THE IMPORTANT AND PROVEN VALUE OF SELECTIVE CALLING IN MARINE RADIOS

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1 THE IMPORTANT AND PROVEN VALUE OF SELECTIVE CALLING IN MARINE RADIOS There is certainly still a valuable role for M710 and similar HF/SSB radios without DSC. They are excellent radios for either a SailMail station, or for the service organisations I know of which are helping establish community based eco-tourism operations, so isolated communities can welcome groups of cruising yachts and other visitors, provide them tourism related services, and earn income that will replace fish bombing, illegal logging and wildlife poaching as a means to feed their families. These groups are also interested in older model Pactor controllers too, if people wish to upgrade. for these remote communities is important so they can accept bookings from travel agents around the world, arrange logistics, order food on the weekly supply shipment, talk to approaching yachts, get medical advice, operate a daily sked amongst nearby communities and help operate education services for their children. HF radio is vastly cheaper than satellite based , and therefore a financially viable option for these low income communities. I have not used an ICOM M710 and Pactor controller to surf the net, but I have used them to process credit card transactions. A fried of mine a yacht owner and SailMail member runs a business that provides accounting and payment processing. He asked his smart computer staff to develop it. All part of creating systems to make it possible for remote communities, live-aboard dive boats etc to welcome visitors, and receive payments. We used ICOM M710s for that development work. They are great radios and certainly not past their usefulness in the right circumstances. But without Selective Calling, the M710 is seriously hampered as a radio to facilitate an always on communication network for small-craft, and to link small-craft crews into the well established and existing GMDSS/DSC network that helps protect big ship crews. The M710 is already redundant in big ships, which must operate a GMDSS/DSC radio which can maintain a quiet 24/7 watch without the crew being tempted to turn down the volume or switch off the radio once they clear port and officials are not around to check. A SOLAS vessel with an M710 fitted instead of a GMDSS/DSC radio cannot get it's radio certificate and is not permitted to take it's crew or cargo to sea. The people who make decisions about these matters have seen the important life-saving benefits of DSC and acted upon this evidence, so it's convenient for all those big ship crews to maintain a 24/7 watch for calls from other nearby vessels. Yacht crews can tap into this always on, 24/7 watch, by big ships, just by fitting a DSC capable radio. When yacht crews are beyond the range of immediate response, shore based, professional S&R services, they need to be more self sufficient. If this fact is not already obvious, this is what the recent MAIB report into the loss of the Chiki Rafiki and four crew stated: "On long offshore passages, search and rescue support cannot be relied upon in the same way as it is when operating closer to the coast, and yachts crews need a much higher degree of self-sufficiency in the event of an emergency." (MAIB report YBM) Australia's MRCC has been stating the most effective answer clearly and repeatedly on successive versions of their website for many years, because like many MRCCs, yacht clubs and yachting associations in this bigger, empty side of the world they recognised years ago that expecting someone on a distant shore to sort out an emergency is not reliable, and not prompt. "While satellites and satellite-compatible distress beacons have significantly improved the effectiveness of SAR operations, the system is not a substitute for carrying appropriate marine or aviation radio... Depending on the circumstances, your initial distress alert should still be made by radio if possible. You should activate your distress beacon only if contact cannot be made by any other means or

2 when told to do so by a rescue authority... In the event of an emergency, communication should first be attempted with others close by using radios... The basic concept of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is that search and rescue authorities ashore, as well as shipping in the immediate vicinity of a ship in distress, will be rapidly alerted to a distress incident so they can assist in a coordinated search and rescue operation with the minimum of delay." (AMSA website) A marine HF/SSB radio has the broadcast style communications medium required to make direct contact with any other nearby vessels; without needing to know who is there or to know their satphone number. DSC in all radios ensures a much higher probability of nearby vessels having their radios switched on and maintaining a 24/7 watch for calls from anyone else. MRCC Australia knows this is a superior combination that works, because the maritime radio service in Australia has been using Selective Calling in HF/SSB radios since the 1970s. Its efficacy is well proven; over and over again. I have not recently climbed aboard John's DSC bandwagon, I've been on the Selective Calling bandwagon since the the late 1970s, when I first bought HF/SSB radios for the adventure education centre I was working at in Australia. I was fortunate to have a HAM friend show me how HF radio could help us manage operations, reduce costs and increase safety when conducting programmes in isolated areas. Tests demonstrated there was no doubt the HF/SSB radio could provide long distance voice communications from our base south of Canberra to remote operating sites in North Queensland, Central Australia, South-west of Western Australia, and closer, in Victoria and New South Wales. But the problem was the noisy radio, scanning through the 6 frequencies in the centre of the operations rooms, or in an isolated basecamp or 4WD. It would drive everyone crazy and sure to be the point that caused the entire concept of radio communications to fail completely. It was inevitable the volume would be turned down or the radio turned off just for a few minutes during a briefing and never reset or tuned on again. It was the Achilles heel of a great technology. Then the District Radio Officer (the government officer controlling approvals and licenses) introduced me to another HAM who also ran a business providing land, marine and aircraft radio systems. He had radios with Selective Calling; SelCall for short. Each radio had a unique ID number. The radio speaker was muted and only switched on when that specific radio's particular SelCall ID was received, or when an All Call or Group Call was received. It was wonderful. A quiet operations room and no reason for staff in vehicles or remote basecamps or the office to ever turn off the radio, or turn down the volume. The Achilles heel of this system was solved and these HF radios with SelCall provided excellent value communications for the organisation for more than twenty years of remote site operations. I also set up a number of repeaters in the UHF Citizens Band service in Australia. These were on hilltops in operating areas and provided our operations - as well as people in the local communities, farms, national parks etc with portable, low-cost, convenient radio communications. These radios all used SelCall too. So we did not need to listen to the other users sharing the frequencies, and our staff were not tempted to turn down the volume or turn off the radio to maintain their sanity. When I was invited to Brunei to set up their Outward Bound centre, I established a commercial VHF low-band service to cover remote areas of rainforest where groups would travel on expedition. From a 3000ft high peak the radio repeaters (carried in by helicopter) had a view into all the required forest and National Park areas. To facilitate inter-agency co-operation, I also made the two repeaters accessible to the Forestry Department (responsible for forests and NP area), and the University's Rainforest Research facility staff. Everyone could use the system without disturbing other users, because all radios were muted until they received their SelCall ID. To provide safety/medical backup I placed one radio in the hospital and one in the Police station. Both were

3 peacefully silent and did not disturb these people at all, unless we needed them, by sending the correct SelCall ID for their radio. Selective Calling really made all these radio systems HF/SSB, VHF and UHF succeed, because they made radio a far more workable communications service for the people involved. Without it, I could never have sold the idea of radios to staff and had it successfully adopted for all the operational, cost containment and safety benefits. The other magical aspect of Selective Calling systems in HF/SSB, VHF and UHF CB radios is the revertive tone. When the called radio receives its SelCall ID, it opens it's speaker so the voice call can be hears and rings. It also transmits a beep tone. This beep confirms to the caller that contact has been made with the desired radio. This eliminates many of the uncertainties with radio use Is the other radio turned on? Is it in range? Have I used the right frequency? Is my radio working properly? The revertive tone answers all these questions. The only remaining question is whether someone is nearby to hear the call and respond; or is away from the radio and/or busy. And if they are, while the called radio will return to a muted speaker state, and re-start it's scan mode to monitor for further calls, the missed caller's ID, frequency and time is stored, leaving the radio beeping occasionally to alert the person to check the message/s and call back. A very helpful feature. In marine radio in Australia, SelCall was used to contact coast radio stations, and receive a revertive town. We all learnt that SelCall precipitated a far quicker and more dependable response than simply calling by voice. It was a lot easier for the operators too. Many Australian yachts and commercial small-craft had marine radios with SelCall. In a more advanced form it was used to connect with the automated telephone interconnect system available on certain frequencies, to directly dial the required shore or mobile phone number from the yacht. I have one of these now redundant marine radios from Australia in the radio room here in Brunei a Codan brand 9390 Marine Transceiver. It has the marine bandplan, and SelCall, and an emergency tone button. Australian yachts carried this type of marine radio for many years before marine DSC - and they could easily call each other, selectively, and my radio base too. They knew when they made contact with the desired radio because the called radio's revertive tone told them. If the desired person was not at the radio or was too busy, the radio recorded the caller's information, to make callback easy. In my yacht I've had an ICOM F7000 (with SelCall so I could call the office, and be reliably called) for many years, programmed with the marine band frequencies. There are still tens of thousands of these and similar SelCall equipped radios from Barrett and Codan around Australia providing very effective HF/SSB radio communications over short and long distances between remote stations, workcamps 4WDs, trains and regular vehicles. It works well because people can mute the speaker while maintaining a 24/7 watch for calls; similar to how the mobile phone and regular phone systems work. Phones are on standby 24/7 and only make a noise when someone calls the number. There is no need to listen to all the background noise and conversations of other users and wait patiently, listening for someone to ask for us. I someone wants us they dial our number so our phone rings. They do not need to wait till a sked period each day when we turn on our phone to accept calls. SelCall has been providing a similar, quiet, 24/7 standby monitoring for incoming calls on the land mobile and marine services around Australia since the 1970s. When GMDSS for big ships (ie:solas vessels over 300 tonnes) was introduced, I and a lot of small-craft users around Australia were not happy. The network of coast stations was dismantled, and the only way to call MRCC Australia from a marine radio became via a new DSC capable radio. The individual states were responsible to provide open frequency voice contact for smallcraft; but it was and still is a comparatively marginal service.

4 The coast stations closed because big ships were compelled to install (high-power) INMARSAT terminals, through which they put all their phone calls rather than via the traditional HF/SSB interconnects. Coast Stations which had broadcast the weather and MSI warnings etc for big ships but which those of us in yachts could also hear along with numerous weatherfax services, stopped working; no money. Singapore Radio closed too. The almost continuous network of coastal hilltop marine VHF stations along the well populated east coast of Australia was dismantled too; because it was too impractical and not cost-effective to consider a GMDSS VHF network around the entire coast. The existing system had provided phone interconnect (direct dial from the boat's VHF marine radio to any mobile/regular phone number, and vice versa), instant contact with an operator, and the ability to switch hilltop relay stations into hilltop repeater mode for a few minutes, to extend your calling range to contact boating friends who had moved out of boat-to-boat VHF range. Each boat's VHF marine radio had a unique ID number that allowed all this to happen. An excellent system which facilitated and encouraged people to maintain their VHF marine radios in a 24/7 watch for phone calls (well beyond mobile phone range), which meant they were also maintaining a 24/7 watch for emergency and safety calls from other nearby mariners, or from the Coast Stations. Someone smart put that trick together. Nevertheless, despite the initial serious drop in radio services for non-solas vessels which accompanied the arrival of GMDSS on our side of the world, benefits did steadily evolve. These have included: 1. A serious drop in the domination of the limited HF/SSB marine frequencies by high powered transmissions from big ships and coast stations. With the heavy traffic users the big ships using INMARSAT, the HF/SSB frequencies became available for use by the little people in recreational vessels and commercial small-craft, with lower powered radios. 2. Marine HF/SSB radios for small-craft around the world eventually gained the benefit of Selective Calling; like we'd been using around Australia since the 1970s. Therefore millions more vessels are now in a position to maintain a 24/7 watch, because their speakers are muted by DSC and the radio does the work of listening for calls. This can only benefit all mariners, private yacht crews included. When using SailMail (or Winlink) the response from the base station's Pactor controller gives the caller the reassurance a correct frequency has been chosen and contact with the station has been made. The strength and clarity of the response gives information about the usability of the connection. The caller has the opportunity to disconnect, change to a different frequency and try again. The revertive tone from a SelCall triggered radio provides the same information. The superseded Australian maritime system also supported Beacon Test Calls to the desired radio to check the strength of the revertive tone on its different scanned frequencies without unmuting the called radio and disturbing the people before then selecting the best response frequency to send the actual SelCall, to unmute the desired radio and establish voice contact. More recent versions of these radios use ALE (Automatic Link Establishment) to routinely connect with other radios in their private network to determine the best frequency to use to call a particular radio, from any other radio in the private network. No need to select a frequency, the radio does it for you. Smart, and user friendly. I admit to being a convert to Selective Calling (DSC or SelCall) for almost 40 years. I learnt how it makes radios for more people friendly, helps it work for busy people (eg: operating a short-handed yacht, driving a vehicle and running a business), and it overcomes the human instinct to turn off the radio or turn down the noise of the radio; especially the HF/SSB radio scanning through it's

5 frequencies. In the Australian land and marine services, SelCall was a key factor in creating the system effectiveness and reliability, for boat to boat, vehicle to vehicle or boat to vehicle calling, for contacting a coast station, and for emergency situations. Because people could leave the (silent) radio switched on and checking for incoming calls, 24/7. It really helped make HF/SSB radio a valuable communications resource that addressed regular people's day to day communication needs in isolated locations. And it still does. When GMDSS was introduced for big ships, another disappointment was that yachts with regular marine HF/SSB radios (eg: M710), or Australian SelCall marine radios (eg: Codan 9390) could no longer call those big ships for help, some fuel mid ocean, medical assistance etc. The big ship crews seized the opportunity to maintain a blissfully quiet DSC watch only on their HF/SSB radios. So we lost communication with them, and their support. We also lost contact with a lot of MRCCs around the world that also switched to a DSC only watch. Try calling MAYDAY or PAN PAN on the HF/SSB marine voice distress frequencies in SE Asia and listen to the silence; they are all there, 24/7, with rescue resources to deploy, but productive doing other jobs until a DSC call arrives. There were problems with the initial implementation of GMDSS, including DSC HF/SSB radios. I understand a number of revisions have occurred. But now, fifteen years after it was first introduced, the system is relatively stable and functional. The ITU contacted me last year to request comments on official amendments to the scan frequencies for the GENERAL receiver in DSC capable radios, to the system developed by retired US Navy Commander, Terry Sparks ( ). This indicates they are also increasingly aware of the importance of vessel to vessel calling to obtain quick response, nearby, advice and assistance. The original concept of the GMDSS system seems to have been based upon contacting shore stations which would arrange assistance or rescue via their excellent shore based resources, or by contacting big ships via their INMARSAT systems. This works fine when within range of those S&R resources such as in coastal areas around the UK, Europe and parts of North America and when near busy shipping lanes. But it does not work beyond those areas which means in most of the world's oceans and especially the popular cruising areas we like to frequent (low-cost, environmentally intact, few people or ships). In these areas, yacht crews need to rely on each other. Selective Calling and muted radios in 24/7 standby mode makes this far more possible. Radios that are turned off makes it impossible. The shore based ideology of GMDSS practised successfully in the relative small S&R responsibility areas around coastal UK and Europe might have prevented the Chiki Rafiki crew trying to use their (presumably) DSC capable VHF to contact nearby vessels, because they have been trained to understand that help only comes from shore based rescue centres. They did use a satphone to make calls ashore to advise their situation. But they apparently made not attempt to make direct contact with nearby yachts or other vessels. The proposed ITU frequency scanning amendments acknowledge that authorities do not have the ability to provide quick response, professional S&R services through the maritime environment. They also need to rely on nearby vessels to help people in distress. Amending the GENERAL receiver scan frequencies in DSC radios facilitates this mutual support concept. Fitting a DSC capable HF/SSB to recreational vessels and other small-craft (there are millions more small-craft in the world than big ships) also facilitates this mutual support concept. With radios now available to suit small-craft space, budgets and power supplies eg: ICOM's M802(DSC) and M801(E) all the benefits which DSC calling and radio services offer is within reach of recreational vessels and other small-craft. It makes it possible for yachts to do for each

6 other what commercial vessels already do for each other; maintain a 24/7 watch for calls for advice, assistance or emergency. Without DSC, hands up all the cruisers who put the safety and well-being of fellow cruisers above their own convenience, tranquillity and sanity, by maintaining a 24/7 scanning watch on the open voice distress frequencies, with the volume turned up to ensure they can hear any calls from the cockpit, when underway and while in a tranquil anchorage. If the Chiki Rafiki incident is any measure, the answer must be none. Hands up all the cruisers who if nearby to Chiki Rafiki would have maintained their open speaker HF/SSB radios with the speaker turned up loud enough to hear a voice call for assistance from Chiki Rafiki above the noise of waves, wind, flapping sails, yelling crew and slamming boat at that time. The DSC option really is far more practical. Just over a hundred years ago, more than 1500 passengers on the Titanic learnt the hard way that switching off the radio is deadly. Radio operators on RMS Titanic and the nearby SS Californian within sight and stopped for the night amongst the icebergs had been communicating earlier that evening, but the SS Californian operator switched off the ship's radio ten minutes before the Titanic hit the iceberg and went to bed. Perhaps they had planned to talk again in the morning, but it took the Titanic less than 2.5 hours to be gone, with over 1500 people left dying in the the ice cold, calm seas. All done, dead and finished before the next radio sked. A significant safety related outcome of the Titanic enquiries was that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock (Wikipedia) Yachts and other small-craft do not have the space or finance to assign a couple of crew to maintain a 24/7 listening watch on the HF/SSB voice distress frequencies. But technology has handed us their replacement, the electronics in a DSC capable HF/SSB radio. These computer chips are happy to spend all day every day listening for calls, quietly, while we enjoy the contrasting challenge and tranquillity of sailing and cruising. These radio chips don't need a bunk, food, salary, vacations, days off or air flights. They just need access to the backstay and some electricity. Many present day yacht crews are still not aware of their importance as a resource to help other mariners, and therefore the importance of keeping their radio switched on 24/7 at sea and at anchor to sustain a mutual support network; for advice, assistance and emergencies. Nearby yachts could have helped the Titanic passengers, and may have been able to help the Chiki Rafiki crew - either before the inversion or afterwards to intercept the PLB in the water but were not contactable by either Chiki Rafiki (no HF/SSB radio?) or the US Coast Guard, or any HAM operators, because like the SS Californian their HF/SSB radios were apparently turned off. Like the SelCall I have used for 40 years which is still widely used in the Land Mobile service in Australia Selective Calling for marine radios makes it workable for everyone to keep their radio on, so the mutual support and emergency assistance benefits of yacht crews helping other yacht crews can be achieved. When the radio is turned off, that yacht, it's equipment and it's resourceful crew cannot know their help is needed by another nearby yacht crew with a problem, or any other nearby mariners; including passengers on the next Titanic. Whether the call for assistance is coming direct from the concerned crew on another vessel, or from an MRCC looking for nearby vessels to assist, the radio needs to be on. It really is that simple. DSC makes it practical.

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