OPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626

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1 OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626

2 Announcements Homework #2 is due Feb. 12 Mid-term exam will be on Feb. 28 No class Monday Feb. 26 Pre-record lecture Friday Feb. 23 at 2PM Discussion of guided wave optics starts today continues for a few weeks Classical optics Guided wave optics Lasers and detectors

3 Guided-wave optics Introduction Overview of guided-wave devices Planar waveguides Optical fibers Integrated optical devices Compact lasers High power fiber lasers Planar mirror waveguides Waveguide modes Dispersion relation

4 Introduction Light goes in a straight path after each optical element. Can we make light to follow a curved path?

5 Introduction Electron can follow curved paths! Integrated circuit

6 Yes, light can be bent! John Tyndall demonstrated light guiding by total internal reflection in the 1800s. Tyndall Box Can we create integrated circuits for photons?

7 Devices that curve light

8 Why guided wave optics? Propagate light over long distances without the need for lenses Escape the slavery of diffraction Take advantage of semiconductor manufacturing processes to determine dimensions and designs Enable unique devices impossible to make in other ways (arrayed waveguide grating) Drive the size of photonics down dramatically (compact silicon photonics devices)

9 Why guided wave optics? Ti:sa femtosecond laser Femtosecond fiber laser

10 Important trends Integrated optical circuits: combination of multiple optical functions on a single substrate Functions include splitting, filtering, switching, modulating, isolating, coupling (general passive functions), generation (lasers) and detection Monolithic integration a single material is used Hybrid integration multiple materials are used that perform different functions Optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC) Includes both integrated optical circuits and conventional electronic circuits on the same substrate Generally limited to semiconductor substrate materials High refractive indices create the potential for ultracompact circuitry Increasing need for optical interconnections between and within computers

11 Waveguides Optical fibers Waveguide and ring resonator Silicon photonics chip Optoelectronics chip

12 Why is it important? Data transmission bottleneck Credit: A. Scherer

13 Why is it important? 100x Power Trends in Communication Networks-JSTQE VOL. 17, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2011

14 Energy saving Picture of a data center

15 Energy saving Inside a Google data center

16 Energy saving Inside a Google data center

17 Energy saving Microsoft is experimenting with underwater data centers Source: The Verge

18 Energy saving From Prof. J. Bower

19 Energy saving From Prof. J. Bower

20 Overview of waveguide devices Optical fibers Planar waveguides Integrated optical devices Compact lasers High power fiber lasers

21 Working principles Reflection from mirrors Total internal reflection Photonics bandgap

22 Waveguide geometries Slab waveguide Channel waveguide Cylindrical waveguide optical fiber Photonics crystals

23 Light-guiding with optical fibers Optical fiber around the globe Source: Fortune

Light-guiding with optical fibers Brief history 1841: Daniel Colladon demonstrates light guiding in jet of water Geneva 1842: Jacques Babinet reports light guiding in water jets and bent glass rods

24 Light-guiding with optical fibers Brief history 1841: Daniel Colladon demonstrates light guiding in jet of water Geneva 1842: Jacques Babinet reports light guiding in water jets and bent glass rods Paris 1880: William Wheeler invents system of light pipes to illuminate homes from an electric arc lamp in basement, Concord, Mass. January 2, 1954: Hopkins and Kapany and van Heel publish separate papers in Nature. Hopkins and Kapany report imaging bundles of unclad fibers; van Heel reports simple bundles of clad fibers December 8, 1956: Curtiss makes first glass-clad fibers by rod-intube method May 1961: Elias Snitzer of American Optical publishes theoretical description of single-mode fibers July 1966: Kao and Hockham publish paper outlining their proposal in the Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers Summer 1970: Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz, and Frank Zimar at Corning develop a single-mode fiber with loss of 17 db/km at 633 nanometers by doping titanium into fiber core (credit: J. Hecht)

25 Singlemode optical fiber Silica cladding 8mm Doped silica core 125mm Width of human hair ~ 100mm

26 Integrated optical devices Lasers Modulators Mux/Demux Fibers Amplifiers Detectors Can we shrink this down to a small chip?

27 Silicon waveguides High Q silicon resonator Silicon modulator (IBM)

28 Integrated optical devices Silicon photonics

29 Integrated optical devices 1000 km Credit: E. Mounier

30 Integrated optical devices It is just the beginning! Credit: IME

31 Fast progress Hybrid Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology JSTQE-INV-SL

32 Light sources Standard telecom diode laser

33 On-chip Raman laser Can we make a laser out of Silicon? Credit: M. Paniccia

34 On-chip Raman laser Credit: M. Paniccia

35 Hybrid Silicon Laser Hybrid Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology JSTQE-INV-SL

36 Nano-lasers Still quite low efficiency and output power Optically pumped Still a remaining challenge!

37 Fiber lasers Photonics spectra IPG Photonics

38 Fiber lasers

39 Questions for Thoughts What do you want to do after graduation? Can you come up with a laser on a silicon wafer? A new light-guiding principle? A Mega-Watt fiber laser? Can we create an Optics computer?

Photonic Communications Laboratory. by: Khanh Kieu Office: R626 Labs: 662, 657, Phone:

Photonic Communications Laboratory by: Khanh Kieu Office: R626 Labs: 662, 657, 452 Email: kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Phone: 520-621 2382 Lab session Mario Thomas Tuesday 2pm - 5pm Hastings Haris Christian