8. TERRESTRIAL DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING MEASUREMENT

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1 Goals of measurement 1) Display spectrum of output signal from transmitter of digital video broadcasting. 2) Draw constellation diagrams of particular sub-carriers of output signal. 3) Determine minimum signal level needed for reception depending upon used modulation of data sub-carriers. 4) Monitor spectra and constellation diagrams of real signals of digital video broadcasting. Measuring equipments Test data generator MPEG 2 Rohde&Schwarz DVG Test transmitter Rohde&Schwarz SF 20 Test receiver Rohde&Schwarz EFA 40 DVB-T receiver LG M2762D ndoor antenna Measurement block diagram Generator MPEG2 Test transmitter -3dB DVB-T receiver -3dB Test receiver Fig. 1: Block diagram of the measurement ntroduction An Orthogonal Frequency-division Multiplexing (OFDM) is mostly used as a type of digital modulation for terrestrial digital video broadcasting Digital Video Broadcasting- Terrestrial (DVB-T). Many carriers (hundreds, thousands) are used Multi-carrier System, opposite to some common digital and analog modulations, which use only one carrier. A data rate on every sub-carrier in OFDM system is a fractional part of total data rate of the system. According to the number N of used sub-carriers a symbol interval is consequently N-times prolonged, so that OFDM system has better immunity to delayed signals in case of multi-path propagation. n addition symbol interval can be extended by so-called guard interval (G) with the length of T. G is a repetition of the final part of symbol placed at the beginning of symbol, so that G is also called as a cyclic prefix (CP), see fig. 2. Signal detection is stopped during G in a receiver, so that immunity to delayed signals increases more. The length of G symbol i 1 symbol i symbol i+1 amplitude CP useful part time Fig. 2: Cyclic prefix as a guard interval 1 /

2 and the length of a useful part of symbol T u are in relation 1/2 x. For DVB-T we can choose: T/T u = 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32. All sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other, so they don t interact theoretically and could be discriminate in a receiver during detection. Generally each of sub-carriers is modulated by common (single-carrier) type of digital modulation. Usually phase and amplitude shift keying (PSK ans ASK) are used together this type of digital modulation is called as quadrature amplitude modulation (AM). The OFDM symbol is determined by all states on each one of sub-carriers. AM signal is composed of two quadrature carrier components (cosine as in-phase component and sine as quadrature component ) with digitally modulated amplitudes. The number of all possible states is usually M = 2 m and modulation is denoted as M-AM (4-AM = PSK, 16-AM...). Constellation diagram represents the states of AM modulation as end points of vectors in diagram (usually axis x corresponds to -component and axis y corresponds to -components). Each one transmitted data symbol corresponds with one of all possible M-AM states according to transmitted information. n DVB-T system is used N = 2048 carries in 2K mode or 8192 carries in 8K mode (exactly 1705 or 6817 active carriers are used and 1512 or 6048 carriers are dedicated to useful data). OFDM signal is computed as a sum of all sub-carriers signals. Resulting signal is similar to noise signal, because all contributions are based on randomized and independent data. Spectrum of OFDM signal is also composed of N contributions, see fig. 3. Frequency offset between sub-carriers f is given by useful part symbol length f = 1/T u and for 8K mode is approx Hz and for 2K mode is approx Hz.. B s = (N-1) f = 7.61 MHz 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0 2 f 4 f 6 f 8 f 10 f f 3 f 5 f 7 f 9 f (N - 1) f 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 f f 0 B s = (N+1) f = 2 f + B s f Notes to measurement Fig. 3: Relative power spectrum of OFDM signal Test transmitter settings Central carrier on 810 MHz: RF FREUENCY FREUENCY 810. Both fading (multi-path propagation) and noise are switched off: MODULATON DVB-T COFDM FADNG OFF; MODULATON DVB-T COFDM NOSE OFF. 16-AM modulation for data sub-carriers: MODULATON DVB-T COFDM CONSTELLATON 16-AM. No modulator impairments: MODULATON DVB-T COFDM / PHASE ERROR 0 ; MODULATON DVB-T COFDM / AMPL. MBALANCE 0 %. 3/4 code rate: / CODER CODE RATE 3/4. 8K mode: / CODER FFT MODE 8K. 2 /

3 1/8 T/T u : / CODER GUARD NTERVAL 1/8. All carriers switched on: / CODER SPECAL EDT CARRERS DSABLE CARER clear all (CLEAR) and press enter. level [ W ] 10 dbm output signal level ( level [ dbm] = 10log ): 1 mw RF LEVEL RF LEVEL 10. Test receiver settings dbm power unit: SETUP LEVEL UNTS dbm. nput filter deactivated: STATUS SAW FLTER BW OFF. Frequency of receiving signal is 810 MHz: RF 810 ENT. Test receiver is able to measure main OFDM parameters and some characteristics of transmission channel. Measurements could be found in menu after pressing MEASURE. Task 1) Analog TV uses basically an 8 MHz wide channel. DVB-T signal comply with this channel width. Bandwidth of OFDM signal (B s in fig. 3) for the both modes is approx MHz. The spectrum measurement is chosen on test receiver. The aim of this measurement is to verify whether the 8 MHz wide channel is sufficient for transmitted DVB-T signal or not. Fill in into the fig. 4 level (LVL) of receiving signal and values and units of the both axes. Test receiver settings MEASURE SPECTRUM/TME DOMAN SPECTRUM. ADD. NOSE OFF. AVERAGE CNT: 50; DETECTOR: RMS; START FRE: 4.48 MHz; STOP FRE: 4.48 MHz. Task 2) Fig. 4: Measured spectrum of DVB-T signal The DVB-T spectrum is composed of three types of sub-carriers data sub-carriers, TPS sub-carriers and pilot sub-carriers. 3 /

4 Data sub-carriers are modulated PSK or 16-AM or 64-AM. The higher number of states leads to the higher useful data rate of digital system. But, supposing the same transmitted signal average power, it leads to decreasing distance between adjacent states in constellation diagram, so the robustness of the system decreases. The number of data sub-carriers is 1512 for 2K mode and 6048 for the 8K mode. On 17 positions for 2K mode and on 68 positions for 8K mode are placed TPS (Transmission Parameter Signalling) sub-carriers. They convey information for example about chosen data sub-carriers modulation, about selected length of G and about used mode. During one OFDM symbol all TPS sub-carriers are modulated alike and convey only 1 bit of TPS sequence. Whole TPS sequence has 68 bites. Two-state differential phase shift keying is used for TPS sub-carriers. Pilot sub-carriers are not modulated; they don t convey any audio or video data information. They are required for channel state estimation in receivers. They are transmitted with exactly (a priori) known constant amplitude and phase and thus we can estimate the influence of the channel by monitoring the real amplitude and phase of received signal. Pilot sub-carriers have either fixed position (continual pilot sub-carriers) or position, which is used also as data sub-carriers alternatively (scattered pilot sub-carriers). a) b) c) f (2K mode) (8K mode) t Continual pilot sub-carriers Scattered pilot sub-carriers Data subcarriers TPS sub-carriers Fig. 5: a) Measured constellation diagram for all sub-carriers, b) theoretical constellation diagram, c) placing of sub-carriers in frequency (x axis) and in time (y axis) Constellation diagrams and placing of sub-carriers in time and frequency grid are demonstrated on fig. 5. Real constellation diagram are shown on fig. 5a for several symbols over all sub-carriers. States of modulation according to sub-carrier types are presented on fig. 5b (types are marked just as on fig. 5c). How sub-carriers are placed in time and frequency, is depicted on fig. 5c., vertical axe is for time (, symbol 67, symbol 0, symbol 1, symbol 2 ) and horizontal is for frequency. Frequency is expressed by index number k it has values from k min = 0 for first sub-carrier to k max = 1704 for last sub-carrier in 2K mode or k max = 6816 for last sub-carrier in 8K mode. Further information about placing of sub-carriers is in tables in appendix. 4 /

5 To find out the type of the sub-carrier, several symbols have to be watched. Ten symbols are on fig. 5. Sub-carrier with k = 1 (marked by ) is the example of data carrier type. One example of TPS carrier type is depicted in fig. 5, it is sub-carrier with k = 1687 for 2K mode or 6799 for 8K mode (marked by ). All other TPS carrier can be found in the table in appendix. Three continual pilot carriers are shown on fig. 5, as example the last one carrier with k = 1704 for 2K mode or 6816 for 8K mode (marked by ) can be given. All other continual pilot carriers can be found in the table in appendix. The position of scattered pilot carriers is repeated over each 12 carriers and they are shifted by three in various symbols. As the result almost all third carrier is used as scattered pilot, as example k = 3 (marked by ). Data are also conveyed on the scattered pilot carrier positions (se again k = 3). Given examples of all sub-carrier types are highlighted in fig. 6. k = 1 k = 3 k = 1687 (2K mode) = 6799 (8K mode) k = 1704 (2K mode) = 6816 (8K mode) t... k min = 0 k max = 1704 (2K mode) = 6816 (8K mode) Fig. 6: Highlighted examples of four different sub-carrier types Test transmitter settings Modulation for data sub-carriers: MODULATON DVB-T COFDM CONSTELLATON PSK or 16-AM. Test receiver settings Constellation diagram measurement: MEASURE CONSTELL DAGRAM. ADD. NOSE OFF. Display constellation diagram of one sub-career with desired index number k: set index number k to the both start (START CARR) and final sub-carrier (STOP CARR). Choose modulation for data sub-carriers and display constellation diagrams for each type use our examples of frequency index numbers and your values from homework. Draw all the diagrams for PSK and 16-AM data sub-carriers modulations to the table in the appendix. Task 3) Minimal value of the signal to noise ratio S/N or higher is needed for successful reception. This minimal value depends on chosen modulation and is given by certain minimal transmitted power. There are two possible criteria of successful reception in DVB-T system, which leads to similar results (differences less than 1 db is assumed). Firstly a reference bit error ratio (BER) defined as after Viterbi decoder or secondly picture failure point defined as more then one error in picture during 10 seconds. Reference BER could be measured especially on test receivers and the second criterion is usually used for domestic receivers. 5 /

6 Test transmitter settings Modulation of data sub-carriers: MODULATON DVB-T COFDM CONSTELLATON PSK or 16-AM or 64-AM (start with 64-AM) Transmitted power level -55 dbm: RF LEVEL RF LEVEL -55 and later decrease step by step using the arrows buttons. Begin measurement with 64-AM modulation. Watch the picture on DVB-T receiver. Display the constellation diagram for all sub-carriers on test receiver at the same time. Decrease the power level of signal from test transmitter step by step, first in steps of 1 db and as you register picture failure, nail down the value in steps of 0.1 db. Follow with 16-AM and finally measure with PSK. Fill in minimal transmitted power values for all data sub-carriers modulations into the table below. Data sub-carriers modulation 64-AM 16-AM PSK Minimal transmitted power [ ] Task 4) Connect indoor antenna to the test receiver instead of test transmitter output. Display real signal spectra (similarly as in task 1) and constellation diagrams (similarly as in task 2) of real digital video broadcasting. Describe in brief how spectra and constellation diagrams of real signals look and how they differ from spectra and constellation diagrams of signal from test transmitter (write below final question). For example you can try broadcasting on frequency 602 MHz (channel 37) or 730 MHz (channel 53) or 778 MHz (channel 59). Test receiver settings Received signal frequency is as example 778 MHz: RF 778 ENT. ADD. NOSE OFF. Homework must be done before the measurement starts Study the guide to measurement. How wide is channel used for TV broadcasting in Europe? There are examples of index number k for each sub-carrier type described in Task 2. Find three other examples for each sub-carrier type. Suppose 8K mode; use fig. 5 and appendix below. Data sub-carriers: k = 1,. TPS sub-carriers: k = 6799,. Continual pilot sub-carriers: k = 6816,. Scattered pilot sub-carriers: k = 3,. Which of three types of data sub-carriers modulation are the most robust to noise? Explain why. 6 /

7 Final tasks and questions answers will be done during or after the measurement s it possible to broadcast digital television in the same channels as analog television? For which type of data sub-carriers modulation was measured the lowest value of minimal transmitted power? Describe in brief how spectra and constellation diagrams of real DVB-T signals look and how they differ from spectra and constellation diagrams of signal from test transmitter? Real vs. ideal spectra: Real vs. ideal constellation diagrams: Appendix TPS sub-carriers placing in frequency values of index number k of all TPS sub-carriers for both 2K and 8K mode: Continual pilot sub-carriers placing in frequency values of index number k of all continual pilot sub-carriers for both 2K and 8K mode: 7 /

8 Table for drawing of displayed constellation diagrams in cases of PSK or 16-AM data sub-carriers modulations: Constellation diagrams in case of PSK Constellation diagrams in case of 16-AM data sub-carriers modulation data sub-carriers modulation Data sub-carrier k = Data sub-carrier k = TPS sub-carrier k = TPS sub-carrier k = Continual pilot sub-carrier k = Continual pilot sub-carrier k = Scattered pilot sub-carrier k = Scattered pilot sub-carrier k = 8 /

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