Setting of Collector Feeder Overcurrent Relays at Wind Electric Plants
A Tutorial on the Application and Setting of Collector Feeder Overcurrent Relays at Wind Electric Plants Martin Best and Stephanie Mercer, UC Synergetic, LLC Abstract Wind generating plants employ several
More informationNumbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems
Appendix C Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems C.1 APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS, CONTROL AND ALARM DEVICES FOR POWER SYSTEM CIRCUITS The requirements
More informationGrid codes and wind farm interconnections CNY Engineering Expo. Syracuse, NY November 13, 2017
Grid codes and wind farm interconnections CNY Engineering Expo Syracuse, NY November 13, 2017 Purposes of grid codes Grid codes are designed to ensure stable operating conditions and to coordinate the
More informationTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND OPERATING PROTOCOLS AND PROCEDURES FOR INTERCONNECTION OF GENERATION FACILITIES NOT SUBJECT TO FERC JURISDICTION
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND OPERATING PROTOCOLS AND PROCEDURES FOR INTERCONNECTION OF GENERATION FACILITIES NOT SUBJECT TO FERC JURISDICTION Document 9022 Puget Sound Energy, Inc. PSE-TC-160.70 December
More informationTechnical Requirements For Generation Connected to The ODEC System
Old Dominion Electric Cooperative Technical Requirements For Generation Connected to The ODEC System March 30, 2010 1 2 Table of Contents Topics Page Number Disclaimer.. 3 Perquisites.. 3 Applicability..
More informationModern transformer relays include a comprehensive set of protective elements to protect transformers from faults and abnormal operating conditions
1 Transmission transformers are important links in the bulk power system. They allow transfer of power from generation centers, up to the high-voltage grid, and to bulk electric substations for distribution
More informationGeneration and Load Interconnection Standard
Generation and Load Interconnection Standard Rev. 0A DRAFT Name Signature Date Prepared: Approved: VP Acceptance APEGGA Permit to Practice P-08200 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION...5 1.1 Purpose...5
More informationMV network design & devices selection EXERCISE BOOK
MV network design & devices selection EXERCISE BOOK EXERCISES 01 - MV substation architectures 02 - MV substation architectures 03 - Industrial C13-200 MV substation 04 - Max. distance between surge arrester
More informationNotes 1: Introduction to Distribution Systems
Notes 1: Introduction to Distribution Systems 1.0 Introduction Power systems are comprised of 3 basic electrical subsystems. Generation subsystem Transmission subsystem Distribution subsystem The subtransmission
More informationTopic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017
Topic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017 NAME: LOCATION: 1. The primitive self-inductance per foot of length
More informationInformation and Technical Requirements For the Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Information and Technical Requirements For the Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) March 24, 2017 Introduction and Scope Table of Contents 1.0 General Requirements 1.1 Documents and Standards
More informationSection G2: PROTECTION AND CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION GENERATION ENTITIES
Section G2: PROTECTION AND CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION GENERATION ENTITIES Purpose This section specifies the requirements for protective relays and control devices for Generation Entities interconnecting
More informationAn Introduction to Power Quality
1 An Introduction to Power Quality Moderator n Ron Spataro AVO Training Institute Marketing Manager 2 Q&A n Send us your questions and comments during the presentation 3 Today s Presenter n Andy Sagl Megger
More informationProtection Basics Presented by John S. Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
Protection Basics Presented by John S. Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc. 770 565-1556 John@L-3.com 1 Protection Fundamentals By John Levine 2 Introductions Tools Outline Enervista Launchpad
More informationPOWER FACTOR CORRECTION. HARMONIC FILTERING. MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE SOLUTIONS.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. HARMONIC FILTERING. MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE SOLUTIONS. This document may be subject to changes. Contact ARTECHE to confirm the characteristics and availability of the products
More informationConnection Impact Assessment Application Form
Connection Impact Assessment Application Form This Application Form is for Generators applying for a Connection Impact Assessment (CIA). In certain circumstances, London Hydro may require additional information
More informationRenewable Interconnection Standard & Experimental Tests. Yahia Baghzouz UNLV Las Vegas, NV, USA
Renewable Interconnection Standard & Experimental Tests Yahia Baghzouz UNLV Las Vegas, NV, USA Overview IEEE Std 1547 Voltage limitations Frequency limitations Harmonic limitations Expansion of IEEE Std
More informationIslanding Detection Method Based On Impedance Measurement
Islanding Detection Method Based On Impedance Measurement Chandra Shekhar Chandrakar 1, Bharti Dewani 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University
More informationIndustrial Electrician Level 3
Industrial Electrician Level 3 Industrial Electrician Unit: C1 Industrial Electrical Code I Level: Three Duration: 77 hours Theory: Practical: 77 hours 0 hours Overview: This unit is designed to provide
More informationThe Importance of the Neutral-Grounding Resistor. Presented by: Jeff Glenney, P.Eng. and Don Selkirk, E.I.T.
The Importance of the Neutral-Grounding Resistor Presented by: Jeff Glenney, P.Eng. and Don Selkirk, E.I.T. Presentation Preview What is high-resistance grounding (HRG)? What is the purpose of HRG? Why
More informationRevised IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Energy Resources with Electric Power Systems- National Grid Solar Program
1 Revised IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Energy Resources with Electric Power Systems- National Grid Solar Program Babak Enayati, PhD, PE Lead Engineer, National Grid Waltham, MA Email:
More informationOwner/Customer Name: Mailing Address: City: County: State: Zip Code: Phone Number: Representative: Address: Fax Number:
Interconnection of a Customer-Owned Renewable Generation System of Greater than 100 KW and Less than or Equal to 1 MW to the LCEC Electric Grid Tier 3 Application and Compliance Form Instructions: Complete
More informationARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
The Electrical Power Engineers Qual-Tech Engineers, Inc. 201 Johnson Road Building #1 Suite 203 Houston, PA 15342-1300 Phone 724-873-9275 Fax 724-873-8910 www.qualtecheng.com ARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR
More informationUNIT-4 POWER QUALITY MONITORING
UNIT-4 POWER QUALITY MONITORING Terms and Definitions Spectrum analyzer Swept heterodyne technique FFT (or) digital technique tracking generator harmonic analyzer An instrument used for the analysis and
More informationProtection from Voltage Sags and Swells by Using FACTS Controller
Protection from Voltage Sags and Swells by Using FACTS Controller M.R.Mohanraj 1, V.P.Suresh 2, G.Syed Zabiyullah 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Excel College
More informationPower System Protection Where Are We Today?
1 Power System Protection Where Are We Today? Meliha B. Selak Power System Protection & Control IEEE PES Distinguished Lecturer Program Preceding IEEE PES Vice President for Chapters melihas@ieee.org PES
More informationENGINEERING DATA SUBMITTAL For the Interconnection of Generation System
WHO SHOULD FILE THIS SUBMITTAL: Anyone in the final stages of interconnecting a Generation System with Nodak Electric Cooperative, Inc. This submittal shall be completed and provided to Nodak Electric
More informationthepower to protect the power to protect i-gard LITERATURE Low and medium voltage
thepower to protect i-gard LITERATURE Low and medium voltage distribution systems Arc Flash Hazards and High Resistance Grounding Grounding of Standby and Emergency Power Systems Neutral Grounding Resistors
More informationSection 11: Power Quality Considerations Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services
Section 11: Power Quality Considerations Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services Introduction The term power quality may take on any one of several definitions. The strict definition of power quality
More information