Solving Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) with Ferrites
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- Marianna Mathews
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2 Solving Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) with Ferrites What are ferrites? How do ferrites help Suppress EMI? How to chose proper ferrite and component Material Characteristics Material and Core Selection Frequency, bias, turns, temperature, size Cable cores and PCB level components 1
3 What Is A Ferrite? Ferrite is a ceramic material formed by reacting metal oxides into a magnetic material. - Soft magnetic material is one that can be both easily magnetized and demagnetized, so that it can store or transfer magnetic energy in alternating or other changing wave forms CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (metal oxides) + (iron oxide) (MnO + ZnO) (NiO + ZnO) (MgO + ZnO) + (Fe2O3) = + (Fe2O3) = + (Fe2O3) = Manganese - Zinc Nickel - Zinc Magnesium - Zinc 2
4 Definitions EMI Electromagnetic Interference Electromagnetic emissions from a device or system that interfere with the normal operation of another device or system. EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility The ability of a device or system to function without error in its intended electromagnetic environment. 3
5 EMI Suppression Sources of EMI Digital System Clock Pulses SMPS Oscillators Medical Equipment Microwave Equipment Radio & TV Frequency Converters Electronic Ballasts Switch Gear (contractors, relays) Household Appliances Power Supplies and Battery Chargers Motor Commutation Ignition Systems Victims (Susceptible) Radio & TV Receivers Modems Engine Control Modules Data transmission systems Medical Equipment Computer
6 Properties of Ferrites EMI Suppression A frequency dependant impedance that provides attenuation Formulations optimized for frequency bands Ferrites absorb EMI energy - dissipate as small amount of heat Powder compaction allows for a multitude of shapes High permeability concentrates magnetic filed in core allowing for a dense overall package High resistivity provides electrical isolation between multiple lines and minimizes eddy current losses 5
7 How Ferrites Are Used To Reduce Noise Noise Source Path Load (victim) Attenuation = 20 log 10 (Z s +Z sc + Z L ) Z s Z sc Z L (Z s + Z L ) db Z s Z sc Z L = Source impedance = Suppressor Core impedance = Load impedance 6
8 7
9 Magnetic Properties of Ferrite Materials Property Unit Symbol Initial < 10 gauss ui gauss B Flux Density mt Field Strength oersted H A/m Residual Flux Density gauss Br mt Resistivity Ω cm p x10 5 1x10 9 1x10 8 1x10 8 Curie Temperature C Tc >140 >160 >130 >130 >160 >140 >300 Recommended Frequency Range EMI Suppression MHz < 30 < 30 < > 200 8
10 B(gauss) Material Characteristics 43 Material B B R u i H C H(oersted) B S H 43 Material Property Unit Symbol Value Initial Permeability m i B < 10 gauss Flux Density gauss B Field Strength oersted H 10 Residual Flux Density gauss B r 1300 Coercive Force oersted H c.45 Temperature Coefficient of %/ C 1.25 Initial Permeability (20-70 C) Loss Factor 10-6 tand/m i Frequency MHz 1.0 Curie Temperature C T c >130 Resistivity W cm r Recommended Frequency Range MHz
11 Z=R s +jwl s R s =wl o m s wl s =wl o m s = X L L o =.0461 N 2 Ht log 10 ( OD ) 10-8 [ H ] ID [Dim mm] 10
12 Common-Mode vs Differential-Mode Common-Mode Currents Noise Currents in phase (same direction) in the conductor pair. Usually found where radiated noise attaches itself to the conductor. Differential-Mode Currents Can be Functional (desired) currents or Noise currents or combination of both. 11
13 Common-Mode Choke I D I D Differential Mode (functional) Currents Fluxes cancel * no inductance (impedance) * no effect on currents * core will not saturate with high I D currents Common Mode Currents I C I C Fluxes Add * inductance (impedance) in series with conductor * effectively blocking Common Mode currents 12
14 Differential Mode Application Ferrite Bead Provide selective attenuation of high frequency signals and not effect lower freq functional current Affects both Differential and Common Mode signals D C Core can saturate at high levels of (low frequency) current 13
15 IMPEDANCE IS AFFECTED BY: Frequency DC Bias Temperature Flux Density Turns 14
16 Complex Permeability vs. Frequency m s ' 73 Material 2500 µ MnZn 1000 m s ' 43 Material 800 µ NiZn m s', ms" 100 m s " m s', m s" 10 m s " E+4 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz) 1 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz) 15
17 Z, R S, X L (ohm) Impedance vs. Frequency perm Round Cable Snap-It (1 turn) Z R S X L 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz)
18 Suppression Materials Comparison 75 (MnZn 5000 Perm.) 31 (MnZn 1500 Perm.) 73 (MnZn 2500 Perm.) 43/44 (NiZn 800/500 Perm.) 46 (MgZn 500 Perm.) (NiZn 125) Frequency (MHz)
19 18 26xx Bead 3.5mm x 1.3mm x 0.6 mm
20 Z (W) Suppression Cable Comparison 120 Optimized for 100 khz to 1 GHz perm 61 Material perm 31 Material perm 43 Material perm 75 Material 500 perm 46 Material ,000 1,000,000 10,000, ,000,000 1,000,000,000 Frequency (Hz) 19
21 5000 perm 1500 perm 800 perm Low Frequencies 100kHz-30MHZ (75 Material) Part Number A B C Lower & Broadband Frequencies MHz (31 Material) Part Number A B C ± ± ± ± ± ± Wt. (g) H (Oe) Broadband Frequencies MHz (43 Material) Part Number A B C ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Impedance (Ω) 1 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz+ 25 MHz+ 100 MHz+ 250 MHz ± ± Wt. (g) H (Oe) Wt. (g) Impedance (Ω) 200 khz 500 khz+ 1 MHz+ 2 MHz+ 5 MHz H (Oe) Impedance (Ω) 10 MHz+ 25 MHz+ 100 MHz+ 250 MHz perm Higher Frequencies MHz (61 Material) Part Number A B C ± ± ± ± ± ± Wt. (g) H (Oe) Impedance (Ω) 100 MHz 250 MHz+ 500 MHz MHz
22
23 Z(Ohms) Impedance vs. Frequency with DC Bias 800 perm Surface Mount Bead H= (0.4 p N I ) / l e 0A 80.2A A 1A 2A 5A 0 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E Frequency(Hz)
24 Z(W) Material Comparison w/ DC Bias Bead On Lead IMPEDANCE vs. FREQUENCY with No BIAS perm 61-0A 2500 perm 73-0A 800 perm 43-0A E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz) 23
25 Z(W) Material Comparison w/ DC Bias Bead On Lead IMPEDANCE vs. FREQUENCY WITH DC BIAS perm 61-0A 2500 perm 73-0A 800 perm 43-0A A A A 0 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz) 24
26 Percent Original Impedance(%) Percent Original Impedance(%) Percent Original Impedance(%) 2500 perm 73 Material MHz 20 10MHz H(oersted) 125 perm 61 Material 100 H= (0.4 p N I ) / l e [Oe] perm 43 Material 50MHz 25MHz 100MHz H(oersted) MHz l e =.508 cm N=1 I = 2 H=4.95 O e 60 % Original Z MHz MHz 2500 perm 73 12% 800 perm 43 32% 125 perm 61 40%
27 Z(W) 300 Material Comparison w/ DC Bias Bead On Lead IMPEDANCE vs. FREQUENCY WITH DC BIAS A A 43-0A A A A 0 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz) 26 l e =.508 cm N=1 I = 2 H=4.95 O e % Original Z 25MHz 25MHz 0Adc 2Adc % Original 2500 perm 73 12% % 800 perm 43 32% % 125 perm 61 40% %
28 5000 perm 1500 perm 800 perm Low Frequencies 100kHz-30MHZ (75 Material) Part Number A B C Lower & Broadband Frequencies MHz (31 Material) Part Number A B C ± ± ± ± ± ± Wt. (g) H (Oe) Broadband Frequencies MHz (43 Material) Part Number A B C ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Impedance (Ω) 1 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz+ 25 MHz+ 100 MHz+ 250 MHz ± ± Wt. (g) H (Oe) Wt. (g) Impedance (Ω) 200 khz 500 khz+ 1 MHz+ 2 MHz+ 5 MHz H (Oe) Impedance (Ω) 10 MHz+ 25 MHz+ 100 MHz+ 250 MHz perm Higher Frequencies MHz (61 Material) Part Number A B C ± ± ± ± ± ± Wt. (g) H (Oe) Impedance (Ω) 100 MHz 250 MHz+ 500 MHz MHz
29 Percent Original Impedance [%] Impedance vs. Temperature Material Material MHz 25MHz 100MHz MHz 250MH Temperature o C Temperature o C 28
30 Amplitude Permeability vs. Flux Density 800 perm 43 Material m a B (gauss) Measured on a.690"/.390"/.230" toroid at 10kHz. 25 o C 29
31 Z (ohm) The Effect of Turns on Impedance perm Round Cable Snap-It N= N=2 N=1 0 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 Frequency (Hz) 30
32 5000 perm 75 - Low Frequency Suppression Cable Components Optimized for 100kHz to 30MHZ 31
33 New Low Frequency Suppression Cable Snap-Its Optimized for 100kHz to 30MHZ 5000 perm 75 Snap-It Cores Dimensions (mm) Typical Impedance (1 Turn) Solid Equivalent Part Number Max Cable Dia A B C 500 khz 1MHz 5MHz x
34 µ' / µ'' perm 75 Material Complex Permeability < optimal range for suppression > µ' µ'' 10 10, ,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 Frequency (Hz)
35 Z (ohms) Comparison of 75 and 31 Material Cable Cores (max cable diameter 8.70 mm) perm 75 solid 1500 perm 31 Snap-It perm 75 Snap-It ,000 1,000,000 Frequency (Hz) 10,000, ,000,000
36 Z (ohms) Comparison of 75 and 31 Material Cable Cores (max cable diameter mm) solid 5000 perm 31 Snap-It 1500 perm Snap-It 5000 perm ,000 1,000,000 Frequency (Hz) 10,000, ,000,000
37 Z- ohms 5000 perm with N=1, 3 and 5 turns N= N=3 500 N= ,000 1,000,000 10,000, ,000,000 Frequency (Hz)
38 Product Range EMI Suppression Products Cable Components Round Cable EMI Suppression Cores 75, 31, 43, 46, 61 12Ω to 380Ω 3.0 ID Round Cable Snap-Its 75, 31, 43/44, 46, 61 12Ω to 435Ω 1.00 ID [ NEW 1.40 ID, 31, core only]
39 Board Level SMD ferrites Chip Beads SM Beads Package sizes 0402, 0603, 1206, 1806, 1812 Y Std, Z High, H GHz Impedance Rated at 100MHz 10Ω to 2000Ω Current Rated 100mA to 6A Package sizes.184 x.120 up to.58 x.27 DM & CM 73(<50MHz), 43/44 (25-300MHz), 61 & 52 (250MHz-1GHz) Impedance Rated at 1MHz to 1GHz 9Ω to 600Ω Current Rated 5A (to 10A) 38
40 Material Matters 0603 size 120Ω +/-25% Y Std speed vs Z High Speed vs H GHz Speed 39
41 Z(Ohms) 0603 size 120Ω Y Std speed 400mA Device Y A 100mA 200mA 400mA E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E Frequency(Hz)
42 Z(Ohms) 0603 size 120Ω z High speed 450mA Device Z A.2A.45A 0 1E+06 1E+07 Frequency(Hz) 1E+08 1E+09 41
43 Z(Ohms) 0603 size 120Ω H GHZ speed 200mA Device H mA mA 300 0mA E+07 1E+08 1E+09 1E Frequency(Hz)
44 Y0 (Blue) vs Z0 (Black) vs H0 (Red) Material Matters E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10 Frequency (Hz) Y0 (Blue) vs Z0 (Black) vs H0 (Red) with 200 madc 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09 1E+10 Frequency(Hz)
45 Size Matters all 120Ω 0402 to 1812 packages Y Std Speed 44
46 Size Matters all 120Ω 0402 to 1812 packages w/ bias 45
47 Chip Beads Ω vs Ω Y Std speed vs SM Bead.43 x Ω 44 material 46
48 Chip Beads Ω vs Ω vs SM Bead.43 x Ω Y Std speed Size Matters 44 material 47
49 Product Range: EMI Suppression Products Board Components SM Beads 73, 43, 44, 52, 61 12Ω to 600Ω.2 x.1 x.1 to.6 x.3 x.2 Current 5A (>15 w/duty cycle) Differential and Common Mode Chip Beads 0402 to 1812 Y, Z, H 8Ω to2000ω 50mA to 6A
50 Review - Desirable Material Properties For EMI Suppression Materials optimized for optimum impedance in the intended frequency range High permeability at the low frequency range (high u ) Low permeability at high frequency range (high u ) Resistance to dc-bias (lower perm, larger size) Good thermal stability (Z vs. T) High Curie Temperature (Tc) 49
51 50
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