BFF1303: ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING. Analog Electronics: Bipolar Junction Transistors
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1 BFF1303: ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Analog Electronics: Bipolar Junction Transistors Ismail Mohd Khairuddin, Zulkifil Md Yusof Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang
2 Bipolar Junction Transistor BFF1303 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Faculty of Manufacturing Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kampus Pekan, Pahang Darul Makmur Tel: Fax: Contents: Outcomes Introduction Transistor Construction Transistor Operation Common-Base Configuration Common-Emitter Configuration Common-Collector Configuration Limits Of Operation Transistor Specification Sheet BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 2 2
3 Understand the physical operation of bipolar transistor Select the operating point of a bipolar transistor circuit Compute performance of several important amplifier configurations. Select an amplifier configuration appropriate for a given application. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 3 3
4 Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley Discovery of the transistor in 1947 BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 4 4
5 There are two types of transistors: pnp npn pnp The terminals are labeled: E - Emitter B - Base C - Collector npn BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 5 5
6 With the external sources, V EE and V CC, connected as shown: The emitter-base junction is forward biased The base-collector junction is reverse biased BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 6 6
7 Currents in a Transistor Emitter current is the sum of the collector and base currents: I I I E C B The collector current is comprised of two currents: I I I C C CO majority minority BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 7 7
8 The base is common to both input (emitter base) and output (collector base) of the transistor. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 8 8
9 Common-Base Amplifier Input Characteristics This curve shows the relationship between of input current (I E ) to input voltage (V BE ) for three output voltage (V CB ) levels. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering 9 9
10 Common-Base Amplifier Output Characteristics This graph demonstrates the output current (I C ) to an output voltage (V CB ) for various levels of input current (I E ). BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
11 Operating Regions Active Operating range of the amplifier. Cutoff The amplifier is basically off. There is voltage, but little current. Saturation The amplifier is full on. There is current, but little voltage. Approximations Emitter and collector currents: Base-emitter voltage: VBE I C I E 0.7 V (for Silicon) BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
12 Alpha (α) Ratio of I C to I E : Ideally: α = 1 α dc I I C E In reality: a is between 0.9 and Alpha () in the AC mode: α ac ΔI ΔI C E BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
13 The emitter is common to both input (base-emitter) and output (collectoremitter). The input is on the base and the output is on the collector. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
14 Common-Emitter Characteristics Collector Characteristics Base Characteristics BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
15 Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents Ideal Currents I E = I C + I B I C = I E Actual Currents I C = I E + I CBO where I CBO = minority collector current I CBO is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in high power transistors and in high temperature environments. When I B = 0 A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority current flowing called I CEO. I CE ICBO 0 1 α IB0 μa BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
16 Beta (β) represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is sometimes referred to as h fe, a term used in transistor modeling calculations) In DC mode: In AC mode: β dc I I C B ac I I C B V CE constant BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
17 Beta (β) Determining from a Graph AC (3.2 ma 2.2 ma) (30 μa 20 μa) 1mA 10 μa 100 V CE 7.5 DC 2.7 ma 25 μa 108 V CE 7.5 BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
18 Beta (β) Relationship between amplification factors and 1 1 Relationship Between Currents I C I I ( 1) I B E B BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
19 The input is on the base and the output is on the emitter. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
20 The input is on the base and the output is on the emitter. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
21 The characteristics are similar to those of the common-emitter configuration, except the vertical axis is I E. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
22 V CE is at maximum and I C is at minimum (I Cmax = I CEO ) in the cutoff region. I C is at maximum and V CE is at minimum (V CE max = V CEsat = V CEO ) in the saturation region. The transistor operates in the active region between saturation and cutoff. BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
23 Power Dissipation Common-base: P V I C max CB C Common-emitter: P V I C max CE C Common-collector: P V I C max CE E BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
24 BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
25 BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
26 BFF1303 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
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