14. Radar Navigation, Radar Plotting Course Framework

Transcription

1 Model Course Radar Navigation, Radar Plotting Course Framework 1. Aims The course provides training in the basic theory and use of radar for officers in charge of a navigational watch. It is based in the guidance on training in radar observation and plotting and un the operational use of ARPA in section B-I/12 of the international convention on standards of training, certification and watchkeeping for seagarers, as amended in STCW. This model course aims to meet the minimum training standations annexed to resolutions A.482 (XII) and A.483 (XII) adopted by IMO in The course also covers the recognition of critical targets, the measurement of bearings and distances, and the use of these for fixing the ship s position and maintaining a plot of the movement of other ships as an aid to collision avoidance. Exercises in the application of the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREG) make use of the resulting plots. 2. Objectives A trainee successfully completing this course and meeting the required performance standards will recognize when radar should be in use; will select a suitable mode and range setting for the circumstances; will be able to set the controls for optimal performance; and will be aware of the limitations of the equipment in detecting targets and in terms of accuracy. When within range of the coast, the trainee will be able to compare the radar display with the chart, select suitable conspicuous land targets and use these targets to his position. 3. Entry standards s The course is designated both for candidates for certification as officers in charge of a navigational watch. Before entering the course, trainees should have completed a minimum period of six months at sea and preferably have dained some experience of bridge warchkeeping. Trainee officers for certification as officer in charge of a navigational watch should have completed, or be following a planned and structured programme of training. Shipboard training should include tasks or projects relating to bridge work and watchkeeping duties. Instructors may find evidence of the standard attained by trainees in the prospective officer s training record book. The course would also be of value to others using radar, e.g. those working in such craft as harbor and customs patrol launches, in which case the entry standards may be adjusted to suit the particular circumstances. However, the intake of trainees for each course should normally have similar backgrounds. 4. Course certificate On successful completion of the course and assessments, a document may be issued certifying that the holder has successfully completed a curse of training which meets or exceeds the level of knowledge and competence specified in table A-II/1 of STCW. A certificate may be issued only by centres approved by the administration. 5. Course intake limitations Course intake should be limited to not more than two or three trainees per available radar display to allow each trainee sufficient practice in the operation of the equipment. 6. Staff requirements

2 Model Course 7. The instructor shall have appropriate training in instructional techniques and training methpds (STCW Code section A-I/6). Depending on the complexity of the exercises set, an assistant instructor with similar experience is desirable if more than four own-ship stations are in use for practical exervises. 7. Training facilities and equipment The course requires a marine radar simulator with an instructor station and sufficient own-ship displays to accommodate the munber of trainees. The equipment must incorporate at least two-ship stations (STCW code A-I/12 part 1 paragraph 4.3). it must be capable of simulating the operational capabilities of navigational radar equipment which meets all applicable performance standards of IMO. The performance standards for radar equipment are given in Assembly resolutions A.222(VII), A.278(VIII), A.477(XII) and A.832(19). A plotting table, plotting charts and instruments should be provided adjacent to each set. A classroom equipped with a blackboard or flipchart and an overchead projector, slide projector or viewgraph, as appropriate, is also needed for teaching the theoretical part of the course.

3 Model Course 7. Function: Navigation at the Operational Level Competence: Use of radar and ARPA to maintain safety of navigation Course Outline Knowledge, understanding and proficiency 1. Describe the Basic Theory and Operation of a Marine Radar System 1.1 Fundamental principles of radar 1.2 Safe distances 1.3 Radiation hazards and precautions 1.4 Characteristics of radar sets and factors affecting performance 1.5 Factors external to the radar set affecting detection 1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation 1.7 Performance standards Resolution A.477(XII) Lecture Hours 4,0 0,25 0,25 3,0 2,0 1,0 1,0 Demonstration ours Total Set Up and Operate Radar in Accordance with Manufacturer instructions 2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 2. 2 Measure ranges and bearings Simulator Hours Total Perform Manual Radar Plotting 3.1 Construct the relative motion triangle Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 3.3 Determine CPA and TCPA 3.4 Recognize the effect of course and speed changes 3.5 Report radar plot data 2.0 Total Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation 4.1 Fix vessels position by radar 4.2 Identify aids to radar navigation and safety 1,0 4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation Total Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters Total Subtotal 1-5 (Radar Navigation and Radar Plotting) Describe an ARPA System 6.1 ARPA system display characteristics 6.2 IMO performance standards for ARPA 6.3 Acquisition of targets 6.4 Tracking capabilities and limitations 6.5 Processing delays Total Operate an ARPA System 7.1 Set up and maintain an ARPA display 7.2 Obtain target information 7.3 Errors of interpretation of target data 7.4 Errors in displayed data identified and explained 7.5 System operational tests to determine data accuracy 7.6 Risks of over-reliance on ARPA 7.7 Obtain information from ARPA displays 7.8 Application of COLREGS Total Subtotals 6-7 (Use of ARPA) Totals 1-7 (Whole course) TOTAL 66.5 Since required performance 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 and and 7.8 are handled simultaneously, it is impractical to recommend separate simulator time for each performance element. The lecture hours and simulator hours are for guidance only. Instructors may wish to reduce the time allocated to lectures, and uncrease the time spent on demonstrations and the simulator depending on the needs of the trainees. Function: Navigation at the Operational Level

4 Model Course 7. Competence: Use of radar and ARPA to maintain safety of navigation Course Outline Knowledge, understanding and proficiency 8. Describe the Basic Theory and Operation of a Marine Radar System 1.1 Fundamental principles of radar 1.2 Safe distances 1.3 Radiation hazards and precautions 1.4 Characteristics of radar sets and factors affecting performance 1.5 Factors external to the radar set affecting detection 1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation 1.7 Performance standards Resolution A.477(XII) Lecture Hours 0,0 0,0 1,0 Demonstration ours Simulator Hours Total Set Up and Operate Radar in Accordance with Manufacturer instructions 2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 2. 2 Measure ranges and bearings Total Perform Manual Radar Plotting 3.1 Construct the relative motion triangle 3.2 Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 3.3 Determine CPA and TCPA 3.4 Recognize the effect of course and speed changes 3.5 Report radar plot data Total Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation 4.1 Fix vessels position by radar 4.2 Identify aids to radar navigation and safety 4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation Total Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters Total Subtotal 1-5 (Radar Navigation and Radar Plotting) Describe an ARPA System 6.1 ARPA system display characteristics 6.2 IMO performance standards for ARPA 6.3 Acquisition of targets 6.4 Tracking capabilities and limitations 6.5 Processing delays Total Operate an ARPA System 14.1 Set up and maintain an ARPA display 14.2 Obtain target information Errors of interpretation of target data 14.4 Errors in displayed data identified and explained System operational tests to determine data accuracy 14.6 Risks of over-reliance on ARPA 14.7 Obtain information from ARPA displays 14.8 Application of COLREGS Total Subtotals 6-7 (Use of ARPA) Totals 1-7 (Whole course) TOTAL 30.0 Since required performance 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 and and 7.8 are handled simultaneously, it is impractical to recommend separate simulator time for each performance element

5 Model Course 7. The lecture hours and simulator hours are for guidance only. Instructors may wish to reduce the time allocated to lectures, and uncrease the time spent on demonstrations and the simulator depending on the needs of the trainees. Course Timetable Example Day 1st period (11/2 1/2 hours) 2nd period (11/2 1/2 hours) 3 rd period (11/2 1/2 hours) 4 th period (11/2 1/2 hours) Day 1 1. Fundamental Theory Day Radar set characteristics Day 3 2. Set Up and Manufacturer instructions 2.1 Set up and maintain radar display Day Measure ranges and bearings Day y 5 Day y 6 Day y 7 Day y Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 3.5 Report radar plot data 4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation 5. Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 6. Review and Final Assessment 1.1 Fundamental principles 1.4 Radar set characteristics 1.5 External Factors affecting detection 2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 2. 2 Measure ranges and bearings 3. Plotting 3.1 relative motion 3.2 Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 3.3 Determine CPA and TCPA 4. Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation 4.1 Fix vessels position by radar 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 6. Review and Final Assessment 1.1 Fundamental principles 1.5 External Factors affecting detection 2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 3.1 relative motion 3.3 Determine CPA and TCPA 3.4 Recognize the effect of course and speed changes 4.2 Identify aids to radar navigation and safety 4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 6. Review and Final Assessment 1.1 Fundamental principles 1.2 Safe distances 1.3 Radiation hazards 1.4 Radar set characteristics 1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation 1.7 Performance standards 2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 3.2 Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 3.4 Recognize the effect of course and speed changes 4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation 5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 6. Review and Final Assessment

6 Model Course 7. Used literature: 1. Manual for instructor 2. Video CD 3. ARPA - video materials 4. Manual for using maneuvering sheets 5. Using ARPA for safe navigation 6. Manual for navigator E.Bogavichenko 7. www. Moryak.BIZ

7 Model Course 7. Part C1: Detailed Teaching Syllabus introduction Radar Navigation, Radar Plotting and Knowledge, understanding and proficiency 1. Descried the Basic Theory and Operation of a Marine Radar System (12, 5 hours) 1.1 Fundamental principles of radar are described ed correctly (5 hours).1 explains the principles of range and bearing measurement.2 states the function and sitting of components 1.2 Safe distances are explained correctly (0.25 hour).1 explains the importance of not storing radar spares nearer to magnetic compasses than the specified safe distances 1.3 radiation hazards and precautions are stated correctly (0.25 hour).1 states the safety precautions necessary in the vicinity of open equipment and the radiation hazard near antennae and open waveguides 1.4 characteristics of radar sets and factors affecting performance and accuracy are explained with reference to detection of targets (3 hours).1 states the relationship between maximum range and pulse recurrence frequency.2 states the relationship between detection range and transmitted energy (power and pulse length).3 states the relationship between minimum range and pulse length.4 explains the effects on bearing and range accuracy of beam width, heading marker error, centring error, yawing, parallax, variable range marker, gyro error.5 explains the effects on bearing and range discrimination of beam width, sport size, plan position indicator tube size, pulse length, gain 1.5 factors external to the radar set affecting radar detection are clearly identified (2 hours).1 uses the equation for the distance to the radar horizon and explains the relationship between antenna location and detection ranges.2 explains the effect of variations in refraction on radar detection range (super refraction, sub refraction, surface duct, elevated duct).3 states the effect of precipitation on radar detection ranges (rain, hail, snow, fog).4 identifies blind areas and shadow areas, permanent blind and shadow sectors and their relationships to the antenna location.5 states how characteristics of targets influence their detection range (aspect, shape, composition, size).6 explains how clutter may mask targets (sea clutter, rain clutter) 1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation of the radar picture are correctly identified and explained (1 hours).1 explains the cause and effect of interference.2 explains the cause and effect of side echoes.3 explains the cause and effect of indirect echoes.4 explains the cause and effect of multiple echoes.5 explains the cause and effect of second trace echoes.6 states the effect on radar performance of power lines and bridges crossing rivers and estuaries.7 explains the effect of the ship in seaway 1.7 Performance standards for radar equipments are outlined the context of resolution A.477 (XII) (1 hours).1 lists the performance standards contained in Res. A.477(XII).2 states required accuracy (range and bearing measurement)

8 Model Course 7..3 states required discrimination (range and bearing) 2. Set Up and Operate Radar in Accordance with Manufacturer s Instructions (8 hours) 2.1 set up and maintain optimum radar display (5 hours).1 operates main controls (power, antenna).2 operates transmitter controls (standby/transit, pulse length, PRF).3 adjusts receiver controls to give an optimal picture (tuning, gain, linear/logarithmic gain, sensitivity time control, fast time control).4 adjusts display controls (brilliance, illumination, focus, shift, range selector, range ring, VSM, EBM, mechanical cursor, heading marker, clearscan, anti-clutter ).5 demonstrates correct order of making adjustments and states the criteria for optimum setting of the controls.6 states that small or poor echoes may escape detection.7 describes the effects of saturation by receiver noise.8 states the importance of frequent changes in range scale.9 identifies different types of display mode (true motion, relative motion unstabilized, relative motion stabilized, north up, course up, ship s head up ).10 explains the advantages and limitations of the different types of display mode.11 explains the need for compass input for relative stabilized display, and compass and log input for true motion display.12 identifies effects of transmitting compass error on stabilized and true motion display.13 identifies effects of transmitting log error on true motion display manual speed input error.14 operates special controls (presentation, speed, re-set, course made good correction, compass repeater).15 identifies maladjusted controls and explains their effects and dangers.16 detects and corrects maladjustments.17 states effects of incorrect speed setting and CMG correction on true motion displays.18 describes the purpose and use of the performance monitor.19 records radar date: (performance monitor readings modifications, blind and shadow sector diagram).20 explains how propagation conditions can affect target detection 2.2 Measure ranges and bearings accurately (3 hours).1 states methods and accuracy of measuring ranges (fixed range markers, VRM ).2 measures ranges with emphasis on accuracy.3 explains the methods and accuracies of measuring bearings (rotatable cursor, EBL).4 measures bearings with emphasis on accuracy.5 checks and corrects error in range and bearing 3. Perform Manual Radar Plotting (11 hours) 3.1 Construct the relative motion triangle (2.5 hours).1 explains a relative motion triangle, various vectors and angles.2 constructs a relative motion on a plotting chat.3 constructs a relative motion triangle on a reflection plotter, where available 3.2 Determine the course, speed and aspect of other ships (3 hours).1 determines course, speed and aspects of other ships from a relative presentation (stabilised and unstabilised ).2 determines course, speed and aspect of other ships from a true presentation.3 takes ranges and bearings at frequent, regular intervals.4 states the factors affecting the accuracy of derived course, speed and aspect.5 determines set and rate of current from observations of fixed target.6 explains the track made over the ground by own ship 3.3 Determine the closest point of approach (CPA) and time to closest approach (TCPA) (2 hours).1 determines CPA and TCPA with relative presentation (stabilized and unstabilisad).2 determines CPA and TCPA with true presentation.3 states the factors affecting the accuracy of CPA and TCPA obtained by plotting 3.4 Recognise the effect of course and speed changes(2 hours)

9 Model Course 7..1 recognizes the effects of changes of course and/or speed by other ships.2 compares between visual and radar observations.3 explains the delay between change in the course or speed and detection of that change.4 states the advantages of compass stabilization of a relative display.5 explains the effect of changes in own-ship course or speed on the observed movement of targets (stabilized re/true; or unstabilised).6 states the hazards of small changes of course and/or speed in relation to accuracy and direction 3. 5Report radar plot data (1,5 hours).1 makes a report stating the elements: bearing, range, CPA, TCPA, course, aspect, speed 4. Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation (5 hours) 4.1 Fix a vessel s position by radar (1,5 hours).1 states the characteristics of good, radar conspicuous objects.2 states the characteristics of objects which give poor radar responses.3 fixes the position fixing based on radar bearing and radar ranges.4 explains possible errors and how to minimize them.5 cross checks the accuracy of radar against other navigational aids.6 compares features displayed by radar with charted features 4.2 identify aids to radar navigation and safety ( hours).1 passive aids (corner reflector) (recognition and use).2 active aids (ramark, recon, echo enhancers, transponders) (recognition and use).3 SARTS (recognition and use).4 data source information on active and passive aids 4.3 Use parallel indexing technique in radar navigation (3 hours).1 sets up and uses a PI line by electronic means.2 constructs and uses a PI line on a reflection plotter, where fitted.3 takes correct action when an echo departs from the PI line.4 uses more than one PI line.5 constructs and uses lines for two range scales (construction and use).6 states the importance of wheel over.7 demonstrates use of wheel over.8 states the importance of safety margins.9 demonstrates use of safety margins.10 interprets real motion of vessel from a tracked echo.11 takes appropriate action to counteract for current: - On a straight course - When vessel of manoeuvring.12 demonstrates use of a line of turn.13 constructs and uses PI for radial turns 5. Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters (6 hours) 5.1 Apply ply COLREG to avoid collision or close encounter (6 hours).1 uses the radar as a means of lookout, and states importance of continuous plotting.2 lists the factors which determine a safe speed, with emphasis on factors related to radar.3 lists factors which provide a good plot to avoid collision /close encounter.4 makes substantial alteration of course or speed to avoid collision/close encounter.5 states times when radar is to be used in clear weather by day, at night when are indications that visibility may deteriorate, and at all times in congested waters 6. Describe an ARPA System 6.1 ARPA systems display characteristics are described correctly (0, 5 hours).1 decribes different display characteristics:

10 Model Course 7. - Vectors - Graphics - Digital read-out - Potential points of collision (PPC) - Predicted areas of danger (PAD).2 describes different ways in which targets may be acquired 6.2 IMO performance standards for automatic radar plotting aids (ARPA) are outlined correctly ( hour).1 states IMO performance standards for ARPA relating to accuracy.2 states the equipments for acquisition and tracking of targets.3 lists operational warnings required.4 states which data which should be available in alphanumeric form.5 describes the effects of sensor errors for ARPA equipment complying with IMO performance standards.6 states the performance standards for gyro and log inputs.7 states the performance standards for range and bearing accuracy and discrimination of radar 6.3 Criteria for acquisition of targets are outlined correctly (1 hour).1 states the criteria for target acquisition.2 states the criteria for automatic selection of targets given in the set s instruction manual.3 lists the criteria to used for manual acquisition of targets.4 states the maximum number of targets which may be acquired.5 states that targets may be deleted if not posing a potential threat (when tracking limit has been reached).6 describes appropriate use of suppression of target acquisition over certain areas.7 states that targets fist appearing closer than guard ring will not be acquired 6.4 Tracking capabilities and limitations are described correctly (1 hours).1 describes target tracking by ARPA.2 describes how targets are lost and alarm activated.3 states common circumstances leading to target swop.4 describes the effect of target swop on displayed date 6.5 Processing delays are outlined correctly (1 hours).1 explains the delay in the display of processed ARPA date after target acquisition.2 explains delay in the display of new date when the target ship manoeuvres.3 states that there may be a delay of up to three minutes before full accuracy of derived information may be attained after acquisition or manoeuvre of the target 7.Operate an ARPA System 7.1 Set up and maintain an ARPA display correctly ( hours).1 sets up an appropriate display presentation for the required task and current situation (stabilised relative motion and true motion displays).2 adjusts radar controls for the optimum display of echoes.3 uses log and gyro compass inputs.4 manually selects, acquires and monitors critical targets.5 sets up automatics acquisition and exclusion areas.6 uses the appropriate time scale for vectors or graphics to produce information required.7 identifies differences between information shown in des stabilized mode and ground stabilized mode.8 Selects appropriate mode for the circumstances.9 sets up echo-referencing in the true motion mode 7.2 Operate ARPA to obtain target information ( hours).1operation display in true and relative modes to obtain true and relative vectors in each display mode.2 states the benefits of switchings between true and relative vectors.3 uses graphic display of PPCs and PADs.4 determines threat of collision by forward extrapolation of vectors and by the use of PADs.5 uses target history display

11 Model Course 7..6 uses trial manoeuvre (approximations depending on the model of own-ship manoeuvring characteristics).7 refers to equipment manual for a description of the manoeuvring characteristics model used.8 sets and acknowledges operational warnings.9 states benefits and limitations of operational warnings.10 sets area rejection boundaries to avoid spurious interference 7.3 Outline possible errors of interpretation of target data.1 identifies consistently vectors in the wrong mode (a common error).2 derives information from vectors with numeric display.3 explains that re-acquired lost target may temporarily show a course and speed suggesting alteration when none has occurred.4 states date from PADs and PPCs displayed apply only to own-ship and targets do not indicate mutual threats between targets.5 states that the length of line from target to PAD or PPC is not an indicator of target speed.6 states that history displays may not be in same mode as vectors.7 states that a change of dissection in the relative history display does not necessarily imply that the target has altered course.8 explains that incorrect interpretation of ARPA may lead to dangerous misunderstanding 7.4 Factors which might cause errors in displayed date are identified date are identified and clearly explained (2 hours).1 identifies bearing errors in the radar installation due to: - backlash - ship motion - asymmetrical antenna beam - azimuth quantization.2explains errors in range generated by: - rolling of own-ship - range quantization.3 explains that unreliable indications are given when smoothing filter in the tracker combines with alterations in own-ship course/speed.4 explains the effects of heading and speed errors on derived information.5 states that smoothness of the displayed history track is an indication of satisfactory tracking by ARPA 7.5 Use system operational tests to determine date accuracy (1 hours).1 uses self-diagnostic routines.2 operates test programmes to check performance against known solutions.3 demonstrates performance check, including trial manoeuvre by manual plotting.4 takes correct action after malfunction of ARPA 7.6 Risks of over reliance an ARPA are identified and explained correctly (1 hours).1 demonstrates and explains the need to comply with basic principles in keeping a navigational watch.2 reacts correctly to operational alarms (new target, collision warning).3 avoids small predicted passing distances (CPA and bow crossing ranges).4 explains that sensor input alarms only operate on failure of input and do not respond to inaccurate inputs 7.7 Obtain information from ARPA displays.1 obtains information in both true and relative modes.2 identifies critical targets.3 determines relative course and speed of targets.4 determines CPA and TCPA of targets.5 determines true course and aped of targets.6 uses displays of past positions for detecting changes in course or.7 uses trial manoeuvre facility to check validity of intended alteration of course and speed of target.8 identifies effects of changes in own-ship course and/or speed Required ed performance:

12 Model Course Apply COLREG to vessels in sight of each other and in restricted visibility.1 takes correct action to avoid close quarters situations or potential collision situations.2 monitors subsequent situation and resumes original course and speed only when safe to do so Used : 1.Instructor manual 2.Video-cassette player 3.Manual book using arpa for safe navigation 4.VIDEO-DISK E.Bogavichenko Manual for navigator 5.Simulator Navy-trainee 5000,Tranzas marine 6.www. Moryak. biz

13 Model Course 7.