Communication Switching Techniques
|
|
- Collin Hopkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Communication Switching Techniques UNIT 5 P.M.Arun Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of IT, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore.
2 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS TOPICS TO BE COVERED CELLULAR NETWORK ORGANISATION (FREQUENCY REUSE) OPERATION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS2 MOBILE RADIO PROPOGATION EFFECTS HANDOFF POWER CONTROL TRAFFIC ENGINEERING CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT STRATEGIES References 1. Wireless communication and networks william stallings, Pearson education,
3 Mobile Radio Environment
4 Mobile Radio Environment The transmissions over the wireless link are in general very difficult to characterize. EM signals often encounter obstacles, causing reflection, diffraction, and scattering. Mobility introduces further complexity. We have focused on simple models to help gain basic insight and understanding of the wireless radio medium. Three main components: Path Loss, Shadow fading, Multipath fading (or fast fading).
5 Limitations of Wireless Channel is unreliable Spectrum is scarce, and not all ranges are suitable for mobile communication Transmission power is often limited Battery Interference to others
6 Early Mobile Telephone Services First introduced in the U.S. by AT&T (1946) Used to interconnect mobile users (in automobiles) to telephone networks. A single powerful transmitter from the BS to cover up to approx. 50 miles radius. Few channels for many people Early Bell Mobile Phone service in New York had 12 channels, serving 543 customer, waiting list of 3,700 and market of 10 million!! - CAPACITY LIMITED Advanced systems for their time but very inefficient, and service was terrible (blocking probabilities as high as 65%).
7 Advent of Cellular Systems Noting from the channel model, we know signal will attenuated with distance and have no interference to far users. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, work began on the first cellular telephone systems. The term cellular refers to dividing the service area into many small regions (cells) each served by a low-power transmitter with moderate antenna height.
8 Cellular Networks
9 Principles of Cellular Networks Underlying technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. Developed for mobile radio telephone Replace high power transmitter/receiver systems Typical support for 25 channels over 80km Use lower power, shorter range, more transmitters
10 Cellular Network Organization Multiple low power transmitters 100w or less Area divided into cells Each with own antenna Each with own range of frequencies Served by base station Transmitter, receiver, control unit Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid crosstalk
11 Shape of Cells Square Width d cell has four neighbors at distance d and four at distance d 2 Better if all adjacent antennas equidistant Simplifies choosing and switching to new antenna Hexagon Provides equidistant antennas Radius defined as radius of circum-circle Distance from center to vertex equals length of side 3 Distance between centers of cells radius R is R Not always precise hexagons Topographical limitations Local signal propagation conditions Location of antennas
12 Cellular Geometries
13 Frequency Reuse
14 Frequency Reuse The Objective is to use the same frequency band in multiple cells at some distance from one another. the reuse of frequencies is what enables a cellular system to handle a huge number of calls with a limited number of channels.
15 Frequency reuse
16 Frequency Reuse Power of base transceiver controlled Allow communications within cell on given frequency Limit escaping power to adjacent cells Allow re-use of frequencies in nearby cells Use same frequency for multiple conversations frequencies per cell E.g. N cells all using same number of frequencies K total number of frequencies used in systems Each cell has K/N frequencies Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) K=395, N=7 giving 57 frequencies per cell on average
17 Characterizing Frequency Reuse D = minimum distance between centers of cells that use the same band of frequencies (called cochannels) R = radius of a cell d = distance between centers of adjacent cells (d = R) N = number of cells in repetitious pattern Reuse factor Each cell in pattern uses unique band of frequencies Hexagonal cell pattern, following values of N possible N = I 2 + J 2 + (I x J), I, J = 0, 1, 2, 3, Possible values of N are 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, D/R= D/d = 3N N
18 Frequency Reuse Patterns
19 Frequency Reuse Frequency Reuse is the core of cellular mobile radio systems. A radio channel using a Frequency f 1 in a Cell with a Radius R can be reused at Distance D. Users in both cells can use the same frequency simultaneously. Improper system planning & design can cause unacceptable level of Co-channel Interference.
20 Frequency Reuse Concept R f 1 undesired signal f 1 co-channel interference D R desired signal with the concept of Frequency Reuse comes the term Co-channel Interference
21 Ideal Cells Formation Base Station
22 Real Cell Formation Base Station
23 Fictitious Cells Formation Base Station
24 Frequency Reuse Pattern N = Note: some textbooks use K instead of N
25 Frequency Reuse Pattern N=
26 Frequency Reuse Pattern N=
27 Frequency Reuse Pattern N=
28 Cellular Coverage Representation
29 3-cell reuse pattern (i=1,j=1)
30 4-cell reuse pattern (i=2,j=0)
31 7-cell reuse pattern (i=2,j=1)
32 12-cell reuse pattern (i=2,j=2)
33 19-cell reuse pattern (i=3,j=2)
34 Cellular geometry Cluster Size Co channel distance in unit radius Co channel reuse ratio i2+j2+i*j sqrt (i2+j2+i*j) D/R=sqrt (3*N) where I and j are integers i j cluster size Co channel reuse ratio
35 19-cell reuse example (N=19) To find the co channel interference: Method for locating co channel Cell
36 Relationship between Q and N
37 Increasing Capacity (1) Add new channels Not all channels used to start with Frequency borrowing Taken from adjacent cells by congested cells Or assign frequencies dynamically Cell splitting Non-uniform distribution of topography and traffic Smaller cells in high use areas Original cells km 1.5 km limit in general More frequent handoff More base stations
38 Increasing Capacity (2) Cell Sectoring Cell divided into wedge shaped sectors 3 6 sectors per cell Each with own channel set Subsets of cell s channels Directional antennas Microcells Move antennas from tops of hills and large buildings to tops of small buildings and sides of large buildings Even lamp posts Form microcells Reduced power Good for city streets, along roads and inside large buildings
39 Cell Splitting
40 Operation of Cellular Systems
41 Operation of Cellular Systems Base station (BS) at center of each cell Antenna, controller, transceivers Controller handles call process Number of mobile units may in use at a time BS connected to mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) One MTSO serves multiple BS MTSO to BS link by wire or wireless MTSO: Connects calls between mobile units and from mobile to fixed telecommunications network Assigns voice channel Performs handoffs Monitors calls (billing) Fully automated
42 Overview of Cellular System
43 Channels Control channels Setting up and maintaining calls Establish relationship between mobile unit and nearest BS Traffic channels Carry voice and data
44 Typical Call in Single MTSO Area (1) Mobile unit initialization Scan and select strongest set up control channel Automatically selected BS antenna of cell Usually but not always nearest (propagation anomalies) Handshake to identify user and register location Scan repeated to allow for movement Change of cell Mobile unit monitors for pages (see below) Mobile originated call Check set up channel is free Monitor forward channel (from BS) and wait for idle Send number on pre-selected channel Paging MTSO attempts to connect to mobile unit Paging message sent to BSs depending on called mobile number Paging signal transmitted on set up channel
45 Typical Call in Single MTSO Area (2) Call accepted Mobile unit recognizes number on set up channel Responds to BS which sends response to MTSO MTSO sets up circuit between calling and called BSs MTSO selects available traffic channel within cells and notifies BSs BSs notify mobile unit of channel Ongoing call Voice/data exchanged through respective BSs and MTSO Handoff Mobile unit moves out of range of cell into range of another cell Traffic channel changes to one assigned to new BS Without interruption of service to user
46 Call Stages
47 Other Functions Call blocking During mobile-initiated call stage, if all traffic channels busy, mobile tries again After number of fails, busy tone returned Call termination User hangs up MTSO informed Traffic channels at two BSs released Call drop BS cannot maintain required signal strength Traffic channel dropped and MTSO informed Calls to/from fixed and remote mobile subscriber MTSO connects to PSTN MTSO can connect mobile user and fixed subscriber via PSTN MTSO can connect to remote MTSO via PSTN or via dedicated lines Can connect mobile user in its area and remote mobile user
48 Mobile Radio Propagation Effects
49 Mobile Radio Propagation Effects Signal strength Strength of signal between BS and mobile unit strong enough to maintain signal quality at the receiver Not strong enough to create too much cochannel interference Noise varies Fading Automobile ignition noise greater in city than in suburbs Other signal sources vary Signal strength varies as function of distance from BS Signal strength varies dynamically as mobile unit moves Even if signal strength in effective range, signal propagation effects may disrupt the signal
50 Fading Time variation of received signal Caused by changes in transmission path(s) E.g. atmospheric conditions (rain) Movement of (mobile unit) antenna
51 Multipath Propagation Reflection Surface large relative to wavelength of signal May have phase shift from original May cancel out original or increase it Diffraction Edge of impenetrable body that is large relative to wavelength May receive signal even if no line of sight (LOS) to transmitter Scattering Obstacle size on order of wavelength Lamp posts etc. If LOS, diffracted and scattered signals not significant Reflected signals may be If no LOS, diffraction and scattering are primary means of reception
52 Reflection, Diffraction, Scattering
53 Effects of Multipath Propagation Signals may cancel out due to phase differences Intersymbol Interference (ISI) Sending narrow pulse at given frequency between fixed antenna and mobile unit Channel may deliver multiple copies at different times Delayed pulses act as noise making recovery of bit information difficult Timing changes as mobile unit moves Harder to design signal processing to filter out multipath effects
54 Types of Fading Fast fading Rapid changes in strength over distances about half wavelength 900MHz wavelength is 0.33m 20-30dB Slow fading Slower changes due to user passing different height buildings, gaps in buildings etc. Over longer distances than fast fading Flat fading Nonselective Affects all frequencies in same proportion Selective fading Different frequency components affected differently
55 Handoff (or) Handover
56 Handoff When a mobile user travels from one area of coverage or cell to another cell within a call s duration the call should be transferred to the new cell s base station. Otherwise, the call will be dropped because the link with the current base station becomes too weak as the mobile recedes. Indeed, this ability for transference is a design matter in mobile cellular system design and is call handoff.
57 Handoff
58 Handoff Types- Hard Handoff Soft Handoff
59 Hard Handoff the link to the prior base station is terminated before or as the user is transferred to the new cell s base station the mobile is linked to no more than one base station at a given time Initiation of the handoff may begin when the signal strength at the mobile received from base station 2 is greater than that of base station 1
60 Hard Handoff Hard handoff is used by the systems which use timedivision multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) such as GSM and General PacketRadio Service (GPRS)
61 Handover types in GSM Intra Cell Handover Inter Cell, intra BSC handover Inter BSC, Intra MSC handover Inter MSC handover
62 Handoff in GSM
63 Handoff in GSM Intra Cell Handover : This happens when within a cell, when narrowband interference could make transmission at a certain frequency impossible. The BSC could then decide to change the carrier frequency. (1) Inter Cell, intra BSC handover : This type of handover is a typical handover within the GSM system and occurs when the MS moves from one BTS to another but stays within the control of same BSC. The BSC performs the handover and assigns a new radio channel in the new BTS, then releases the old BTS. (2)
64 Inter BSC, Intra MSC handover : Since a BSC controls a limited number of BTSs, the GSM system has to perform handovers between BSCs. This form of handover is controlled by the MSC. (3) Inter MSC handover : A handover could also be required etween two BTSs that belong to two different MSCs, now both MSCs perform the handover together.(4)
65 Soft Handoff CDMA uses soft handoff improves performance by using macro diversity In a CDMA system with soft handoff, each mobile user is connected to two or more base stations at a time.
66 Soft Handoff The base station with the highest relative strength seen from the mobile is given the control of the mobile user s call. Also, because a user in soft handoff is connected to several adjacent base stations, probability of a lost call is reduced.
67 Handoff Performance Metrics Handoff blocking probability probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed Handoff probability probability that a handoff occurs before call termination Rate of handoff number of handoffs per unit time Interruption duration duration of time during a handoff in which a mobile is not connected to either base station Handoff delay distance the mobile moves from the point at which the handoff should occur to the point at which it does occur
68
69 Handoff Strategies Used to Determine Instant of Handoff Relative signal strength Relative signal strength with threshold Relative signal strength with hysteresis Relative signal strength with hysteresis and threshold Prediction techniques
70 Power Control Design issues making it desirable to include dynamic power control in a cellular system Received power must be sufficiently above the background noise for effective communication Desirable to minimize power in the transmitted signal from the mobile Reduce cochannel interference, alleviate health concerns, save battery power In SS systems using CDMA, it s desirable to equalize the received power level from all mobile units at the BS
71 Traffic Engineering Ideally, available channels would equal number of subscribers active at one time In practice, not feasible to have capacity handle all possible load For N simultaneous user capacity and L subscribers L < N nonblocking system L > N blocking system
72 Channel assignment strategies
73 Channel assignment strategies Fixed Dynamic Fixed channel assignment Each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channels. Any call attempt within the cells can only be served by unused channels in that particular cell. If all the channels in the cell are occupied, the call is blocked and the subscriber does not receive service. Variation includes a borrowing strategy: a cell is allowed to borrow channels from a neighboring cell if all its own channels are occupied. This is supervised by the MSC. Dynamic channel assignment The voice channels are not allocated to different cells permanently. instead each time a call request is made, the serving base station request a channel from the mobile switching center. Dynamic channel assignment is more complex (real time), but reduces likelihood of blocking.
74 Channel assignment What is channel allocation? A given radio spectrum is to be divided into a set of disjointed channels that can be used simultaneously while minimizing interference in adjacent channel by allocating channels appropriately (especially for traffic channels). Channel allocation schemes can be divided in general into Fixed Channel Allocation schemes (FCA schemes); Dynamic Channel Allocation schemes (DCA schemes); Hybrid Channel Allocation schemes (HCA schemes: combining both FCA and DCA techniques);
75 Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) In FCA schemes, a set of channels is permanently allocated to each cell in the network. If the total number of available channels in the system S is divided into sets, the minimum number of channel sets N required to serve the entire coverage area is related to the frequency reuse distance D as follows: N = D 2 / 3R 2 Due to short term fluctuations in the traffic, FCA schemes are often not able to maintain high quality of service and capacity attainable with static traffic demands. One approach to address this problem is to borrow free channels from neighboring cells.
76 Simple Borrowing (CB) Schemes In CB schemes, cell (acceptor cell) that has used all its nominal channels can borrow free channels from its neighboring cell (donor cell) to accommodate new calls. Borrowing can be done from an adjacent cell which has largest number of free channels (borrowing from the richest) Select the first free channel found for borrowing using a search algorithm (borrow first available scheme) Return the borrowed channel when channel becomes free in the cell (basic algorithm with reassignment) To be available for borrowing, the channel must not interfere with existing calls, as shown in the next figure.
77 Simple Channel Borrowing (CB) Schemes Donor Cell for Sector X 1 Cell 3 2 X Y Z A call initiated in the sector X of cell 3 can borrow a channel from adjacent cells 1 or 2.
78 Impact of Channel Borrowing in Sectored Cell-based Wireless System A 7 c a A 2 b c b a A 6 c b a A 1 c a x A 3 b c b a A 5 c b a A 4 c b a X borrows some channels from a
79 Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) In DCA schemes, all channels are kept in a central pool and are assigned dynamically to new calls as they arrive in the system. After each call is completed, the channel is returned to the central pool. It is fairly straightforward to select the most appropriate channel for any call based simply on current allocation and current traffic, with the aim of minimizing the interference. DCA scheme can overcome the problem of FCA scheme. However, variations in DCA schemes center around the different cost functions used for selecting one of the candidate channels for assignment.
80 Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) DCA schemes can be centralized or distributed. The centralized DCA scheme involves a single controller selecting a channel for each cell; The distributed DCA scheme involves a number of controllers scattered across the network (MSCs). Centralized DCA schemes can theoretically provide the best performance. However, the enormous amount of computation and communication among BSs leads to excessive system latencies and renders centralized DCA schemes impractical. Nevertheless, centralized DCA schemes often provide a useful benchmark to compare practical decentralized DCA schemes.
81 Centralized DCA For a new call, a free channel from the central pool is selected that would maximize the number of members in its co-channel set. Minimize the mean square of distance between cells using the same channel.
82 Distributed DCA Schemes Based on one of the three parameters: Co-channel distance -co-channel cells in the neighborhood not using the channel - sometimes adjacent channel interference taken in to account Signal strength measurement - anticipated CIR above threshold Signal to noise interference ratio - satisfy desired CIR ratio
83 Comparison between FCA and DCA FCA Performs better under heavy traffic Low flexibility in channel assignment Maximum channel reusability Sensitive to time and spatial changes Not stable grade of service per cell in an interference cell group High forced call termination probability Suitable for large cell environment Low flexibility DCA Performs better under light/moderate traffic Flexible channel allocation Not always maximum channel reusability Insensitive to time and time spatial changes Stable grade of service per cell in an interference cell group Low to moderate forced call termination probability Suitable in microcellular environment High flexibility
84 Comparison between FCA and DCA FCA Radio equipment covers all channels assigned to the cell Independent channel control Low computational effort Low call set up delay Low implementation complexity Complex, labor intensive frequency planning Low signaling load Centralized control DCA Radio equipment covers the temporary channel assigned to the cell Fully centralized to fully distributed control dependent on the scheme High computational effort Moderate to high call set up delay Moderate to high implementation complexity No frequency planning Moderate to high signaling load Centralized, distributed control depending on the scheme
85 Other Channel Allocation Schemes Based on different criterion being used as a potential way of optimizing the performance, many other channel allocation schemes have been suggested. Hybrid Channel Allocation (HCA) Flexible Channel Allocation (FCA) Handoff Channel Allocation (HCA)
86 References 1. Wireless communication and networks william stallings, Pearson education,
Cellular Wireless Networks and GSM Architecture. S.M. Riazul Islam, PhD
Cellular Wireless Networks and GSM Architecture S.M. Riazul Islam, PhD Desirable Features More Capacity Less Power Larger Coverage Cellular Network Organization Multiple low power transmitters 100w or
More informationLecture #6 Basic Concepts of Cellular Transmission (p3)
November 2014 Integrated Technical Education Cluster At AlAmeeria E-716-A Mobile Communications Systems Lecture #6 Basic Concepts of Cellular Transmission (p3) Instructor: Dr. Ahmad El-Banna Agenda Duplexing
More informationData and Computer Communications. Chapter 10 Cellular Wireless Networks
Data and Computer Communications Chapter 10 Cellular Wireless Networks Cellular Wireless Networks 5 PSTN Switch Mobile Telecomm Switching Office (MTSO) 3 4 2 1 Base Station 0 2016-08-30 2 Cellular Wireless
More informationETI2511-WIRELESS COMMUNICATION II HANDOUT I 1.0 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
ETI2511-WIRELESS COMMUNICATION II HANDOUT I 1.0 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION 1.0 Introduction The substitution of a single high power Base Transmitter Stations (BTS) by several low BTSs to support
More informationCHAPTER 2. Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication ( )
CHAPTER 2 Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication (2170710) Syllabus Chapter-2.1 Cellular Wireless Networks 2.1.1 Principles of Cellular Networks Underlying technology
More informationChapter 8 Traffic Channel Allocation
Chapter 8 Traffic Channel Allocation Prof. Chih-Cheng Tseng tsengcc@niu.edu.tw http://wcnlab.niu.edu.tw EE of NIU Chih-Cheng Tseng 1 Introduction What is channel allocation? It covers how a BS should assign
More informationData and Computer Communications
Data and Computer Communications Chapter 14 Cellular Wireless Networks Eighth Edition by William Stallings Cellular Wireless Networks key technology for mobiles, wireless nets etc developed to increase
More informationData and Computer Communications. Tenth Edition by William Stallings
Data and Computer Communications Tenth Edition by William Stallings Data and Computer Communications, Tenth Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson Education - 2013 CHAPTER 10 Cellular Wireless Network
More informationSEN366 (SEN374) (Introduction to) Computer Networks
SEN366 (SEN374) (Introduction to) Computer Networks Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (8 th Week) Cellular Wireless Network 8.Outline Principles of Cellular Networks Cellular Network Generations LTE-Advanced
More informationUnit-1 The Cellular Concept
Unit-1 The Cellular Concept 1.1 Introduction to Cellular Systems Solves the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity. Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum without major technological
More informationCellular Network. Ir. Muhamad Asvial, MSc., PhD
Cellular Network Ir. Muhamad Asvial, MSc., PhD Center for Information and Communication Engineering Research (CICER) Electrical Engineering Department - University of Indonesia E-mail: asvial@ee.ui.ac.id
More informationCellular Wireless Networks. Chapter 10
Cellular Wireless Networks Chapter 10 Cellular Network Organization Use multiple low-power transmitters (100 W or less) Areas divided into cells Each cell is served by base station consisting of transmitter,
More informationWireless WANS and MANS. Chapter 3
Wireless WANS and MANS Chapter 3 Cellular Network Concept Use multiple low-power transmitters (100 W or less) Areas divided into cells Each served by its own antenna Served by base station consisting of
More informationCellular Wireless Networks. Chapter 10 in Stallings 10 th Edition
Cellular Wireless Networks Chapter 10 in Stallings 10 th Edition CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 1 Principles of Cellular Networks Ø Developed to increase the capacity available for mobile radio telephone service
More informationGSM FREQUENCY PLANNING
GSM FREQUENCY PLANNING PROJECT NUMBER: PRJ070 BY NAME: MUTONGA JACKSON WAMBUA REG NO.: F17/2098/2004 SUPERVISOR: DR. CYRUS WEKESA EXAMINER: DR. MAURICE MANG OLI Introduction GSM is a cellular mobile network
More informationChapter 1 Introduction to Mobile Computing (16 M)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Mobile Computing (16 M) 1.1 Introduction to Mobile Computing- Mobile Computing Functions, Mobile Computing Devices, Mobile Computing Architecture, Evolution of Wireless Technology.
More information2018/5/23. YU Xiangyu
2018/5/23 YU Xiangyu yuxy@scut.edu.cn Structure of Mobile Communication System Cell Handover/Handoff Roaming Mobile Telephone Switching Office Public Switched Telephone Network Tomasi Advanced Electronic
More informationChapter 3: Cellular concept
Chapter 3: Cellular concept Introduction to cellular concept: The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity. It offered very high capacity
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 3: Cellular Fundamentals
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2004 Lecture 3: Cellular Fundamentals Chapter 3 - The Cellular Concept - System Design Fundamentals I. Introduction Goals of a Cellular System
More information2016/10/14. YU Xiangyu
2016/10/14 YU Xiangyu yuxy@scut.edu.cn Structure of Mobile Communication System Cell Handover/Handoff Roaming Mobile Telephone Switching Office Public Switched Telephone Network Tomasi Advanced Electronic
More informationCHAPTER4 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS
CHAPTER4 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS These slides are made available to faculty in PowerPoint form. Slides can be freely added, modified, and deleted to suit student needs. They represent substantial work
More informationCMC VIDYA SAGAR P. UNIT IV FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT Numbering and grouping, Setup access and paging
UNIT IV FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT Numbering and grouping, Setup access and paging channels, Channel assignments to cell sites and mobile units, Channel sharing and barrowing, sectorization,
More informationWireless Cellular Networks. Base Station - Mobile Network
Wireless Cellular Networks introduction frequency reuse channel assignment strategies techniques to increase capacity handoff cellular standards 1 Base Station - Mobile Network RCC RVC FVC FCC Forward
More informationGTBIT ECE Department Wireless Communication
Q-1 What is Simulcast Paging system? Ans-1 A Simulcast Paging system refers to a system where coverage is continuous over a geographic area serviced by more than one paging transmitter. In this type of
More informationThe Cellular Concept. History of Communication. Frequency Planning. Coverage & Capacity
The Cellular Concept History of Communication Frequency Planning Coverage & Capacity Engr. Mian Shahzad Iqbal Lecturer Department of Telecommunication Engineering Before GSM: Mobile Telephony Mile stones
More information03_57_104_final.fm Page 97 Tuesday, December 4, :17 PM. Problems Problems
03_57_104_final.fm Page 97 Tuesday, December 4, 2001 2:17 PM Problems 97 3.9 Problems 3.1 Prove that for a hexagonal geometry, the co-channel reuse ratio is given by Q = 3N, where N = i 2 + ij + j 2. Hint:
More informationEKT 450 Mobile Communication System
EKT 450 Mobile Communication System Chapter 6: The Cellular Concept Dr. Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi School of Computer and Communication Engineering azremi@unimap.edu.my 1 Introduction Introduction to Cellular
More informationA Glimps at Cellular Mobile Radio Communications. Dr. Erhan A. İnce
A Glimps at Cellular Mobile Radio Communications Dr. Erhan A. İnce 28.03.2012 CELLULAR Cellular refers to communications systems that divide a geographic region into sections, called cells. The purpose
More informationSurvey of Call Blocking Probability Reducing Techniques in Cellular Network
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012 1 Survey of Call Blocking Probability Reducing Techniques in Cellular Network Mrs.Mahalungkar Seema Pankaj
More informationLECTURE 12. Deployment and Traffic Engineering
1 LECTURE 12 Deployment and Traffic Engineering Cellular Concept 2 Proposed by Bell Labs in 1971 Geographic Service divided into smaller cells Neighboring cells do not use same set of frequencies to prevent
More informationMobile & Wireless Networking. Lecture 4: Cellular Concepts & Dealing with Mobility. [Reader, Part 3 & 4]
192620010 Mobile & Wireless Networking Lecture 4: Cellular Concepts & Dealing with Mobility [Reader, Part 3 & 4] Geert Heijenk Outline of Lecture 4 Cellular Concepts q Introduction q Cell layout q Interference
More informationWireless Communications Principles and Practice 2 nd Edition Prentice-Hall. By Theodore S. Rappaport
Wireless Communications Principles and Practice 2 nd Edition Prentice-Hall By Theodore S. Rappaport Chapter 3 The Cellular Concept- System Design Fundamentals 3.1 Introduction January, 2004 Spring 2011
More informationCHAPTER 19 CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS # DEFINITION TERMS
CHAPTER 19 CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS # DEFINITION TERMS 1) The term for mobile telephone services which began in 1940s and are sometimes called Manual telephone systems. Mobile Telephone Manual System
More information2.4 OPERATION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR SYSTEMS 41 a no-traffic spot in a city. In this case, no automotive ignition noise is involved, and no cochannel operation is in the proximity of the idle-channel receiver. We
More informationChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1Motivation The past five decades have seen surprising progress in computing and communication technologies that were stimulated by the presence of cheaper, faster, more reliable
More informationDISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION ALGORITHM FOR CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORK
DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION ALGORITHM FOR CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORK 1 Megha Gupta, 2 A.K. Sachan 1 Research scholar, Deptt. of computer Sc. & Engg. S.A.T.I. VIDISHA (M.P) INDIA. 2 Asst. professor,
More informationChapter- 5. Performance Evaluation of Conventional Handoff
Chapter- 5 Performance Evaluation of Conventional Handoff Chapter Overview This chapter immensely compares the different mobile phone technologies (GSM, UMTS and CDMA). It also presents the related results
More informationSLIDE #2.1. MOBILE COMPUTING NIT Agartala, Dept of CSE Jan-May,2012. ALAK ROY. Assistant Professor Dept. of CSE NIT Agartala
Mobile Cellular Systems SLIDE #2.1 MOBILE COMPUTING NIT Agartala, Dept of CSE Jan-May,2012 ALAK ROY. Assistant Professor Dept. of CSE NIT Agartala Email-alakroy.nerist@gmail.com What we will learn in this
More informationMOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (650520) Part 3
Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Communication and Electronics Engineering MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (650520) Part 3 Dr. Omar R Daoud 1 Trunking and Grade Services Trunking: A means for providing
More informationUNIT-II 1. Explain the concept of frequency reuse channels. Answer:
UNIT-II 1. Explain the concept of frequency reuse channels. Concept of Frequency Reuse Channels: A radio channel consists of a pair of frequencies one for each direction of transmission that is used for
More informationEENG473 Mobile Communications Module 2 : Week # (8) The Cellular Concept System Design Fundamentals
EENG473 Mobile Communications Module 2 : Week # (8) The Cellular Concept System Design Fundamentals Improving Capacity in Cellular Systems Cellular design techniques are needed to provide more channels
More informationECS 445: Mobile Communications The Cellular Concept
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology ECS 445: Mobile Communications The Cellular Concept Prapun Suksompong,
More informationUNIT- 3. Introduction. The cellular advantage. Cellular hierarchy
UNIT- 3 Introduction Capacity expansion techniques include the splitting or sectoring of cells and the overlay of smaller cell clusters over larger clusters as demand and technology increases. The cellular
More informationIntroduction to Wireless and Mobile Networking. Hung-Yu Wei g National Taiwan University
Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Networking Lecture 3: Multiplexing, Multiple Access, and Frequency Reuse Hung-Yu Wei g National Taiwan University Multiplexing/Multiple Access Multiplexing Multiplexing
More informationCHAPTER 13 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS
CHAPTER 13 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS These slides are made available to faculty in PowerPoint form. Slides can be freely added, modified, and deleted to suit student needs. They represent substantial
More information3.1. Historical Overview. Citizens` Band Radio Cordless Telephones Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
III. Cellular Radio Historical Overview Introduction to the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) AMPS Control System Security and Privacy Cellular Telephone Specifications and Operation 3.1. Historical
More information3.6. Cell-Site Equipment. Traffic and Cell Splitting Microcells, Picocelles and Repeaters
3.6. Cell-Site Equipment Traffic and Cell Splitting Microcells, Picocelles and Repeaters The radio transmitting equipment at the cell site operates at considerably higher power than do the mobile phones,
More informationUnit 2: Mobile Communication Systems Lecture 8, 9: Performance Improvement Techniques in Cellular Systems. Today s Lecture: Outline
Unit 2: Mobile Communication Systems Lecture 8, 9: Performance Improvement Techniques in Cellular Systems Today s Lecture: Outline Handover & Roaming Hard and Soft Handover Power Control Cell Splitting
More informationChapter 1 Introduction to Mobile Computing
Chapter 1 Introduction to Mobile Computing 1.1 Introduction to Mobile Computing- Mobile Computing Functions, Mobile Computing Devices, Mobile Computing Architecture, Evolution of Wireless Technology. 1.2
More informationM Y R E V E A L - C E L L U L A R
M Y R E V E A L - C E L L U L A R The hexagon cell shape If we have two BTSs with omniantennas and we require that the border between the coverage area of each BTS is the set of points where the signal
More informationLevel 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Wireless and mobile communications
9210-119 Level 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Wireless and mobile communications Sample Paper You should have the following for this examination one answer book non-programmable calculator pen, pencil,
More informationPage 1. Problems with 1G Systems. Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) EEC173B/ECS152C, Spring Cellular Wireless Network
EEC173B/ECS152C, Spring 2009 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) Cellular Wireless Network Architecture and Protocols Applying concepts learned in first two weeks: Frequency planning, channel allocation
More informationEEG473 Mobile Communications Module 2 : Week # (6) The Cellular Concept System Design Fundamentals
EEG473 Mobile Communications Module 2 : Week # (6) The Cellular Concept System Design Fundamentals Interference and System Capacity Interference is the major limiting factor in the performance of cellular
More informationMobile Wireless Communications - Overview
S. R. Zinka srinivasa_zinka@daiict.ac.in October 16, 2014 First of all... Which frequencies we can use for wireless communications? Atmospheric Attenuation of EM Waves 100 % Gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet
More informationCellular Radio Systems Department of Electronics and IT Media Engineering
Mobile 미디어 IT 기술 Cellular Radio Systems Department of Electronics and IT Media Engineering 1 Contents 1. Cellular Network Systems Overview of cellular network system Pros and Cons Terminologies: Handover,
More informationChapter 3 Ahmad Bilal ahmadbilal.webs.com
Chapter 3 A Quick Recap We learned about cell and reuse factor. We looked at traffic capacity We looked at different Earling Formulas We looked at channel strategies We had a look at Handoff Interference
More informationSNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING COIMBATORE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK
SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING COIMBATORE 641107 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK EC6801 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION UNIT-I WIRELESS CHANNELS PART-A 1. What is propagation model? 2. What are the
More informationWireless Network Pricing Chapter 2: Wireless Communications Basics
Wireless Network Pricing Chapter 2: Wireless Communications Basics Jianwei Huang & Lin Gao Network Communications and Economics Lab (NCEL) Information Engineering Department The Chinese University of Hong
More informationCS 218 Fall 2003 October 23, 2003
CS 218 Fall 2003 October 23, 2003 Cellular Wireless Networks AMPS (Analog) D-AMPS (TDMA) GSM CDMA Reference: Tanenbaum Chpt 2 (pg 153-169) Cellular Wireless Network Evolution First Generation: Analog AMPS:
More informationCollege of Engineering
WiFi and WCDMA Network Design Robert Akl, D.Sc. College of Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering Outline WiFi Access point selection Traffic balancing Multi-Cell WCDMA with Multiple
More informationMobile Radio Systems (Wireless Communications)
Mobile Radio Systems (Wireless Communications) Klaus Witrisal witrisal@tugraz.at Signal Processing and Speech Communication Lab, TU Graz Lecture 1 WS2015/16 (6 October 2016) Key Topics of this Lecture
More informationEfficient Scheme for Dynamic Channel Allocation Using Intelligent Agent in Mobile Communication
Efficient Scheme for Dynamic Channel Allocation Using Intelligent Agent in Mobile Communication Swati M. Khandare 1, R. R. Sedamkar 2 1 Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, University
More information1. Classify the mobile radio transmission systems. Simplex & Duplex. 2. State example for a half duplex system. Push to talk and release to listen.
1. Classify the mobile radio transmission systems. Simplex & Duplex. 2. State example for a half duplex system. Push to talk and release to listen. 3. State example for a Simplex system. Pager. 4. State
More informationCellular Concept. Cell structure
Cellular Concept Dr Yousef Dama Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology An-Najah National University 2014-2015 Mobile communications Lecture Notes, prepared by Dr Yousef Dama, An-Najah National
More informationUNIT - 1 [INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS] OLUTION OF MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION
i CONTENTS UNIT - 1 [INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS]... 1.1-1.26 1.1 INTRODUCTION... 1.2 1.2 EVOL OLUTION OF MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION... 1.2 1.3 EXAMPLES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS...
More informationWireless Transmission & Media Access
Wireless Transmission & Media Access Signals and Signal Propagation Multiplexing Modulation Media Access 1 Significant parts of slides are based on original material by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller,
More informationCS6956: Wireless and Mobile Networks Lecture Notes: 3/23/2015
CS6956: Wireless and Mobile Networks Lecture Notes: 3/23/2015 GSM Global System for Mobile Communications (reference From GSM to LET by Martin Sauter) There were ~3 billion GSM users in 2010. GSM Voice
More informationChapter 14. Cellular Wireless Networks
Chapter 14 Cellular Wireless Networks Evolu&on of Wireless Communica&ons 1901 Marconi: Trans-Atlantic wireless transmission 1906 Fessenden: first radio broadcast (AM) 1921 Detroit Police Dept wireless
More informationPage 1. Overview : Wireless Networks Lecture 7: Cellular Networks. The advent of cellular networks. The cellular network design.
Overview 18-759: Wireless Networks Lecture 7: Cellular Networks Dina Papagiannaki & Peter Steenkiste Departments of Computer Science an Electrical an Computer Engineering Spring Semester 2009 http://www.cs.cmu.eu/~prs/wireless09/
More informationUnit 4 - Cellular System Design, Capacity, Handoff, and Outage
Unit 4 - Cellular System Design, Capacity, Handoff, and Outage Course outline How to access the portal Assignment. Overview of Cellular Evolution and Wireless Technologies Wireless Propagation and Cellular
More informationGSM and Similar Architectures Lesson 04 GSM Base station system and Base Station Controller
GSM and Similar Architectures Lesson 04 GSM Base station system and Base Station Controller 1 GSM network architecture Radio subsystem (RSS) Network subsystem (NSS) Operation subsystem (OSS) 2 RSS Consists
More informationUnit V. Multi-User Radio Communication
Unit V Multi-User Radio Communication ADVANCED MOBILE PONE SERVICE (AMPS) 1906: 1 st radio transmission of Human voice. What s the medium? Used an RC circuit to modulate a carrier frequency that radiated
More informationCellular Concept MSC. Wireless Communications, CIIT Islamabad. Cellular Concept
Cellular Concept Course Instructor: Dr. Syed Junaid Nawaz Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of IT, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: junaidnawaz@ieee.org Courtesy of: Prof.
More informationUCS-805 MOBILE COMPUTING NIT Agartala, Dept of CSE Jan-May,2011
Location Management for Mobile Cellular Systems SLIDE #3 UCS-805 MOBILE COMPUTING NIT Agartala, Dept of CSE Jan-May,2011 ALAK ROY. Assistant Professor Dept. of CSE NIT Agartala Email-alakroy.nerist@gmail.com
More informationCCAP: A Strategic Tool for Managing Capacity of CDMA Networks
CCAP: A Strategic Tool for Managing Capacity of CDMA Networks Teleware Co. Ltd. in cooperation with Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA What is CCAP Graphical interactive tool for CDMA Calculates
More informationOutline / Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 18: Cellular: 1G, 2G, and 3G. Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
Outline 18-452/18-750 Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 18: Cellular: 1G, 2G, and 3G 1G: AMPS 2G: GSM 2.5G: EDGE, CDMA 3G: WCDMA Peter Steenkiste Spring Semester 2017 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelesss17
More informationCHAPTER 2 WIRELESS CHANNEL
CHAPTER 2 WIRELESS CHANNEL 2.1 INTRODUCTION In mobile radio channel there is certain fundamental limitation on the performance of wireless communication system. There are many obstructions between transmitter
More informationRedline Communications Inc. Combining Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Networks Supporting the Advanced Communication Services of Tomorrow.
Redline Communications Inc. Combining Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Networks Supporting the Advanced Communication Services of Tomorrow WiMAX Whitepaper Author: Frank Rayal, Redline Communications Inc. Redline
More informationAntennas and Propagation
CMPE 477 Wireless and Mobile Networks Lecture 3: Antennas and Propagation Antennas Propagation Modes Line of Sight Transmission Fading in the Mobile Environment Introduction An antenna is an electrical
More informationChapter 2 Overview. Duplexing, Multiple Access - 1 -
Chapter 2 Overview Part 1 (2 weeks ago) Digital Transmission System Frequencies, Spectrum Allocation Radio Propagation and Radio Channels Part 2 (last week) Modulation, Coding, Error Correction Part 3
More information(8+8) 6. (a) Explain the following in detail concern to the mobile system?
SET - 1 1. (a) Explain the operation of the cellular system? (b) Discuss analog cellular systems (AMPS) in detail? 2. (a) What is meant by frequency reuse? Explain various frequency reuse schemes and find
More informationThe Cellular Concept System Design Fundamentals
Wireless Information Transmission System Lab. The Cellular Concept System Design Fundamentals Institute of Communications Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University Table of Contents Frequency Reuse Channel
More informationMOBILE COMPUTING 4/8/18. Basic Call. Public Switched Telephone Network - PSTN. CSE 40814/60814 Spring Transit. switch. Transit. Transit.
MOBILE COMPUTING CSE 40814/60814 Spring 2018 Public Switched Telephone Network - PSTN Transit switch Transit switch Long distance network Transit switch Local switch Outgoing call Incoming call Local switch
More informationECE 5325/6325: Wireless Communication Systems Lecture Notes, Spring 2010
ECE 5325/6325: Wireless Communication Systems Lecture Notes, Spring 2010 Lecture 2 Today: (1) Frequency Reuse, (2) Handoff Reading for today s lecture: 3.2-3.5 Reading for next lecture: Rap 3.6 HW 1 will
More informationFigure 1.1:- Representation of a transmitter s Cell
Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com Study on Improving
More informationChapter 1 Basic concepts of wireless data networks (cont d.)
Chapter 1 Basic concepts of wireless data networks (cont d.) Part 4: Wireless network operations Oct 6 2004 1 Mobility management Consists of location management and handoff management Location management
More informationFirst Generation Systems
Intersystem Operation and Mobility Management David Tipper Associate Professor Graduate Program in Telecommunications and Networking University of Pittsburgh Telcom 2720 Slides 6 http://www.tele.pitt.edu/tipper.html
More informationCDMA Key Technology. ZTE Corporation CDMA Division
CDMA Key Technology ZTE Corporation CDMA Division CDMA Key Technology Spread Spectrum Communication Code Division Multiple Access Power Control Diversity Soft Handoff Rake Receiver Variable Rate Vocoder
More informationWireless and Mobile Network Architecture. Outline. Introduction. Cont. Chapter 1: Introduction
Wireless and Mobile Network Architecture Chapter 1: Introduction Prof. Yuh-Shyan Chen Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taipei University Sep. 2006 Outline Introduction
More informationIntersystem Operation and Mobility Management. First Generation Systems
Intersystem Operation and Mobility Management David Tipper Associate Professor Graduate Program in Telecommunications and Networking University of Pittsburgh Telcom 2700 Slides 6 http://www.tele.pitt.edu/tipper.html
More informationAntennas and Propagation
Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic
More informationWireless and Mobile Network Architecture
Wireless and Mobile Network Architecture Chapter 1: Introduction Prof. Yuh-Shyan Chen Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taipei University Sep. 2006 1 Outline Introduction
More informationMedium Access Control. Wireless Networks: Guevara Noubir. Slides adapted from Mobile Communications by J. Schiller
Wireless Networks: Medium Access Control Guevara Noubir Slides adapted from Mobile Communications by J. Schiller S200, COM3525 Wireless Networks Lecture 4, Motivation Can we apply media access methods
More informationWireless CommuniCation. unit 5
Wireless CommuniCation unit 5 V. ADVANCED TRANSCEIVER SCHEMES Spread Spectrum Systems- Cellular Code Division Multiple Access Systems- Principle, Power control, Effects of multipath propagation on Code
More informationMobile Communication Systems
Mobile Communication Systems Part II- Cellular Concept Professor Z Ghassemlooy Faculty of Engineering and Environment University of Northumbria U.K. http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/ Content Introduction
More information6 Uplink is from the mobile to the base station.
It is well known that by using the directional properties of adaptive arrays, the interference from multiple users operating on the same channel as the desired user in a time division multiple access (TDMA)
More informationS Radio Network planning. Tentative schedule & contents
S-7.70 Radio Network planning Lecturer: Prof. Riku Jäntti Assistant: M.Sc. Mika Husso Tentative schedule & contents Week Lecture Exercise. Introduction: Radio network planning process No exercise 4. Capacity
More informationCh3. The Cellular Concept Systems Design Fundamentals. From Rappaport s book
Ch3. The Cellular Concept Systems Design Fundamentals. From Rappaport s book Instructor: Mohammed Taha O. El Astal LOGO Early mobile systems The objective was to achieve a large coverage area by using
More informationPerformances Analysis of Different Channel Allocation Schemes for Personal Mobile Communication Networks
Performances Analysis of Different Channel Allocation Schemes for Personal Mobile Communication Networks 1 GABRIEL SIRBU, ION BOGDAN 1 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., Telecommunications Dept.
More informationAccess Methods and Spectral Efficiency
Access Methods and Spectral Efficiency Yousef Dama An-Najah National University Mobile Communications Access methods SDMA/FDMA/TDMA SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) segment space into sectors, use
More information