INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. by dr Tibor Kolos Széchenyi István University GYÕR

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS by dr Tibor Kolos Széchenyi István University GYÕR

2 Mobile communications /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 2

3 Course overview Part 1. Introduction to mobile communications Part 2. Cell structure Part 3. The GSM system Part 4. Base Station Subsystem in GSM Part 5. Traffic engineering Part 6. Cell enhancement Part 7. Location services Part 8. (Laboratory work simulation) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 3

4 Introduction to Mobile Communication Systems Part 1 Introduction by dr Tibor Kolos Széchenyi István University GYÕR

5 Content of this chapter A Brief History of Radio Communications General aspects of mobile communications The model of mobile communications Signal to transmit The radio interface (air interface) Developing of system architecture (2G >> 2.5G >> 3G) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 5

6 A Brief History of Radio Communications /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 6

7 Why to speak about history? Commercial launch of GSM service GSM God has Sent Mobile 100 years evolution???!!! Telecom engineers must know milestones of this developing process!!! /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 7

8 Industrial environment At the end of 19th century: Steam engine Electric motor Metro line in Budapest Telegraph and phone networks Shipping lines to America No communications with ships! Ericsson "Eiffel Tower" Telephone ca The American Museum of Radio and Electricity /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 8

9 The beginning Maxwell equations H.R.Hertz: generation and detecting of electromagnetic wave Guglielmo Marconi: wireless telegraph to a ship /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 9

10 Guglielmo Marconi /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 10

11 First steps Marconi: transatlantic radio telegraph transmission (3,000 km ) Reginald Fessenden: human voice (AM) Fessenden: first radio broadcasting (Maryland, 15 miles.) Marconi: Commercial radio transmission Bell Telephone Co.: radio transmission from Virginia to France, -Panama, -Hawaii /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 11

12 Early mobile systems Detroit police (2MHz, AM, one-way)..development of technology: valves New York police (two-way radio) Edwin H. Armstrong: frequency mod. RF bandwidth: 120 khz, speech bandwidth: 3 khz Motorway police (FM), Connecticut /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 12

13 Military telegraph station 1901 Source: Western Electrician, July 27, 1901, page 51: /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 13

14 Radiotelephony for railroads (1914) Source: Electrical World, May 30, 1914, page 1269: /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 14

15 Military radio (WW I.) Source: Look Ma, no Wires /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 15

16 Old receivers /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 16

17 World War II. Military applications of mobile systems Aim of development: protection against Interference Unauthorised reception Modulation: AM or FM? Results of developments: Handheld FM transceivers (walkie-talkie) First steps to spread spectrum technology (SFH-SS) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 17

18 Commercial mobile services After military developments: Increasing demands for civil applications (FM) Frequency bands: 40 MHz and 150 MHz Operation mode: simplex ( push to talk ) PMR: Private/Professional Mobile Radio (dispatch services: police, taxi, ambulance, etc.) PLMR: Public Land Mobile Radio (~100 subscriber/carrier, connected to PSTN) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 18

19 Increasing of capacity 1950: Spectrum leakage (150 MHz band) Increasing of capacity: decreasing of channel spacing instead of 120 khz: 60 khz, (later 30 or 25 khz) decreasing of interference protection, noise! decreasing of frequency stability, receiver selectivity Introduction of trunk system (FDMA) Frequency reuse (later cellular system) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 19

20 Car phone systems 1960th: duplex mobile systems MTS, IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) Large covered area high transmitter output power 1970th: increasing demands for the car phone, ( zero-generation system) The transceiver was built in a car (or in a suitcase) Cell radius: km No handover (it wasn t necessary.) Limited capacity /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 20

21 Portable phone (~ 1970) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 21

22 First generation systems 1980th: Launch of cellular public mobile phone systems Aim: speech transmission Technology for 1G system: Cellular, FDMA trunking, analogue FM NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone system) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) TACS (Total Access Communication System) Radiocomm-2000 C-netz FI USA GB FR GER /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 22

23 Disadvantages of 1G systems System concept and architecture: from 70th No real encryptions on air interface Made for speech transmission Limited data transmission Limited capacity, low spectrum efficiency Incompatible systems No European roaming /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 23

24 Second generation systems (1) Different technologies for 2G in America and in Europe CEPT* established the GSM workgroup Group Spéciale Mobile, later Global System for Mobile The aim: to outwork a common European standard for the Pan-European public mobile phone system Question to decide: analogue or digital system? *CEPT: European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 24

25 Second generation systems (2) Successful trials of the digital system TDMA trunk system (TDMA -FDMA) Enhanced services Speech or data transmission, Encryption Better spectrum efficiency Commercial 2G service by GSM system /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 25

26 Advantages of 2G systems Better spectrum efficiency Large capacity (900 MHz and 1800MHz band) Digital modulation in the air interface Error correction Good speech and data transmission quality Encryption Protection against fraud Big market low equipment and service prices European roaming today not only in Europe! Base of the future planned systems (2.5G, 3G.) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 26

27 Disadvantages of 2G systems Designed for speech (and data) transmission Low bit rate (14.4 kbit/s) data transmission Limited content services No global roaming /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 27

28 Systems beyond 2G (today) 2.5 G designed for increased data transmission Up to 384 kbit/s Based on air interface of 2G 3G designed for high speed data transmission Up to 2Mbit/s New air interface, based on CDMA multiple access Global roaming (???...) ( doesn t exists..) 3.5G increased data transmission capability (7,2 14,4 Mbit/s) Modified air interface (HSDPA, HSUPA) 4 G future planned system (up to Mbit /s????...) LTE (Long Term Evolution) WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access) (????) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 28

29 Useful links to the history _lectures/lecture7/cellular/cell_hist.html _lectures/lecture6/marconi/marconi.html htm Homework: Find some technical descriptions about Marconi s radio transmitter and receiver! /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 29

30 This is the end of the historical overview! Let see some General aspects of mobile communications /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 30

31 Wireless communications (1) Wireless: transmission by radiated EM waves Fix (Point to point, point to multipoint) Mobile WLAN (IEEE GHz???) Based on computer networks Mobile phone systems (GSM, UMTS..) Based on phone networks Not only phone services!!! WLAN??? Mobile phone Are they competitive or cooperative systems??? /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 31

32 Wireless communications (2) Wireless in telecommunication systems Last kilometres (Mobile phone systems, GSM) Last hundred meters (DECT) Last ten meters (WLAN) Last meters (Bluetooth) Last centimetres (RFID) All above apply radiated electromagnetic waves /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 32

33 Mobile phone systems PRIVATE (DLMN) PUBLIC (PLMN) Police Emergency Railway Taxi Highway patrol Mobile phone limited coverage global coverage /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 33

34 Mobile communications (1) The service provider s approach: Increasing number of customers (>100%!!!) Wide scale of services (voice + data) Mobile communications = business /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 34

35 Mobile communications (2) The customer s approach: As a user of network, wants to have access to any other user anytime anywhere to change any kind of information (speech, picture, text) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 35

36 Mobile communications (3) Services expected by a customer high quality speech, emergency call + location service SMS, data transmission, Internet browsing, m-commerce, music, video download games (bit rate???) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 36

37 Mobile communications (4) The system engineer s approach Marketing Service Technology (telecom and production) Ethics and law Environmental protection EMC Health issues Visual environment /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 37

38 Statistics (1) Number of service providers Technology (analogue, digital) Coverage (2G, 2.5G, 3G) (geographical, or % of inhabitants) Number of subscribers (active SIM cards) Penetration (% of population) Growth (during 1 month, or 1 year) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 38

39 Statistics (2) HUNGARY Mobile phone 31/08/2010 Number of operators: 3 Number of subscribers: Millions Penetration: 118,2 % (????) Growth: 99,6 % (1 month) 99,8 % (1 year) source: Homework: collect statistics about French mobile phone operators /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 39

40 Statistics (2) HUNGARY Mobile internet 31/08/2010 Number of operators: Technology: GPRS, UMTS, HSPA Number of subscribers: (T-Mobil, Telenor, Vodafone) Growth: Avarage traffic: Coverage: 157 % (12 month!) 1.35 GByte/subs/month see maps on next pages!!! source: Homework: collect statistics about French mobile phone operators! /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 40

41 Telenor GPRS coverage Indoor Outdoor /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 41

42 Telenor EDGE coverage Indoor Outdoor /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 42

43 Telenor UMTS coverage Indoor Outdoor /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 43

44 Generations of mobile systems by data transmission capability 0G speech transmission only, pure services 1G speech + pure data transmission 2G speech = data transmission (14.4 kbit/s) 2.5G increased data rate ( kbit/s) 3G high data rate (up to 2 Mbit/s) 3.5 G increased high data rate (up to or >14.4 Mbit/s) 4G very high data rate ( > 100 Mbit/s) (?) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 44

45 Technology beyond 2G (1) 2G GSM 9.6 kbit/s 1 timeslot GSM 14.4 kbit/s 1 timeslot 2.5G HSCSD kbit/s 2 4 timeslots GPRS up to 100 kbit/s 2 8 timeslots EDGE up to 384 kbit/s new modulation 3G UMTS up to 2 Mbit/s spread spectrum 3.5 G HSDPA/UPA 7,2 (14,4) Mbit/s new modulation 4G LTE and/or WiMax????????? MIMO technology /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 45

46 Technology beyond 2G (2) HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data Maximum 4 x 14.4 kbit /s Software changing in the fix network >> cheep! GPRS General Packet Radio Service Few new hardware + new software in the fix network EDGE Enhanced Digital GSM Evolution Maximum 384 kbit /s >> adaptive bit rate! New hardware on BTS-s >> for extensions only! Generates demands on high bit rate >> 3G /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 46

47 Technology beyond 2G (3) UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 3G services, maximum 2Mb/s New air interface spread spectrum technology New BTS equipment, High capacity data transmission links in the fix network For extension! HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access Based on UMTS hardware New (higher level) modulation, new protocol /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 47

48 Technology beyond 2G (4) LTE Long Term Evolution) WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Competitive systems 4G services New telecom technology in the air interface (MIMO) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 48

49 The model of mobile communications /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 49

50 Model of mobile communications (1) Information in Information out Source encoding Source decoding Channel Transmitter encoding Channel Receiver decoding Modulation RF channel Demodulation /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 50

51 Model of mobile communications (2) Information in Information out Source encoding Source decoding Channel encoding interference noise Channel decoding Modulation RF channel Demodulation /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 51

52 Model of mobile communications (3) Source coding Speech coding (compression) Encryption (??) Channel coding Error correction Adding redundancy Interleaving Modulation of RF carrier (spectrum efficiency!!!) Multiple access /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 52

53 Signal processing (1) (old analogue systems) Speech Bandwidth limitation Analogue modulation RF carrier (analogue FM) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 53

54 Signal processing (2) (digital systems) Speech Picture Data A/D, speech coding (A/D), picture coding Encryption, error coding Digital modulation Modulated RF carrier /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 54

55 Signal to transmit /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 55

56 Signal to transmit (1) Analogue Digital upper limit continuous discrete lower limit 2, 4, 8, 16, 64,..levels /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 56

57 Signal to transmit (2) Human speech Analogue signal Frequency band Dynamics Quality measurement: S/N (obj.).. (subj.) Data Digital signal Bit rate (or symbol rate) Quality: BER ( obj.) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 57

58 Signal to transmit (3) Bla..bla..bla ANALOGUE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Bla..bla..bla /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 58

59 Signal to transmit (4) DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 59

60 Signal to transmit (5) DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Bla..bla..bla A/D DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM D/A Bla..bla..bla analogue digital analogue /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 60

61 The quality Q Q analogue digital??? RF attenuation RF attenuation /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 61

62 Bit rates for speech transmission ISDN: 64 kbit/s (waveform coding) GSM: 13 kbit/s (full rate compressed, hibrid vocoder) GSM: 6.5 kbit/s (half rate compressed, hibrid vocoder) TETRA: 4.8 kbit/s Quality! /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 62

63 Bit rates for data transmission Internet browsing, download Videoconferencing Video telephony Teleshopping Images/sound files Financial services Information services Voice???? Bit rate 10 kbps 100 kbps 1Mbps 2Mbps /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 63

64 The radio interface (air interface) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 64

65 Frequency spectrum From 0 Hz up to Specification: In frequency (Hz) In wavelength (m) Radio frequency band: 9 khz..300 GHz Be careful: 9 khz frequency Sound (produced by loudspeaker) EM wave (produced by LC resonant circuit) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 65

66 Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio frequences /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 66 Source:

67 Properties of electromagnetic waves Frequency Wavelength Properties Applications Antenna 10 khz 30 km under water submarine H loop 100 khz 3 km into the earth 70 khz clock H ferrite 1MHz 300 m surface AM broadcast H ferrite 10 MHz 30 m reflections (ionosphera) AM broadcast H ferrite 30 MHz 10 m reflections (ionosphera) 27 MHz CB E wire monop 100 MHz 3 m direct FM broadcast E dipole 300 MHz 1 m direct Private mobile E monopole 1 GHz 30 cm reflections (buildings) GSM E monopole 3 GHz 10 cm direct radar, telecom Parabolic 10 GHz 3 cm direct, rain attenuation radar, telecom Parabolic 30 GHz 10 mm direct, rain attenuation telecom Parabolic 100 GHz 3 mm direct, rain attenuation?????? array /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 67

68 Spectrum management International level ITU (International Telecommunication Union) National level National frequency management authorities National frequency usage table International cooperation Company level Mobile service providers Army /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 68

69 Frequency allocation (US) Visit the homepage: /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 69

70 Choose a proper carrier! (1)( Frequency bands: licensed and license free Licensed bands Near all bands Supervisor: National Telecommunication Authority Administrative protection against interfering signals Limits for effective antenna height and ERP The user have to pay for the usage of spectrum /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 70

71 Choose a proper carrier! (2)( License free bands 27 MHz CB radio, MHz SRD 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands, (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) No license, no payment, no protection! Hard limitations for equipment specifications! TX: output power limit, spurious signal limit RX: spurious signal limit, blocking EN standards for conformity and EMC measurements! CE Spread Spectrum technology to avoid interference 5 GHz WLAN: DFS against radar interference (Dynamic Frequency Selection) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 71

72 PSTN ISDN PDN System architecture of mobile networks Radio interface Abi s A FIX PART OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MS BSS SMSS OMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 72

73 Functions of radio interface Speech coding (compression) Encryption Error correction Generation of RF carrier Modulation Multiple access /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 73

74 Radio interface: RF generation Frequency bands for public mobile phone networks 450MHz band: NMT (analogue) 900 MHz band: NMT (analogue) 900 MHz band: GSM (digital) and MHz (124 carriers, Standard GSM) and MHz (174 carriers, Extended GSM) 1800 MHz band: GSM (digital) and MHz 1900 MHz band: GSM in America 2000 MHz band: UMTS (spread spectrum) /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 74

75 Radio interface: modulation Analogue frequency modulation (FM) 1G Digital GMSK modulation 2G Digital 8PSK phase modulation 2.5G Spread spectrum technology 3G Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) Frequency hopping (FH-SS) OFDM system /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 75

76 Radio interface: multiple access BTS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 76 Abis

77 Multiple access technologies: FDMA FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 77

78 Multiple access technologies: TDMA TDMA Time Division Multiple Access /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 78

79 Compare FDMA and TDMA! FDMA TDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 79

80 Multiple access technologies: TDMA - FDMA /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 80

81 Multiple access technologies: CDMA Code Division Multiple Access /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 81

82 Solutions for radio interface 1G: 2G: 2.5G: 2.5G: FM analogue modulation, FDMA NMT 450, AMPS, C-netz. GMSK digital modulation, TDMA-FDMA GSM GMSK digital modulation, TDMA-FDMA GSM-GPRS 8PSK digital modulation, TDMA-FDMA GSM-EDGE 3G: Spread spectrum techn. W-CDMA UMTS cdma2000 is a 2G system! /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 82

83 Developing of system architecture 2G >> 2.5G >> 3G /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 83

84 Repetition! Radio interface System architecture Abi s A PSTN ISDN PDN FIX PART OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MS BSS SMSS OMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 84

85 Um GSM system architecture (1) Abis A PSTN ISDN PDN MS BSS SMSS OMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 85

86 Um GSM system architecture (2) Abis A PSTN ISDN PDN BSC BSC EIR MSC GCR VLR HLR AUC MS BTS-s. BSC BSS MSC VLR SMSS OMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 86

87 Um GPRS system architecture Abis A EIR VLR PSTN ISDN PDN BSC BSC MSC GCR HLR AUC BTS-s MS BSS. BSC OMSS SGSN MSC Backbone GGSN VLR SMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 87 IP

88 Um 3G system architecture (1) BSS Abis A EIR VLR PSTN ISDN PDN BSC MSC HLR BSC GCR AUC. RNC SGSN MSC VLR MS Node B IP Backbone OMSS GGSN SMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 88 IP

89 Um 3G system architecture (2) Abis A PSTN ISDN PDN BSS EIR VLR BSC MSC HLR BSC GCR AUC. RNC SGSN MSC VLR MS Node B UTRAN Iub OMSS IP Backbone GGSN SMSS /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 89 IP

90 List of Acronyms BSC BSS EIR GGSN HLR MSC RNC SGSN UMTS UTRAN VLR Base station controller Base station system Equipment identity register Gateway GPRS support node Home location register Mobile services switching centre Radio network controller Serving GPRS support node Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Visitor location register /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 90

91 Contact Lecturer: dr Tibor KOLOS Szechenyi Istvan University Gyor HUNGARY Web: /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 91

92 ! THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION! /10/2010 ESIGELEC_Rouen 92