EE-4022 Experiment 3 Frequency Modulation (FM)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "EE-4022 Experiment 3 Frequency Modulation (FM)"

Transcription

1 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-1 Student Objectives: EE-4022 Experiment 3 Frequency Modulation (FM) In this experiment the student will use laboratory modules including a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) to generate an FM signal modulated by a sinusoidal message. The modules to be used are from the Telecommunications Instructional Modeling System (TIMS). The student will determine the linearity of the voltage-to-frequency conversion for the VCO. The student will achieve the following: calibrate the sensitivity of the FM modulator, compare expected and measured peak frequency deviations for an FM signal, compare expected and measured frequency spectra for FM signals, and observe the spectra of FM signals having specific peak frequency deviations. An FM demodulator is constructed and tested. The FM demodulator consists of a zero-crossing-detector that outputs a fixed-duration pulse for each detected zero-crossing having positive slope, followed by a low-pass filter. With this part the student will: test and observe the operation of a zero-crossing-detector type FM demodulator. Published Resources: TIMS-301 User Manual (Issue No. 1.6, October 2004) describes each basic TIMS module. Communication Systems Modelling with TIMS, Vol. A1 Fundamental Analog Experiments by Tim Hooper (Issue No. 4.9, 2005) Instructor s Manual to accompany Communication Systems Modelling with TIMS includes notes on the TIMS experiments Equipment Needed: TIMS system with the following modules: o Audio Oscillator module o Variable DC module o Buffer Amplifiers module o Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) module o Utilities module o Twin Pulse Generator module (for one of its two pulse generators) o Headphone Amplifier module (for its low-pass filter) o Frequency Counter module o PC-Based Instrument Inputs (earlier TIMS called this Scope Selector) if desired Oscilloscope (e.g., Agilent MSO-X-3014A oscilloscope (100 MHz, 4 GSa/s)) Multimeter (e.g., Agilent 34401A or 34405A Digital Multimeter) Prelaboratory Investigation: 1. Review information on frequency modulated (FM) and phase modulated (PM) signals, in Appendix I and Appendix II, and from EE-4022 lecture material. 2. Assume that a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is to be used as an FM modulator, and operates as follows: The VCO input voltage V in determines the VCO output signal frequency as f out = f center + k f V in

2 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-2 where f center is the frequency out of the VCO for the case when V in = 0, and k f is the sensitivity of the VCO in units of Hertz per volt (Hz/V). Assume that the VCO input accepts a message signal and the FM signal has a peak voltage of 1V. (a) If the unmodulated carrier frequency for the FM modulator is expected to be 10 khz, then what should be the value of f center? (b) If a 2 V p-p message signal is to result in a 1-kHz peak frequency deviation from the 10-kHz carrier (in each direction), then what should be the value of the sensitivity, k f, in Hz/V? 3. Assume that a 500-Hz sine-wave signal is used as a message input to the VCO-based FM modulator described in the previous step. The message signal has an amplitude of 2 V p-p, resulting in a peak frequency deviation of 1 khz. (a) Determine the highest instantaneous frequency and the lowest instantaneous frequency out of the FM modulator. (b) Determine β, the FM modulation index (also called the FM deviation ratio). (c) Determine and plot the frequency spectrum of the FM signal (show a normalized plot that assumes the component at the carrier frequency has a level of 0 dbv, and shows the relative levels of all other significant components in units of dbv). Assume that a component is significant if it has an rms voltage level that is at least 10% (that is, within 20 db) of the level of the highest-amplitude component. (d) What is the bandwidth of the FM signal (i.e., the bandwidth of the significant components)? 4. (a) Assuming the same 500 Hz message signal, determine the FM deviation ratio β that will result in an FM signal bandwidth of 5 khz (instead of the bandwidth determined in the previous step). (b) What is the peak frequency deviation for this β? (c) To achieve this peak frequency deviation, what voltage (p-p) must the 500-Hz message have at the input to the VCO (use the known value of k f)? (d) Determine and plot the theoretical frequency spectrum of this FM signal (again show a normalized plot). (e) What is the bandwidth of the FM signal as determined by the significant components on your plot? Laboratory Investigation: 1. Calibrate the FM modulator sensitivity and record data that characterize the VCO frequency-outversus-voltage-in characteristic using the following suggested steps. a. Note that the mean frequency (also called center frequency) out of the VCO is set with the front panel control on the VCO module. b. Note: A Buffer Amplifier with an adjustable gain control will be placed between the message signal and the input to the VCO. The adjustable buffer gain provides additional control of the amplitude of the signal going into the VCO when calibrating the sensitivity of the VCO as an FM modulator. As shown on Figure 1, a DC voltage instead of the message signal will be connected to the Buffer Amplifier input to calibrate the VCO sensitivity. c. Set the VCO module on-board mode switch to VCO. Set the VCO front panel switch to LO. Set the VCO front panel gain control fully counter-clockwise (so that the VCO input V in has no effect on the VCO output frequency). d. Connect the system as shown on Figure 1, for calibrating the VCO sensitivity. e. Use the Frequency Counter to monitor the VCO output frequency, and adjust the VCO front panel f 0 control to set the center frequency to 10 khz. f. Set the Variable DC module output to about + 2 volts. With the +2V at the input to the Buffer Amplifier, adjust the Buffer Amplifier gain control to result in -1.0V at its output. g. Now adjust the VCO gain control until the VCO output frequency changes by 1 khz. Note that the direction of change will be dependent on the polarity of the DC voltage at the VCO input. The Gain control of the VCO is now set to give a 1 khz peak frequency deviation for a modulating signal of 1 volt peak at the VCO V in. To what value has the VCO sensitivity, k f, been calibrated?

3 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-3 h. The linearity of the modulation characteristic can be observed by measuring the VCO output frequency at each of several values of VCO DC input voltage. Use the gain control of the Buffer Amplifier to adjust the DC voltage into the VCO. Make several measurements of VCO input voltage and corresponding output frequency. If a curve is sketched as measurements are made, the region where nonlinearity occurs can be easily identified. Record a set of measurements, sufficient to reveal the onset of nonlinearity of the VCO characteristic. i. Adjust the Buffer Amplifier gain control so that the Buffer Amplifier output is again at -1.0V, and confirm that the VCO output frequency is again 1 khz from the 10-kHz center frequency. ANALOG TTL Figure 1: The FM generator with DC input for calibration 2. Generate FM signals having a 10-kHz carrier and specified peak frequency deviations using the following suggested steps. a. Note that for measurements of components in the spectrum of the FM signal, one is generally not interested in absolute amplitudes, but is usually most interested in relative amplitudes of the spectral components. b. Note: Two FM signals will be generated. The first will be generated using a 500-Hz message signal with an amplitude that results in a peak frequency deviation of 1 khz. c. Adjust the Audio Oscillator frequency to 500 Hz. In the system shown on Figure 1, disconnect the Variable DC output from the Buffer Amplifier input, and instead connect the Audio Oscillator output (sine wave) to the Buffer Amplifier input. Use the scope to measure the p-p message voltage into the VCO and adjust the Buffer Amplifier gain so that this is 2V p-p. d. Use the scope to observe the VCO output. Set the trigger level to 0V (positive edge). Be sure the horizontal position is zeroed and the horizontal zero-time reference is in the center of the display. Then adjust the scope horizontal controls to allow measuring the longest and shortest time periods using cursors as shown on Figure 2. From these periods calculate the lowest and highest frequencies and determine the measured peak frequency deviation. Figure 2 shows a representative oscilloscope display and cursors that measure the shortest time period of the FM signal. The Display controls can be used to turn on persistence, and the Run/Stop and Single (sweep) buttons can be used to obtain a display such as that shown on Figure 2. e. Measure the spectrum of the FM signal (suggest adjusting the scope horizontal control to approximately 5 ms per division. With 10 horizontal divisions (spanning 50 ms) and assuming approximately 2000 FFT points across the screen, this would result in a sampling rate for the FFT of 2000 sample points per 50 ms, or 40 ksa/s, which would be adequate because the highest frequency of interest is under 20 khz). The Agilent MSO-X-3014A oscilloscope may display a higher sampling rate when the horizontal control is set to 5 ms per division due to its oversampling features. f. Now use the Buffer Amplifier gain control to readjust the p-p message voltage into the VCO, to the value determined in the prelaboratory investigation for an FM signal having a bandwidth of 5 khz, and repeat steps d and e above.

4 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-4 Figure 2: Superimposed traces of FM signal with varying instantaneous frequency 3. Follow and perform the following steps to build and test an FM demodulator. a. A simple FM demodulator that reproduces the original message signal will be built and tested to provide further confirmation that the VCO output is indeed an FM signal. A scheme for achieving this result the zero-crossing-detector demodulator is described in Appendix II, and is modeled as shown below on Figure 3. USED AS LOW-PASS FILTER (LPF) Figure 3: An FM demodulator using a zero-crossing detector b. Note: The Twin Pulse Generator module is used to produce a pulse at each positive-going zerocrossing of the FM signal. To achieve this, the FM signal is converted to a TTL signal by the Comparator on the Utilities module, and this drives the Twin Pulse Generator. The input signal to

5 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-5 the low-pass filter (LPF) on the Headphone Amplifier module is at TTL level. It is common practice with TIMS equipment not to connect a TTL signal to an analog input. If you prefer you can use the analog output (yellow connector) from the Twin Pulse Generator. This is an ACcoupled version of the TTL signal. c. Before plugging in the Twin Pulse Generator, set the on-board MODE switch SW1 to SINGLE. Connect the demodulator shown on Figure 3. d. Use the gain control on the Buffer Amplifier to set the frequency deviation of the FM generator to zero, and connect the VCO output to the demodulator input. e. Using the WIDTH control of the Twin Pulse Generator module, adjust the output pulses at this module s output to achieve a mark/space ratio of 1:1, or as close to this as the control allows. f. Observe the demodulator output on the scope. If you have chosen to take the TTL output from the Twin Pulse Generator, there should be a DC voltage present. Why? Notice by adjusting the WIDTH control that the DC level at the demodulator output is proportional to the width of the pulses into the LPF of the Headphone Amplifier. g. Now use the gain control on the Buffer Amplifier to introduce some modulation at the VCO. Observe on the scope the output of the LPF on the Headphone Amplifier module. Measure its frequency and compare this with the frequency of the original message. Observe the original message (use the VCO input) on one scope channel, the modulated signal put of the VCO on a second scope channel, and the demodulator message output on a third scope channel. Comment on differences between the original message and the recovered message out of the demodulator. h. Observe that the amplitude of the message output from the demodulator: - varies with the message amplitude of the VCO. Is this a linear variation? - remains constant when the frequency of the message into the VCO is changed. Does this confirm that the VCO is producing FM, and not PM?

6 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-6 APPENDIX I. Background: Analysis of the FM Spectrum Introduction It is important to understand the distinctions between phase-modulated (PM) and frequency-modulated (FM) signals. This appendix defines the angle modulated signal, of which PM and FM are special cases. FM, under well defined conditions, offers certain features, including a method of trading bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio. This appendix does not present signal-to-noise properties, but instead concentrates on analyzing the spectral properties of the FM signal. Definition of modulation Consider the signal: This signal has, by definition: y(t) = A cos[θ(t)] = A cos[ω C t + φ(t)] (1) an amplitude, A a total phase, θ(t) = ω C t + φ(t) an instantaneous frequency defined as the time rate of change of total phase Any one of these three parameters may be modulated by a message. We will assume that the message is a sinusoid, A M cos ω M t. Whichever of the three parameters is chosen to vary according to the message, then, by definition, the rate of variation of the chosen parameter should be directly proportional to the rate of variation of the message alone, that is, proportional to the rate of A M cos ω M t, and the amount of variation of the chosen parameter should be directly proportional to the value of the message alone, that is, it is proportional to A M cos ω M t. Other parameters may vary at the same time, as will be seen in what follows, but these variations will not in general be varying directly in accordance with the message signal. Phase modulation (PM) - definition According to the above, if a sinusoidal carrier is phase modulated by a sinusoidal message A M cos ω M t, then: total phase = θ(t) = ω C t + Δφ cos ω M t (2) and the constant Δφ is linearly proportional to A M, the message amplitude. The last term in equation (2) represents a phase variation that is proportional to the message A M cos ω M t. Note that Δφ is the peak phase deviation from that of the unmodulated carrier. The last term in equation (2) is often expressed as a phasedeviation constant k P multiplied by the message signal, and therefore Δφ = k P A M. Hence, y PM (t) A cos(ω C t k P A M cos ω M t) (3) is a phase modulated signal. Note that, for PM, the instantaneous frequency is the time-derivative of the total phase:

7 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-7 instantaneous frequency = ω C - k P A M ω M sin ω M t (4) Although the frequency is also varying with the message, the variation is not directly proportional to the message A M cos ω M t. Hence, by definition, this is not frequency modulation. Frequency modulation (FM) - definition According to the above, if a sinusoidal carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal message A M cos ω M t, then: instantaneous frequency = ω C + Δω cos ω M t (5) and the constant Δω is linearly proportional to A M, the message amplitude. The last term in equation (5) represents a frequency variation that is proportional to the message A M cos ω M t. Note that Δω is the peak frequency deviation, and Δω = (2π) Δf. The total phase is obtained by integration of the instantaneous frequency, and thus the signal itself must be: y FM(t) A cos(ω C t Δω /ω M) sin ω M t) (6) The last term in equation (5) is often expressed as a frequency-deviation constant k f multiplied by the message signal, and therefore Δω = k f A M. Hence, y FM(t) A cos(ω C t k f A M /ω M) sin ω M t) Although the phase is also varying with the message, the variation is not directly proportional to the message A M cos ω M t. Hence, by definition, this is not phase modulation. Angle modulation - general form The defining equation, for both PM and FM, can be written in the form: y(t) = A cos(ω C t β sin (ω M t + θ)) (7) One can choose β and θto represent either PM or FM as the case may be, and according to the definitions above. Thus: for PM, β= Δφ= k P A M, the peak phase deviation, and θ = 90, (8) and for FM, β= Δω/ω M = Δf/f M, and θ = 0. (9) The parameter βis often called the deviation ratio. For a sinusoidal message at frequency f M, the deviation ratio is equal to β= Δf/f M. For a non-sinusoidal message signal having bandwidth B, the deviation ratio is β= Δf/B. Both PM and FM fall into a class known as angle modulated signals.

8 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-8 Receivers Demodulators for angle-modulated signals are needed to recover the message from the modulated signal. The demodulator in a PM receiver responds in a linear manner to the variations in phase of the PM signal, and the receiver output is ideally a copy of the original message. Likewise the demodulator in an FM receiver responds in a linear manner to the instantaneous frequency variations of the FM signal. If an FM signal is processed by a PM receiver, or if a PM signal is processed by an FM receiver, the receiver will output a recovered signal that is related to the original message signal but will not be directly proportional to the original message signal. For a PM signal, observing equations (1) and (3) above, the output of the PM receiver will be proportional to the phase of the modulated signal, that is proportional to φ(t) = k P A M cos ω M t. For an FM signal, observing equations (1) and (6) above, the output of the FM receiver will be proportional to the instantaneous frequency deviation from the carrier frequency ω C, where frequency is the derivative of the total phase. Therefore the FM receiver output will be proportional to dφ(t)/dt = d[δω / ω M) sin ω M t)]/dt = Δω cos ω M t. APPENDIX II. FM Modulator and Demodulator Circuits FM modulator using a VCO This experiment has been written to illustrate FM modulation using a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) function. A VCO is typically packaged within an integrated circuit. The VCO, as a low-cost integrated circuit (IC), can have impressive performance (for example, very good linearity). The VCO IC is generally based on a bistable flip-flop, or multi-vibrator type of circuit. Thus its output waveform is a rectangular wave. However, VCO ICs that convert this to a sinusoid are available. The mean frequency (or center frequency) of the VCO is typically determined by an RC circuit external to the VCO IC. The controllable part of the VCO is its frequency, which may be varied about a mean by an external control voltage. The variation of frequency in accordance with the control voltage is ideally linear over a large portion of the allowed input signal range. This then suggests that it would be ideal as an FM modulator. Unfortunately such is not the case because another factor, the relative instability of the center frequency of these VCOs, renders them unacceptable for modern day communication circuits. The uncertainty of the center frequency does not give rise to problems at the receiver, which may be implemented to track the drifting carrier (typically using a phase locked loop - PLL). The problem is that spectrum regulatory authorities insist, and with good reason, that communication transmitters maintain their (mean) carrier frequencies within close limits, typically within one part per million or better. It is possible to stabilize the frequency of an oscillator, relative to some fixed reference, with automatic frequency control circuitry. But in the case of a VCO which is being frequency modulated there is a conflict, with the result that the control circuitry is complex, and consequently expensive. For applications where close frequency control is not mandatory, the VCO is appropriate as an FM modulator.

9 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-9 This experiment is an introduction to the FM signal. A wideband FM signal is appropriate for studying some of the properties of the FM spectrum. In this experiment, two examples of an FM signal are examined, corresponding to cases described in the prelaboratory. FM demodulator using a zero-crossing-detector A simple yet effective FM demodulator is one which takes a time average of the zero crossings of the FM signal. Figure 4 suggests the principle. Figure 4: an FM signal, and a train of pulses from FM-signal zero-crossings Each pulse in the pulse train is of fixed width, and is located at a zero crossing of the FM signal (only positive-going zero crossings are detected in this example implementation). The output of the zerocrossing-detector (the second signal shown on Figure 4) is a pulse-repetition-rate modulated signal. If this pulse train is passed through a low-pass filter (LPF), the filter will perform an averaging operation. The average value of the LPF output will be high when the frequency of the original FM signal is high, and the average value of the LPF output will be lower when the frequency of the original FM signal is lower. Therefore, the zero-crossing-detector followed by a LPF performs an FM demodulation function. This zero-crossing-detector type demodulator (also called the zero-crossing counter) is tested in the latter part of the experiment. The phase locked loop (PLL) is the basis of a different FM demodulator in common use.

10 EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-10 APPENDIX III. Table of Bessel function values Source: Paul Tobin School of Electronics and Communications Engineering ( accessed Oct. 8, 2008)

EE-4022 Experiment 2 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

EE-4022 Experiment 2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 2-1 Student objectives: EE-4022 Experiment 2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) In this experiment the student will use laboratory modules to implement operations

More information

Experiment One: Generating Frequency Modulation (FM) Using Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)

Experiment One: Generating Frequency Modulation (FM) Using Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Experiment One: Generating Frequency Modulation (FM) Using Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Modified from original TIMS Manual experiment by Mr. Faisel Tubbal. Objectives 1) Learn about VCO and how

More information

Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops

Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Frequency Modulation Background Normally, we consider a voltage wave form with a fixed frequency of the form v(t) = V sin( ct + ), (1) where c

More information

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation Lecture 6 and Demodulation Agenda Introduction to and Demodulation Frequency and Phase Modulation Angle Demodulation FM Applications Introduction The other two parameters (frequency and phase) of the carrier

More information

Exercise 2: FM Detection With a PLL

Exercise 2: FM Detection With a PLL Phase-Locked Loop Analog Communications Exercise 2: FM Detection With a PLL EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to explain how the phase detector s input frequencies

More information

DSBSC GENERATION. PREPARATION definition of a DSBSC viewing envelopes multi-tone message... 37

DSBSC GENERATION. PREPARATION definition of a DSBSC viewing envelopes multi-tone message... 37 DSBSC GENERATION PREPARATION... 34 definition of a DSBSC... 34 block diagram...36 viewing envelopes... 36 multi-tone message... 37 linear modulation...38 spectrum analysis... 38 EXPERIMENT... 38 the MULTIPLIER...

More information

Experiment No. 3 Pre-Lab Phase Locked Loops and Frequency Modulation

Experiment No. 3 Pre-Lab Phase Locked Loops and Frequency Modulation Experiment No. 3 Pre-Lab Phase Locked Loops and Frequency Modulation The Pre-Labs are informational and although they follow the procedures in the experiment, they are to be completed outside of the laboratory.

More information

The Sampling Theorem:

The Sampling Theorem: The Sampling Theorem: Aim: Experimental verification of the sampling theorem; sampling and message reconstruction (interpolation). Experimental Procedure: Taking Samples: In the first part of the experiment

More information

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Modules: Integrate & Dump, Digital Utilities, Wideband True RMS Meter, Tuneable LPF, Audio Oscillator, Multiplier, Utilities, Noise Generator, Speech, Headphones. 0 Pre-Laboratory

More information

CME 312-Lab Communication Systems Laboratory

CME 312-Lab Communication Systems Laboratory Objective: By the end of this experiment, the student should be able to: 1. Demonstrate the Modulation and Demodulation of the AM. 2. Observe the relation between modulation index and AM signal envelope.

More information

EE 460L University of Nevada, Las Vegas ECE Department

EE 460L University of Nevada, Las Vegas ECE Department EE 460L PREPARATION 1- ASK Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications is a modulation process which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related

More information

UNIT-2 Angle Modulation System

UNIT-2 Angle Modulation System UNIT-2 Angle Modulation System Introduction There are three parameters of a carrier that may carry information: Amplitude Frequency Phase Frequency Modulation Power in an FM signal does not vary with modulation

More information

CARRIER ACQUISITION AND THE PLL

CARRIER ACQUISITION AND THE PLL CARRIER ACQUISITION AND THE PLL PREPARATION... 22 carrier acquisition methods... 22 bandpass filter...22 the phase locked loop (PLL)....23 squaring...24 squarer plus PLL...26 the Costas loop...26 EXPERIMENT...

More information

Angle Modulated Systems

Angle Modulated Systems Angle Modulated Systems Angle of carrier signal is changed in accordance with instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal. Two types Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM) Use Commercial radio

More information

EET 223 RF COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

EET 223 RF COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS EET 223 RF COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Experimental Goals A good technician needs to make accurate measurements, keep good records and know the proper usage and limitations of the instruments

More information

EE 400L Communications. Laboratory Exercise #7 Digital Modulation

EE 400L Communications. Laboratory Exercise #7 Digital Modulation EE 400L Communications Laboratory Exercise #7 Digital Modulation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Nevada, at Las Vegas PREPARATION 1- ASK Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in

More information

Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Fall 2009

Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Fall 2009 Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Fall 2009 Frequency Modulation Normally, we consider a voltage wave orm with a ixed requency o the orm v(t) = V sin(ω c t + θ), (1) where ω c is

More information

PRODUCT DEMODULATION - SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS

PRODUCT DEMODULATION - SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS PRODUCT DEMODULATION - SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS INTRODUCTION...98 frequency translation...98 the process...98 interpretation...99 the demodulator...100 synchronous operation: ω 0 = ω 1...100 carrier

More information

DELTA MODULATION. PREPARATION principle of operation slope overload and granularity...124

DELTA MODULATION. PREPARATION principle of operation slope overload and granularity...124 DELTA MODULATION PREPARATION...122 principle of operation...122 block diagram...122 step size calculation...124 slope overload and granularity...124 slope overload...124 granular noise...125 noise and

More information

Costas Loop. Modules: Sequence Generator, Digital Utilities, VCO, Quadrature Utilities (2), Phase Shifter, Tuneable LPF (2), Multiplier

Costas Loop. Modules: Sequence Generator, Digital Utilities, VCO, Quadrature Utilities (2), Phase Shifter, Tuneable LPF (2), Multiplier Costas Loop Modules: Sequence Generator, Digital Utilities, VCO, Quadrature Utilities (2), Phase Shifter, Tuneable LPF (2), Multiplier 0 Pre-Laboratory Reading Phase-shift keying that employs two discrete

More information

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATION PREPARATION...2 theory...3 depth of modulation...4 measurement of m... 5 spectrum... 5 other message shapes.... 5 other generation methods...6 EXPERIMENT...7 aligning the model...7

More information

TIMS: Introduction to the Instrument

TIMS: Introduction to the Instrument TIMS: Introduction to the Instrument Modules: Audio Oscillator, Speech, Adder, Wideband True RMS Meter, Digital Utilities 1 Displaying a Signal on the PicoScope 1. Turn on TIMS. 2. Computer: Start > All

More information

AC LAB ECE-D ecestudy.wordpress.com

AC LAB ECE-D ecestudy.wordpress.com PART B EXPERIMENT NO: 1 AIM: PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM) & DEMODULATION DATE: To study Pulse Amplitude modulation and demodulation process with relevant waveforms. APPARATUS: 1. Pulse amplitude modulation

More information

Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal (baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal

Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal (baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal (baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce

More information

ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory 1 ---- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 1) Frequency Shift Keying Objectives To appreciate the principle of frequency shift keying and its relationship to analogue

More information

Signals and Systems Lecture 9 Communication Systems Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Modulation (FM)

Signals and Systems Lecture 9 Communication Systems Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Modulation (FM) Signals and Systems Lecture 9 Communication Systems Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Modulation (FM) April 11, 2008 Today s Topics 1. Frequency-division multiplexing 2. Frequency modulation

More information

EXPERIMENT 4 - Part I: DSB Amplitude Modulation

EXPERIMENT 4 - Part I: DSB Amplitude Modulation OBJECTIVE To generate DSB amplitude modulated signal. EXPERIMENT 4 - Part I: DSB Amplitude Modulation PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION In an amplitude modulation (AM) communications system, the message signal is

More information

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Universitas Sumatera Utara Amplitude Shift Keying & Frequency Shift Keying Aim: To generate and demodulate an amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signal and a binary FSK signal. Intro to Generation of ASK Amplitude shift keying - ASK -

More information

Sampling and Reconstruction

Sampling and Reconstruction Experiment 10 Sampling and Reconstruction In this experiment we shall learn how an analog signal can be sampled in the time domain and then how the same samples can be used to reconstruct the original

More information

Code No: R Set No. 1

Code No: R Set No. 1 Code No: R05220405 Set No. 1 II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2007 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics & Telematics) Time: 3 hours

More information

UNIT 2. Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator. Ans. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation

UNIT 2. Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator. Ans.   Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation UNIT 2 Q.1) Describe the functioning of standard signal generator Ans. STANDARD SIGNAL GENERATOR A standard signal generator produces known and controllable voltages. It is used as power source for the

More information

CME312- LAB Manual DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation Experiment 6. Experiment 6. Experiment. DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation

CME312- LAB Manual DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation Experiment 6. Experiment 6. Experiment. DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation Experiment 6 Experiment DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation Objectives : By the end of this experiment, the student should be able to: 1. Demonstrate the modulation and demodulation process of DSB-SC. 2.

More information

2011 PSW American Society for Engineering Education Conference

2011 PSW American Society for Engineering Education Conference Communications Laboratory with Commercial Test and Training Instrument Peter Kinman and Daniel Murdock California State University Fresno Abstract A communications laboratory course has been designed around

More information

SHF Communication Technologies AG. Wilhelm-von-Siemens-Str. 23D Berlin Germany. Phone Fax

SHF Communication Technologies AG. Wilhelm-von-Siemens-Str. 23D Berlin Germany. Phone Fax SHF Communication Technologies AG Wilhelm-von-Siemens-Str. 23D 12277 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 772051-0 Fax ++49 30 7531078 E-Mail: sales@shf.de Web: http://www.shf.de Application Note Jitter Injection

More information

(b) What are the differences between FM and PM? (c) What are the differences between NBFM and WBFM? [9+4+3]

(b) What are the differences between FM and PM? (c) What are the differences between NBFM and WBFM? [9+4+3] Code No: RR220401 Set No. 1 1. (a) The antenna current of an AM Broadcast transmitter is 10A, if modulated to a depth of 50% by an audio sine wave. It increases to 12A as a result of simultaneous modulation

More information

Local Oscillator Phase Noise and its effect on Receiver Performance C. John Grebenkemper

Local Oscillator Phase Noise and its effect on Receiver Performance C. John Grebenkemper Watkins-Johnson Company Tech-notes Copyright 1981 Watkins-Johnson Company Vol. 8 No. 6 November/December 1981 Local Oscillator Phase Noise and its effect on Receiver Performance C. John Grebenkemper All

More information

B.Tech II Year II Semester (R13) Supplementary Examinations May/June 2017 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

B.Tech II Year II Semester (R13) Supplementary Examinations May/June 2017 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) Code: 13A04404 R13 B.Tech II Year II Semester (R13) Supplementary Examinations May/June 2017 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A

More information

Spectrum analyzer for frequency bands of 8-12, and MHz

Spectrum analyzer for frequency bands of 8-12, and MHz EE389 Electronic Design Lab Project Report, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, November 2006 Spectrum analyzer for frequency bands of 8-12, 12-16 and 16-20 MHz Group No. D-13 Paras Choudhary (03d07012)

More information

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Architectures Receiver Architectures Modules: VCO (2), Quadrature Utilities (2), Utilities, Adder, Multiplier, Phase Shifter (2), Tuneable LPF (2), 100-kHz Channel Filters, Audio Oscillator, Noise Generator, Speech,

More information

German Jordanian University. Department of Communication Engineering. Digital Communication Systems Lab. CME 313-Lab. Experiment 8

German Jordanian University. Department of Communication Engineering. Digital Communication Systems Lab. CME 313-Lab. Experiment 8 German Jordanian University Department of Communication Engineering Digital Communication Systems Lab CME 313-Lab Experiment 8 Binary Frequency-shift keying (BPSK) Eng. Anas Al-ashqar Dr. Ala' Khalifeh

More information

Chapter 8 Frequency Modulation (FM)

Chapter 8 Frequency Modulation (FM) Chapter 8 Frequency Modulation (FM) Contents Slide 1 Frequency Modulation (FM) Slide 2 FM Signal Definition (cont.) Slide 3 Discrete-Time FM Modulator Slide 4 Single Tone FM Modulation Slide 5 Single Tone

More information

MODELLING AN EQUATION

MODELLING AN EQUATION MODELLING AN EQUATION PREPARATION...1 an equation to model...1 the ADDER...2 conditions for a null...3 more insight into the null...4 TIMS experiment procedures...5 EXPERIMENT...6 signal-to-noise ratio...11

More information

FM AND BESSEL ZEROS TUTORIAL QUESTIONS using the WAVE ANALYSER without a WAVE ANALYSER...137

FM AND BESSEL ZEROS TUTORIAL QUESTIONS using the WAVE ANALYSER without a WAVE ANALYSER...137 FM AND BESSEL ZEROS PREPARATION... 132 introduction... 132 EXPERIMENT... 133 spectral components... 134 locate the carrier... 134 the method of Bessel zeros... 136 looking for a Bessel zero... 136 using

More information

DEPARTMENT OF E.C.E.

DEPARTMENT OF E.C.E. PVP SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANURU, VIJAYAWADA-7 DEPARTMENT OF E.C.E. ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB MANUAL Department of Electronics & Communication engineering Prasad V.Potluri Siddhartha Institute

More information

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY RUTGERS. College of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY RUTGERS. College of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY RUTGERS College of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 332:322 Principles of Communications Systems Spring Problem Set 3 1. Discovered Angle

More information

Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier

Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier and the first channel. The modulation of the main carrier

More information

Check out from stockroom:! Two 10x scope probes

Check out from stockroom:! Two 10x scope probes University of Utah Electrical & Computer Engineering Department ECE 3510 Lab 6 Basic Phase - Locked Loop M. Bodson, A. Stolp, 2/26/06 rev,3/1/09 Note : Bring a proto board, parts, and lab card this week.

More information

Lab 0: Introduction to TIMS AND MATLAB

Lab 0: Introduction to TIMS AND MATLAB TELE3013 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1 Lab 0: Introduction to TIMS AND MATLAB 1. INTRODUCTION The TIMS (Telecommunication Instructional Modelling System) system was first developed by Tim Hooper, then a

More information

PN9000 PULSED CARRIER MEASUREMENTS

PN9000 PULSED CARRIER MEASUREMENTS The specialist of Phase noise Measurements PN9000 PULSED CARRIER MEASUREMENTS Carrier frequency: 2.7 GHz - PRF: 5 khz Duty cycle: 1% Page 1 / 12 Introduction When measuring a pulse modulated signal the

More information

332:223 Principles of Electrical Engineering I Laboratory Experiment #2 Title: Function Generators and Oscilloscopes Suggested Equipment:

332:223 Principles of Electrical Engineering I Laboratory Experiment #2 Title: Function Generators and Oscilloscopes Suggested Equipment: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY The State University of New Jersey School of Engineering Department Of Electrical and Computer Engineering 332:223 Principles of Electrical Engineering I Laboratory Experiment #2 Title:

More information

Elements of Communication System Channel Fig: 1: Block Diagram of Communication System Terminology in Communication System

Elements of Communication System Channel Fig: 1: Block Diagram of Communication System Terminology in Communication System Content:- Fundamentals of Communication Engineering : Elements of a Communication System, Need of modulation, electromagnetic spectrum and typical applications, Unit V (Communication terminologies in communication

More information

Linear Time-Invariant Systems

Linear Time-Invariant Systems Linear Time-Invariant Systems Modules: Wideband True RMS Meter, Audio Oscillator, Utilities, Digital Utilities, Twin Pulse Generator, Tuneable LPF, 100-kHz Channel Filters, Phase Shifter, Quadrature Phase

More information

ELE636 Communication Systems

ELE636 Communication Systems ELE636 Communication Systems Chapter 5 : Angle (Exponential) Modulation 1 Phase-locked Loop (PLL) The PLL can be used to track the phase and the frequency of the carrier component of an incoming signal.

More information

YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING FACULTY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY EE 354 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING FACULTY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY EE 354 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING FACULTY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY EE 354 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS EXPERIMENT 3: SAMPLING & TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEX (TDM) Objective: Experimental verification of the

More information

TIMS-301 USER MANUAL. Telecommunications Instructional Modelling System

TIMS-301 USER MANUAL. Telecommunications Instructional Modelling System TIMS-301 R MANUAL Telecommunications Instructional Modelling System TIMS-301 R MANUAL Issue Number 1.4 February 2002 Published by: EMONA INSTRUMENTS PTY LTD a.c.n. 001 728 276 86 Parramatta Road Camperdown

More information

Part-I. Experiment 6:-Angle Modulation

Part-I. Experiment 6:-Angle Modulation Part-I Experiment 6:-Angle Modulation 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective This experiment deals with the basic performance of Angle Modulation - Phase Modulation (PM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). The student

More information

Master Degree in Electronic Engineering

Master Degree in Electronic Engineering Master Degree in Electronic Engineering Analog and telecommunication electronic course (ATLCE-01NWM) Miniproject: Baseband signal transmission techniques Name: LI. XINRUI E-mail: s219989@studenti.polito.it

More information

Experiment # 4. Frequency Modulation

Experiment # 4. Frequency Modulation ECE 416 Fall 2002 Experiment # 4 Frequency Modulation 1 Purpose In Experiment # 3, a modulator and demodulator for AM were designed and built. In this experiment, another widely used modulation technique

More information

Experiment Five: The Noisy Channel Model

Experiment Five: The Noisy Channel Model Experiment Five: The Noisy Channel Model Modified from original TIMS Manual experiment by Mr. Faisel Tubbal. Objectives 1) Study and understand the use of marco CHANNEL MODEL module to generate and add

More information

Oscilloscope and Function Generators

Oscilloscope and Function Generators MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP # 02 Oscilloscope and Function Generators Roll. No: Checked by: Date: Grade: Object: To

More information

EXPERIMENT 2: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

EXPERIMENT 2: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) EXPERIMENT 2: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 1) OBJECTIVE Generation and demodulation of a frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal 2) PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION In FSK, the frequency of a carrier signal is modified

More information

Angle Modulation. Frequency Modulation

Angle Modulation. Frequency Modulation Angle Modulation Contrast to AM Generalized sinusoid: v(t)=v max sin(ωt+φ) Instead of Varying V max, Vary (ωt+φ) Angle and Pulse Modulation - 1 Frequency Modulation Instantaneous Carrier Frequency f i

More information

T.J.Moir AUT University Auckland. The Ph ase Lock ed Loop.

T.J.Moir AUT University Auckland. The Ph ase Lock ed Loop. T.J.Moir AUT University Auckland The Ph ase Lock ed Loop. 1.Introduction The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is one of the most commonly used integrated circuits (ICs) in use in modern communications systems.

More information

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS 1 B.Tech III Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 1 (a) Why is R e in an emitter-coupled differential amplifier replaced by a constant current source? (b)

More information

4.1 REPRESENTATION OF FM AND PM SIGNALS An angle-modulated signal generally can be written as

4.1 REPRESENTATION OF FM AND PM SIGNALS An angle-modulated signal generally can be written as 1 In frequency-modulation (FM) systems, the frequency of the carrier f c is changed by the message signal; in phase modulation (PM) systems, the phase of the carrier is changed according to the variations

More information

Lecture Topics. Doppler CW Radar System, FM-CW Radar System, Moving Target Indication Radar System, and Pulsed Doppler Radar System

Lecture Topics. Doppler CW Radar System, FM-CW Radar System, Moving Target Indication Radar System, and Pulsed Doppler Radar System Lecture Topics Doppler CW Radar System, FM-CW Radar System, Moving Target Indication Radar System, and Pulsed Doppler Radar System 1 Remember that: An EM wave is a function of both space and time e.g.

More information

FM THRESHOLD AND METHODS OF LIMITING ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE

FM THRESHOLD AND METHODS OF LIMITING ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE FM THESHOLD AND METHODS OF LIMITING ITS EFFET ON PEFOMANE AHANEKU, M. A. Lecturer in the Department of Electronic Engineering, UNN ABSTAT This paper presents the outcome of the investigative study carried

More information

Narrowband Data Transmission ASK/FSK

Narrowband Data Transmission ASK/FSK Objectives Communication Systems II - Laboratory Experiment 9 Narrowband Data Transmission ASK/FSK To generate amplitude-shift keyed (ASK) and frequency-shift keyed (FSK) signals, study their properties,

More information

Chapter 14 FSK Demodulator

Chapter 14 FSK Demodulator Chapter 14 FSK Demodulator 14-1 : Curriculum Objectives 1. To understand the operation theory of FSK demodulator. 2. To implement the FSK detector circuit by using PLL. 3. To understand the operation theory

More information

Problems from the 3 rd edition

Problems from the 3 rd edition (2.1-1) Find the energies of the signals: a) sin t, 0 t π b) sin t, 0 t π c) 2 sin t, 0 t π d) sin (t-2π), 2π t 4π Problems from the 3 rd edition Comment on the effect on energy of sign change, time shifting

More information

Communication Systems Lab

Communication Systems Lab LAB MANUAL Communication Systems Lab (EE-226-F) Prepared by: Varun Sharma (Lab In-charge) Dayal C. Sati (Faculty In-charge) B R C M CET BAHAL DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page

More information

UNIT-3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation

UNIT-3.   Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation UNIT-3 1. Draw the Block Schematic of AF Wave analyzer and explain its principle and Working? ANS: The wave analyzer consists of a very narrow pass-band filter section which can Be tuned to a particular

More information

RF/IF Terminology and Specs

RF/IF Terminology and Specs RF/IF Terminology and Specs Contributors: Brad Brannon John Greichen Leo McHugh Eamon Nash Eberhard Brunner 1 Terminology LNA - Low-Noise Amplifier. A specialized amplifier to boost the very small received

More information

f o Fig ECE 6440 Frequency Synthesizers P.E. Allen Frequency Magnitude Spectral impurity Frequency Fig010-03

f o Fig ECE 6440 Frequency Synthesizers P.E. Allen Frequency Magnitude Spectral impurity Frequency Fig010-03 Lecture 010 Introduction to Synthesizers (5/5/03) Page 010-1 LECTURE 010 INTRODUCTION TO FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS (References: [1,5,9,10]) What is a Synthesizer? A frequency synthesizer is the means by which

More information

Lab Exercise PN: Phase Noise Measurement - 1 -

Lab Exercise PN: Phase Noise Measurement - 1 - Lab Exercise PN: Phase Noise Measurements Phase noise is a critical specification for oscillators used in applications such as Doppler radar and synchronous communications systems. It is tricky to measure

More information

Measurement Procedure & Test Equipment Used

Measurement Procedure & Test Equipment Used Measurement Procedure & Test Equipment Used Except where otherwise stated, all measurements are made following the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) Minimum Standard for Portable/Personal Land Mobile

More information

Laboratory Experience #5: Digital Spectrum Analyzer Basic use

Laboratory Experience #5: Digital Spectrum Analyzer Basic use TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM TLCM 242: INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY Laboratory Experience #5: Digital Spectrum Analyzer Basic use 1.- INTRODUCTION Our normal frame

More information

Lab10: FM Spectra and VCO

Lab10: FM Spectra and VCO Lab10: FM Spectra and VCO Prepared by: Keyur Desai Dept. of Electrical Engineering Michigan State University ECE458 Lab 10 What is FM? A type of analog modulation Remember a common strategy in analog modulation?

More information

Problem Sheet for Amplitude Modulation

Problem Sheet for Amplitude Modulation Problem heet for Amplitude Modulation Q1: For the sinusoidaly modulated DB/LC waveform shown in Fig. below. a Find the modulation index. b ketch a line spectrum. c Calculated the ratio of average power

More information

ECE 440L. Experiment 1: Signals and Noise (1 week)

ECE 440L. Experiment 1: Signals and Noise (1 week) ECE 440L Experiment 1: Signals and Noise (1 week) I. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this experiment, you should be able to: 1. Use the signal generators and filters in the lab to generate and filter noise

More information

cosω t Y AD 532 Analog Multiplier Board EE18.xx Fig. 1 Amplitude modulation of a sine wave message signal

cosω t Y AD 532 Analog Multiplier Board EE18.xx Fig. 1 Amplitude modulation of a sine wave message signal University of Saskatchewan EE 9 Electrical Engineering Laboratory III Amplitude and Frequency Modulation Objectives: To observe the time domain waveforms and spectra of amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms

More information

Exercise 2: Demodulation (Quadrature Detector)

Exercise 2: Demodulation (Quadrature Detector) Analog Communications Angle Modulation and Demodulation Exercise 2: Demodulation (Quadrature Detector) EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to explain demodulation

More information

ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory Amplitude Modulation (AM)

ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory Amplitude Modulation (AM) ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory 1 ---- Amplitude Modulation (AM) 1. Objectives 1.1 Through this the laboratory experiment, you will investigate demodulation of an amplitude modulated (AM)

More information

Volumes 1 and 2 Experiments in Modern Analog & Digital Telecommunications Barry Duncan

Volumes 1 and 2 Experiments in Modern Analog & Digital Telecommunications Barry Duncan Emona 101 Trainer SAMPLE Lab Manual Volumes 1 and 2 Experiments in Modern Analog & Digital Telecommunications Barry Duncan Emona 101 Trainer SAMPLE Lab Manual Volumes 1 and 2 Experiments in Modern Analog

More information

Exercise 1: Frequency and Phase Modulation

Exercise 1: Frequency and Phase Modulation Exercise 1: Frequency and Phase Modulation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to describe frequency modulation and an FM circuit. You will also be able to describe

More information

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM SOFTWARE)

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM SOFTWARE) PROJECT 1B DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM SOFTWARE) (i) FSK SYSTEM (MODULATOR / DEMODULATOR) Abstract: In this project, students are required to design a complete circuit of FSK SYSTEM.

More information

Internal Examination I Answer Key DEPARTMENT OF CSE & IT. Semester: III Max.Marks: 100

Internal Examination I Answer Key DEPARTMENT OF CSE & IT. Semester: III Max.Marks: 100 NH 67, Karur Trichy Highways, Puliyur C.F, 639 114 Karur District Internal Examination I Answer Key DEPARTMENT OF CSE & IT Branch & Section: II CSE & IT Date & Time: 06.08.15 & 3 Hours Semester: III Max.Marks:

More information

1B Paper 6: Communications Handout 2: Analogue Modulation

1B Paper 6: Communications Handout 2: Analogue Modulation 1B Paper 6: Communications Handout : Analogue Modulation Ramji Venkataramanan Signal Processing and Communications Lab Department of Engineering ramji.v@eng.cam.ac.uk Lent Term 16 1 / 3 Modulation Modulation

More information

Sonoma State University Department of Engineering Science Spring 2017

Sonoma State University Department of Engineering Science Spring 2017 EE 110 Introduction to Engineering & Laboratory Experience Saeid Rahimi, Ph.D. Lab 4 Introduction to AC Measurements (I) AC signals, Function Generators and Oscilloscopes Function Generator (AC) Battery

More information

EXPERIMENT 3 - Part I: DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation

EXPERIMENT 3 - Part I: DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation OBJECTIVE To generate DSB-SC amplitude modulated signal. EXPERIMENT 3 - Part I: DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION In the modulation process, the message signal (the baseband voice, video,

More information

Agilent N9320B RF Spectrum Analyzer

Agilent N9320B RF Spectrum Analyzer Agilent N9320B RF Spectrum Analyzer 9 khz to 3.0 GHz Data Sheet Definitions and Conditions The spectrum analyzer will meet its specifications when: It is within its calibration cycle It has been turned

More information

Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Frequency Modulation and Demodulation Frequency Modulation and Demodulation November 2, 27 This lab is divided into two parts. In Part I you will learn how to design an FM modulator and in Part II you will be able to demodulate an FM signal.

More information

Cost-Effective Traceability for Oscilloscope Calibration. Author: Peter B. Crisp Head of Metrology Fluke Precision Instruments, Norwich, UK

Cost-Effective Traceability for Oscilloscope Calibration. Author: Peter B. Crisp Head of Metrology Fluke Precision Instruments, Norwich, UK Cost-Effective Traceability for Oscilloscope Calibration Author: Peter B. Crisp Head of Metrology Fluke Precision Instruments, Norwich, UK Abstract The widespread adoption of ISO 9000 has brought an increased

More information

LabMaster Series TECHNOLOGIES. Unistep LabMaster Series PLL LOOP MODULE USER MANUAL. Copyright Unistep Technologies

LabMaster Series TECHNOLOGIES. Unistep LabMaster Series PLL LOOP MODULE USER MANUAL. Copyright Unistep Technologies TECHNOLOGIES LabMaster Series Unistep LabMaster Series PLL PHASE-LOCK LOOP MODULE USER MANUAL Copyright 2010 - Unistep Technologies User Manual PLL Phase-Lock Loop Module 2 PLL ~~~ PHASE--LLOCK LLOOP MODULLE

More information

EE470 Electronic Communication Theory Exam II

EE470 Electronic Communication Theory Exam II EE470 Electronic Communication Theory Exam II Open text, closed notes. For partial credit, you must show all formulas in symbolic form and you must work neatly!!! Date: November 6, 2013 Name: 1. [16%]

More information

B. Equipment. Advanced Lab

B. Equipment. Advanced Lab Advanced Lab Measuring Periodic Signals Using a Digital Oscilloscope A. Introduction and Background We will use a digital oscilloscope to characterize several different periodic voltage signals. We will

More information

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB List of Experiments: 1. PCM Generation and Detection. 2. Differential Pulse Code modulation. 3. Delta modulation. 4. Time Division Multiplexing of 2band Limited Signals. 5. Frequency

More information

Combinational logic: Breadboard adders

Combinational logic: Breadboard adders ! ENEE 245: Digital Circuits & Systems Lab Lab 1 Combinational logic: Breadboard adders ENEE 245: Digital Circuits and Systems Laboratory Lab 1 Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are the following:

More information

Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation

Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation PURPOSE In this assignment, you will explore the use of digital computers for the analysis, design, synthesis, and simulation of an amplitude modulation (AM)

More information

Analog Communication.

Analog Communication. Analog Communication Vishnu N V Tele is Greek for at a distance, and Communicare is latin for to make common. Telecommunication is the process of long distance communications. Early telecommunications

More information