Signal Integrity Testing with a Vector Network Analyzer. Neil Jarvis Applications Engineer
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1 Signal Integrity Testing with a Vector Network Analyzer Neil Jarvis Applications Engineer 1
2 Agenda RF Connectors A significant factor in repeatability and accuracy Selecting the best of several types for application Compatibility Connectors are consumables limited lifetime VNA What is a Vector Network Analyzer? How will a VNA help with Signal Integrity? Calibrating and (De)Embedding What is TDR? The VNA approach to TDR damaged connectors are costly proper care maximizes lifetime
3 Connector Considerations A significant factor in repeatability and accuracy Selecting the best of several types for application Compatibility Connectors are consumables o o o limited lifetime damaged connectors are costly proper care maximizes lifetime
4 Amplitude and Phase Error from VSWR ε A = 20 * log (1 ± Γ A * Γ B ) db ε Φ = (180 / π) * Γ A * Γ B
5 Performance of a standard type-n connector
6 Performance of a mated pair SMA vs. 3.5 mm -Introduction -Detailed Views -RF Connector Types -Connector Grades -Comparison of SMA and 3.5mm -Connector Summary -Cleaning
7 Mating SMA with 3.5 mm 1.15 SMA/SMA Conventional Mated Pair 1.10 SWR 3.5mm/SMA Conventional Junction mm Mated Pair FREQUENCY in GHz
8 Performance of a mated pair 2.92 mm vs. 3.5 mm
9 Typical Connector Cross Section Male Female Center Conductor Outer Conductor
10 Outer Conductors Outer conductor mating surfaces define measurement reference plane
11 Center Conductors
12 Slotted Female Center
13 Slotless Female Center Conductor
14 Connector Grades Metrology Instrument Production (Field)
15 Metrology Grade Used on calibration standards Highest performance slotless contacts Tightest tolerances Air dielectric interface Long life Highest cost
16 Instrument Grade Used for test ports Economy calibration kits Good performance Tight tolerances Dielectric supported interface Long life
17 Production (Field) Grade Systems and device connector Low performance Loose tolerances Dielectric supported interface Limited number of connections Lowest Cost Always Inspect Before Connecting
18 Connector Examples Male Female Male Female Type F BNC SMC APC 7 SMA 3.5 mm 2.92 mm or K Type N 2.4 mm
19 3.5 mm Connectors
20 3.5mm Connector Detail OUTER CONDUCTOR MATING PLANE C MP OUTER CONDUCTOR MATING PLANE FP B C A D d dm A D d
21 SMA Connectors
22 Coaxial Connectors Operating Frequency
23 Connector Torque Limits
24 Connector Compatibility 3.5mm and 2.92mm connectors will mate, but have mismatch SMA will mate with 3.5mm and 2.92mm Be careful with low quality SMA male connectors pin on high side of tolerance range can damage precision 3.5 / 2.92 female 2.4mm and 1.85mm connectors will mate, but have mismatch
25 Cleaning Apply a mild blast of dry compressed air or Nitrogen Use the minimum amount of pure alcohol Use lint-free cleaning tools (swab or brush) Do not use acetone, methanol, or CFCs (Freon).
26 Further Reading. lresources: lhttp:// clubs/anamet/connector_guide.pdf
27 Agenda RF Connectors A significant factor in repeatability and accuracy Selecting the best of several types for application Compatibility Connectors are consumables limited lifetime VNA What is a Vector Network Analyzer? How will a VNA help with Signal Integrity? Calibrating and (De)Embedding What is TDR? The VNA approach to TDR damaged connectors are costly proper care maximizes lifetime
28 Why use Vector Network Analysis? Very low level signals can be measured more accurately with narrow bandwidths Can measure very fast Rise Times The 4-port, single-ended S parameters have become a de-facto standard for describing the electrical properties of any 4-port interconnect. ı For example, IEEE P802.3ap Task Force uses measured S-parameters as test cases[9] for proposed solutions to the problem of 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over backplanes. What are the numbers in S.. o the first index being the going out port o the second index is the coming in port. o Example: Gain or Loss of Device is S21 28
29 What are we Actually Measuring? A network analyzer is an instrument that measures the network parameters of electrical networks Network analyzers commonly measure s parameters because reflection and transmission of electrical networks are easy to measure at high frequencies Measures Amplitude and Phase into and out of each DUT port 29
30 Typical Device Behaviour Incident Reflected Device Transmitted
31 Transmission Line Model
32 Signals are Complex Quantities Vector Representation Phase Vector Ratios :
33 Calibration and Reference Plane Defines Measurement Reference Linear Magnitude = 1.0 (0 db) Phase = 0 Degrees (Reflection and Transmission) Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Reference Plane Port 2 Reference Plane Establishes Characteristic Impedance, Z 0
34 What is a Vector Network Analyzer? A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is an instrument that measures the amplitude and phase of an electrical network A VNA typically displays S-parameter. ZNB ZVA
35 What is a Vector Network Analyzer? PROCESSOR / DISPLAY INCIDENT (R) b 1 b 2 SIGNAL SEPARATION a 1 a 2 Port 1 Incident Transmitted Port 2 Reflected
36 What is a Vector Network Analyzer? Dual Directional Coupler Directivity is a measure of how well a coupler can separate signals moving in opposite directions b a (desired reflected signal) Test port (undesired leakage signal) Directional Coupler
37 What is a Vector Network Analyzer? Each port of a VNA contains a stimulus along with forward and reverse measurement Meas. Receiver b Reflectometer Ref. Receiver a PORT Typical Measurement example: Stimulate Port 1 Port 1 Port 2 Incident ( a1 receiver) Reflected ( b1 receiver) DUT Transmitted ( b2 receiver)
38 What is a Vector Network Analyzer? S-Parameters of a 2 port network P in P in-refl P out P rev-refl P rev S 11 (b 1 /a 1 ) Forward reflection coefficient (input match, return loss, VSWR) S 21 (b 2 /a 1 ) Forward transmission coefficient (gain or loss) S 12 (b 1 /a 2 ) Reverse transmission coefficient (reverse isolation) S 22 (b 2 /a 2 ) Reverse reflection coefficient (output match, return loss, VSWR)
39 What is a Vector Network Analyzer? Port 1 Port 2 Incident ( a1 receiver) Reflected ( b1 receiver) DUT Transmitted ( b2 receiver) REFLECTION TRANSMISSION Reflected Incident = b1 a1 Transmitted Incident = b2 a1 Standing Wave Ratio SWR S-Parameters S 11, S 22 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss Impedance, Admittance R+jX, G+jB Gain / Loss S-Parameters S 21, S 12 Transmission Coefficient, Insertion Phase Group Delay
40 Measuring the Step Response In practice, it is easier to generate a step response as compared to an impulse response Implementation of a TDR measuring device is shown below: This device can measure the measure the Reflected Step and Impulse responses, Г Θ (t) and Г h (t) respectively
41 Impulse and Step Response Examples Impulse SHORT Impulse Step OPEN Step
42 The VNA approach to TDR The VNA measures in the Frequency domain In many instances, the process of converting to the Frequency Domain, performing the analysis, and then converting back to the Time Domain is easier. It is often times advantageous to measure in the Frequency Domain instead of the Time Domain in order to get the Impulse Response. Applying the Inverse Fourier Transform converts the frequency response to the time domain. Advantages: Higher Dynamic Range: Lower instantaneous BW required, than a time domain measurement Analog to Digital Converter in the Time Domain measurement limits the frequency response.
43 Applications of TDR Examination of faults in transmission lines RF imaging for nondestructive evaluation Separation of echo from the wanted signal in case of multipath propagation Moving the reference plane across unknown irregularities
44 Measurements with VNAs on Cables Classical VNA measurements S-parameters Transmission, Reflection, cross coupling Fext, Next Group delay Electrical length TDR measurements Fault Location Rise Time Skew (interpair and intrapair) Impedance Quality of connectors
45 Relationship between Frequency Domain and Time Domain Inverse Fouriertransformation f 2f 3f 4f 5f 6f 7f freq Fouriertransformation time
46 Examples for Rise Times and Resolution ZNB 8: 60 ps ZVA20: 25 ps ZVA40: 13 ps
47 Time Domain Measurements Fault Location Skew Impedance vs Distance Gating Connector, Junction or Solder Charecteristics Resolution Enhancement
48 Time Domain Measurement Results Board: Micro stripe Line, Length of the Line: 49mm, Er ~ 3, SMA Connector and FarEnd SMA connector: Open Low Pass Impulse Response: 1 Reflection SMA connector 2 Reflection SMA connector To PCB 4 3 Reflection PCB to SMA connector 4 Reflection SMA connector (OPEN) 1 2 3
49 Time Domain and Frequency Domain l Impedance l Insertion Loss Cables can be verified by using the best suitable Domain (time domain and/or frequency domain)
50 Measurement of a Connector with Time Domain Gating functionality can be used to suppress unwanted reflections Gated time domain measurements can be re transformed into frequency domain Typical application o Test of the quality of a cable connector
51 Test of the Quality of a Connector Problem o Test the quality of a connector soldered to a cable o The other end of the cable has no connector at the other end to solder it directly to a module Solution o Isolate the connector by gating o Measurement of the gated S11
52 Time Gating Frequency Domain Analysis does not always provide insightful analysis of devices with multiple reflections - > Time Domain Reflectometry can provide this Example below of Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain measurements: Which is easier to interpret?? OR 52
53 Time Gating (con t)
54 Result S11 with perfectly matched Port 2
55 Reslution and Resolution Enhancement Factor 3,50E-01 3,00E-01 ZVA: Start: 10 MHz - 20 GHz ZNB: Start 10 MHz - 8 GHz, REF: 2.5 fstep: 10 MHz 2,50E-01 Reflection Factor [U] 2,00E-01 1,50E-01 1,00E-01 5,00E-02 0,00E+00-2,00E-09 0,00E+00 2,00E-09 4,00E-09 6,00E-09 8,00E-09 1,00E-08 1,20E-08 time [ns] ZVA: 1 GHz - 20 GHz ZNB: 1 GHz - 8 GHz REF: 2.5
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