Ein supraleitender Strombegrenzer für die Energieübertragung
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1 Ein supraleitender Strombegrenzer für die Energieübertragung 6. Braunschweiger Supraleiterseminar Mai 2011 Wolfgang Schmidt, Hans-Peter Krämer Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Erlangen Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
2 The Project and the Team Development and In-Grid Demonstration of a Transmission Voltage SuperLimiter TM Fault Current Limiter funded by the U.S. Department of Energy - National Energy Technology Laboratory American Superconductor Corporation: A. Otto, E. Podtburg, J. Maguire, J. Yuan, P. Winn, W. Romanosky, B. Gamble, D. Madura. M. Ross, D. Folts, H. Cai, J. McNamara, T. MacDonald and A. P. Malozemoff, Siemens AG Corporate Technology: H.-P. Kraemer, P. La Seta, W. Schmidt, M. Wohlfart, and H.-W. Neumueller, Nexans: N. Lallouet and F. Schmidt. Los Alamos National Laboratory: S. Ashworth and J.O. Willis. Southern California Edison: S. Ahmed. Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
3 Outline Introduction Needs for fault current limitation in power grids Recently pursued concepts of fault current limiters Basics of the resistive superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) Functional principle Basic dimensioning rules Basic design of switching elements History of SFCL at Siemens Current project: High voltage SFCL (115 kv / 1.2 ka) funded by DOE Project overview: partners, schedule, specifications, status Test sites analyzed Design of module and switching elements Manufacture and testing of the first phase Summary and Outlook Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
4 The Need for Current Limiting Devices in Power Grids Citation from Navigant Consulting (2006): "Increasing loads on the existing power transmission system, coupled with lack of investment, lead to a growing demand for current limiting devices. The perfect fault current limiting device features an instantaneous, self triggered transition from near zero impedance to above grid impedance in case of a fault. Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCL) can provide the solution. " The most important near term energy and utility markets appear to be fault current limiters and synchronous condensers. High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) Peer Presentation Document July 25, 2006 Navigant Consulting, Inc. Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
5 Need for Fault Current Limitation The fault current levels rise due to increasing power consumption interconnection of grids to improve reliability and voltage stability additional feeding by IPPs Conventional solutions reactors pyroelectric limiters no limitation, but switching off by breakers, while designing all components to carry the full fault current until the breaker opens however, fault currents are often close to or even higher than rated breaking current of installed breakers Wish for a current limiting device, which is self-acting, self-restoring, fail-safe, compact, inexpensive The resistive HTS-FCL can meet most of these requirements efficient use of existing grids at increased load components with reduced ratings in new grids Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
6 Recent Concepts of Fault Current Limiters Limitation by a variable inductance 1. Non-superconducting: Short circuit current limiter SCCL. Series L-C circuit, resonance at 50/60Hz thyristors shorten out the capacitor bank. Siemens (Germany) 2. Superconducting (no quench): Saturated iron core limiter. Two coils, iron yokes normally saturated by a HTS-DC-coil, fault drives the core out of saturation. Innopower (China), Zenergy (USA), GridOn (Israel) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
7 Recent Concepts of Fault Current Limiters Limitation by a variable resistance 1. Non-superconducting: Is-limiter. Conductor bridge enclosing an explosive charge. Fuse in parallel. ABB (Germany), G&W (USA) 2. Superconducting (quench): Resistive & inductive limiter (SFCL). Immediate "quench" triggered by current surges. Nexans, Siemens, Bruker (Germany), SuperPower, AMSC (USA), Hyundai, LS Industrial Systems (Korea) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
8 SFCL - The Pure Resistive Principle Current Leads (Copper) Refrigerator Liquid Nitrogen Cryostat I Fast breaker Variable resistance with mandatory fast circuit breaker in series. HTS-materials: Thick BSCCO layers (ABB until 2001) Bulk BSCCO cylinders (Nexans) YBCO tapes (Siemens, Toshiba, SuperPower, AMSC, Hyundai, and LSIS after 2003) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
9 Functional Principal of Resistive SFCL Very sharp current voltage characteristic of YBCO thin films very low R in normal operation, high dr/di above I c very fast 'switching' to 0.40 theresistive statewhenthe critical current is exceeded 0.35 self-acting U [mv] 0.30 very effective current limitation self-restoring after fault current interruption But, warming up during limitation: fast switch-off after a fault is mandatory wait for recovery before re-activation Temperature: 77.5 K 76.1 K 74.9 K 73.1 K 72.2 K 70.5 K 69.2 K I [A] Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
10 Basic Dimensioning Rules System parameters Total length Material parameters max. voltage U at SFCL max. fault holding time Δt: L = U T max T c Δt ρ( T ) c( T ) dt Total cross section of superconductor maximum temperature T max normal cond. resistivity ρ(t) specific heat c(t) of the compound maximum current during normal operation Î max A = Iˆ max j c critical current density j c at operating temperature Selection of operating temperature... trade-off between conductor and cooling cost Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
11 Modular Concept Based on Switching Elements Modular setup by serial and parallel connection of "switching elements" Design issues of basic "switching elements" (coils): Requirements Solution compactness pancake coil low inductance bifilar winding fast recovery spacer for LN 2 transparency - 2G HTS wire + spacer Alternating current directions in adjacent turns reduce the magnetic field: low inductance, low AC loss Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
12 History of SFCL Devolopment at Siemens Jan 2002 Supported by PTD M C BMBF-Funding: Material development & functional models Co-operation with AMSC DOE project with AMSC MVA / 7.2 kv YBCO on YSZ ceramics with IBAD buffer 100 kva model using sapphire switching elements 1.2 MVA; 7.2 kv 0.9 MW; 900 V-DC 3.6 MVA / 8.4 kv 42 MVA / 31 kv 4''-substrate YBCO on sapphire 100 x 200 mm YBCO on sapphire YBCO on metal tape from AMSC Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
13 Transmission Voltage SFCL Overview of Current DOE Funded Project PLAN: In-grid installation and testing Phase 2: HV three phase program 115 kv ; 1.2 ka Phase 1b: HV single phase 115 kv ; 1.2 ka Phase 1a: Core Technology Development Goal: Development and in-grid testing of a three phase high voltage 115kV (138kV class) Fault Current Limiter, based on High Temperature Superconductors Funded by US DOE. Overall budget $ 25.4 million for 4.5 years. 50% cost share. Siemens budget $ 4.3 million. Partners AMSC, Siemens, Nexans, LANL, SCE, TCSUH. Superconductor module: Siemens Cryostat and wire : AMSC Terminations: NEXANS Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
14 Status of the DOE Funded Project Planned installation site: Outgoing line at Devers substation. First electrical phase completed and shipped at end of fiscal year Power test finished Feb 2011, final high voltage test scheduled for June Terminations and surge arrestors Reactors Individual vessels for each phase Dead tank circuit breakers Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
15 Original Specifications of the Transmission Voltage SFCL Reactor Nominal Voltage 115 kv rms Sized to Limiting Requirements Load Insulation Class Nominal Current 138 kv 1,200 A rms Source Opening Switch Switch Control Maximum Site Unlimited Fault Current Required Site Limited Current 63 ka rms 40 ka rms FCL Vessel Assembly Trip Current 1.6 nominal current Protection and DAQ System Power Refrigeration System Heat Sub-cooled LN 2 at ~72 74 K, 5 bar Required site limited current is adjusted by using an external reactor. Voltage across a shunted limiter is significantly reduced for low fault current reduction: 115 kv / 3 = 66 kv reduces to 31 kv Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
16 Proposed Test Sites for the Transmission Voltage SFCL Two test sites in Southern California Edison's grid have been analyzed using time domain grid planning tools. Valley Substation Located near Riverside, CA in a desert climate 115 kv bus tie application SFCL provides an 18% reduction in fault current at one of the tied buses Devers Substation Located very near Palm Springs, CA in a desert climate 115 kv line application SFCL provides a 33% reduction of fault current on the out-going line The design voltage of 30.7 kv across the SFCL module had to be fixed before finalization of grid integration studies. Therefore, the impedance of the parallel reactor was adjusted to the grid impedance. This causes the site dependent fault current reduction. Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
17 Valley Substation at Southern California Edison Present Installation: 4 Transformers 560 MVA; 525/120 kv Inland Empire Sectionalized 115 kv bus; each section fed by 2 transformers Serrano 500 kv Devers 500 kv Max. single-phase-to-ground fault current: 30 ka A B 500 kv All 115 kv circuit breakes rated 40 ka Planned Future Installation: Load growth in the area and interconnection of new generators will require additional transformers Fault current duty will rise above 40 ka 1000 MW Future Gen C 115 KV Outgoing Feeder (Studied) 115 kv Bus Tie (Selected) AB 115 kv 115 kv For SCE, current limiters are the preferred alternative against upgrading substations. Evaluation of current limiters requires operation in a grid for more than one year. Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
18 Mechanical Design of Switching Module Bifilar coils, the basic switching elements, are arranged as horizontal stack Support legs are resting on the cryostat inside wall Corona rings and end plates are attached for electric field control Complete module for one electrical phase has been assembled 0.6m dia. Modular concept allows simple, expandable, and robust mechanical designs Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
19 Bifilar coils 79 bifilar coils have been wound and tested, 63 coils have been selected for the module Thorough testing has been applied to each coil: R(295K), I c, 32 switching tests,.. Coil design characteristics Bifilar winding for low inductance and low AC loss two-in-hand winding and 1.2 cm wide tape for higher compactness back-to-back tape orientation for reduced AC loss spacer tape between winding turns for high LN 2 transparency wire insulation for increased electrical strength Basic module design provides ultra low line impedance in normal operation Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
20 Details of Switching Tests Voltage and current recorded over time, resistance calculated Variation of: Voltage, fault hold time, phase angle Measured parameters: Peak current, limited current, resistance ratio at fault hold time (maximum temperature) R max /R 295 is the key figure indicating the load applied to a coil Maximum load coils are subjected to under nominal condition is R max /R 295 = 106 % (~350 K) Current (ka) Resistance ratio (%) Peak current Current I R max /R 295K Single coil, I 77 K = 530 A, R 295K = 1.53 Ω time (ms) Limited current Voltage V Voltage (kv) Standard switching tests insure coils meet performance requirements Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
21 Stainless Steel Stabilized 2G Wire Provided by AMSC Stainless steel laminates enable RABiTS conductors for FCL applications: Increased resistivity and superior mechanical and electrical stability Critical current I c = 253 A average (300 A 77 K Resistance R(295 K) / length = 114 mohm/m average 4 cm tape process: Rated voltage U / length = 54.6 V rms /m at 67 ms fault hold time Insert wire: 0.8 µm 75 µm Laminated wire: 12 mm total width Stainless steel stabilizer (75 µm) soldered to the insert wire thickness: 0.28 mm Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
22 Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
23 Lightning Impulse Test of the Subscale Module A subscale switching module has been equipped with corona rings and end plates for conducting lightning impulse voltage withstand measurements at the University of Braunschweig. No breakdown at 220 kv in air at 1 bar (15 pulses with both polarities). Specification of 650 kv in nitrogen at 5 bar can be met (by scaling plus margin). Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
24 High Voltage Tests of a Radial Support Leg Testing in liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. Oak Ridge National Lab, July 9th, 2009 (R. James, R. Ellis, D. Madura) HV connection ½ inch diameter threaded rod 4 inch diameter tube Dummy corona ring Support leg Distance module to vessel inside wall 42 inch fiberglass tub Rail on grounded plate All tests completed without breakdown: 200 kv AC 60 Hz withstand for 15 minutes. 650 kv lightning impulse 15 times in each polarity. Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
25 Assembly of the Single Phase Switching Module Basic mechanical data: 3 coils in parallel 21 triplets in series 63 coils in total Length: 5 m Diameter: 0.6 m Basic electrical data: Design voltage: 30 kv rms Critical current: K Rated current: 900 A rms (trip factor 1.5) Module apparent power: 42 MVA Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
26 Comissioning of Module, Cryostat and Terminations at Powertech Laboratories (Nov. 2010, Surrey, B.C) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
27 Setup for the Single Phase Power Tests (Feb. 2011) Sequence of power tests: Increase voltage to rated value Vary fault phase angle at various prospective currents Determine recovery time Demonstrate limitation of 2 faults within 1 minute 20 power test at U > 28 kv rms 1: FCL, 2: LN 2 refill tank, 3: bushings, 4: busbars,, 5: voltage transducer Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
28 Power Tests Results Comparison with unlimited current U o = 30 kv I prosp = 20 ka rms Δt fault = 58 ms I peak = 9.3 ka I lim = 2.6 ka rms I FCL (ka), I prosp (ka) U (kv) t (ms) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
29 Power Tests Results Determination of recovery time U o = 28 kv I prosp = 20 ka rms Δt fault = 63 ms Δt rec = 25 s I (ka) U (kv) ka U (V) I (ka) R/R 295K (%) t (s) R/R 295K (%) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
30 Power Tests Results Two consecutive faults within 62 s time interval U o = 28 kv I prosp = 20 ka rms Δt fault = 58 ms I (ka) U (kv) R/R 295K (%) t (s) Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW
31 Setup for the High Voltage Insulation Tests Partial discharge test (at 114 kv rms ) and power frequency voltage test (15 min at 190 kv rms ): Successfully finished Feb Lightning impulse test (650 kv peak ): Scheduled for June 2011 Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
32 Conclusion and Outlook Project phase 1a successfully finished Design of bifilar coils as switching elements under HV aspects Subscale module made of 6 full size coils fabricated and successfully tested at IPH Berlin, 8.4 kv 425 A = 3.5 MVA Project phase 1b mostly finished: One complete phase of the FCL manufactured Rated apparent power: 30.9 kv 1.35 ka = 42 MVA (74 K) Power tests at PowerTech labs. (Surrrey) passed successfully High voltage tests to be repeated in June 2011 Phase 2 canceled by DOE due to shift in funding Page W. Schmidt, CT T DE HW 4
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