Status of Warm-Cold Linear Collider Competition
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1 Status of Warm-Cold Linear Collider Competition Nick Walker (DESY) SRF 2003 Travemünde
2 What s in Store? Pedestrians Guide to e + e - linear colliders The Findings of the 2 nd International Linear Collider Technical Review Committee (ILC-TRC) Update on linac R&D status The ongoing US cold-warm study (brief) International Organisation and technology choice for a GLC
3 Linear Collider Concept No Bends, but lots of RF! e + e km long linac constructed of many RF accelerating structures CM energy of interest: GeV (initial) typical gradients range from MV/m
4 The Luminosity Issue Scaling law: L RF P E cm RF BS n, y H D high RF-beam conversion efficiency RF high RF power P RF small normalised vertical emittance n,y strong focusing at IP (small y and hence small z ) could also allow higher beamstrahlung BS if willing to live with the consequences
5 Competing Technologies: swings and roundabouts RF frequency CLIC (30GHz) warm cold SLC (3GHz) NLC (11.4GHz) higher gradient = short linac higher r s = better efficiency High rep. rate = GM suppression smaller structure dimensions = high wakefields Generation of high pulse peak RF power Structure design (need 65 MV/m)
6 Competing Technologies: swings and roundabouts RF frequency CLIC (30GHz) warm cold SLC (3GHz) J/NLC (11.4GHz) long pulse low peak power large structure dimensions = low WF very long pulse train = feedback within train SC gives high efficiency Gradient limited <40 MV/m = longer linac low rep. rate bad for GM suppression ( y dilution) very large unconventional DR TESLA (1.3GHz SC)
7 Real Machines J/NLC X-Band 11.2GHz RF TESLA L-Band 1.3GHz SCRF
8 The ILC-TRC Report Published beginning of 2003:
9 Second ILC-TRC Charge To assess the present technology status of the four LC designs at hand, and their potential for meeting the advertised parameters at 500 GeV c.m. Use common criteria, definitions, computer codes, etc., for the assessments
10 Second ILC-TRC Charge To assess the potential of each design for reaching higher energies above 500 GeV c.m. To establish, for each design, the R&D work that remains to be done in the next few years To suggest future areas of collaboration
11 1994 E cm =500 GeV LC Status at First TRC TESLA SBLC JLC-S JLC-C JLC-X NLC VLEPP CLIC f [GHz] L [cm -2 s -1 ] P beam [MW] P AC [MW] y [ 10-8 m] y * [nm] ~
12 2003 E cm =500 GeV LC Status at Second TRC TESLA SBLC JLC-S JLC-C JLC-X/NLC VLEPP CLIC f [GHz] L [cm -2 s -1 ] P beam [MW] P AC [MW] y [ 10-8 m] y * [nm]
13 Organisation Chair Greg Loew (SLAC) Steering Committee Reinhard Brinkmann (DESY) Kaoru Yokoya (KEK) Tor Raubenheimer (SLAC) Gilbert Guignard (CERN) WG I Technology, RF Power, and Energy Performance Assessment WG II Luminosity Performance Assessment WG III Reliability & Availability
14 Technology Working Group Chair Daniel Boussard (CERN) Members C. Adolphsen (SLAC) H. Braun (CERN) H. Edwards (FNAL) K. Hubner (CERN) L. Lilje (DESY) P. Logatchov (BINP) R. Pasquinelli (FNAL) M. Ross (SLAC) T. Schintake (KEK) N. Toge (KEK) H. Weise (DESY) P. Wilson (SLAC) Injector, DR, and BDS Power Sources klystrons, power supplies, modulators, low level RF etc. Power Distribution RF pulse compression, waveguides, two-beam acceleration (CLIC) etc. Accelerator Structures
15 Luminosity Working Group Chair Gerry Dugen (Cornell) Members R. Assmann (CERN) W. Decking (DESY) J. Gareyte (CERN) K. Kubo (KEK) W. Kozanecki (Saclay) N. Phiney (SLAC) J. Rogers (Cornell) D. Schulte (CERN) A. Seryi (SLAC) R. Settles (MPI) P. Tenenbaum (SLAC) N. Walker (DESY) A. Wolski (LBNL) e ± Sources (gun DR) DR Low Emittance Transport (LET, from DR IP) bunch compressors main linac beam delivery Machine Detector Interface
16 Reliability Working Group Members C. Adolphsen (SLAC) Y. Chin (KEK) H. Edwards (FNAL) K. Hubner (CERN) L. Lilje (DESY) M. Ross (SLAC) N. Toge (KEK) H. Weise (DESY) R. Assmann (CERN) W. Kozanecki (Saclay) D. Schulte (CERN) A. Seryi (SLAC) P. Tenenbaum (SLAC) N. Walker (DESY) technology luminosity Reliability hardware components MTBF Availability fraction of time available for delivering luminosity Operability Co-Chairs Ralph Pasquinelli (FNAL) Nan Phinney (SLAC) impact of (invasive) tuning, machine studies etc.
17 The Positive Side TRC overall findings were extremely positive The ILC-TRC did not find any insurmountable obstacle to building TESLA, JLC-C, JLC-X/NLC within the next few years executive summary
18 The Positive Side TRC overall findings were extremely positive The ILC-TRC also noted that the TESLA linac RF technology for 500 GeV c.m. is the most mature. executive summary
19 The Rankings for R&D Ranking 1 Ranking 2 Ranking 3 Ranking 4
20 The Rankings for R&D Ranking 1 Ranking 2 Ranking 3 Ranking 4 R&D needed for feasibility demonstration of the machine what you must do before you can honestly say the machine will work (proof of principle)
21 The Rankings for R&D Ranking 1 Ranking 2 Ranking 3 Ranking 4 R&D needed to finalize design choices and ensure reliability Still critical R&D, but not central to proof of principle Not mandatory before formal proposal
22 The Rankings for R&D Ranking 1 Ranking 2 Ranking 3 Ranking 4 R&D needed before starting production of systems and components Necessary engineering (prototyping) before (for example) transferring to industry (mass production)
23 The Rankings for R&D Ranking 1 Ranking 2 Ranking 3 Ranking 4 R&D desirable for technical or cost optimisation Would be useful to do but is not strictly mandatory Basically all things that fell off the list for R1-3
24 Rankings Score Sheet TESLA JLC-C JLC-X/NLC CLIC Common E cm R R R R
25 Rankings Score Sheet TESLA JLC-C JLC-X/NLC CLIC Common E cm R R R concentrate on on R1/2 for for TESLA and J/NLC-X R
26 The Specific R1 Items TESLA J/NLC-X
27 The Specific R1 Items TESLA J/NLC-X E cm = 800 GeV Building and testing of a cryomodule at 35 MV/m and measurements of dark current Requires the module test stand Delayed by budget constraints Very unlikely to happen before 2005! However, the push to E z >35 MV/m continues
28 TESLA High-Gradient R&D High gradients good for X-Ray FEL too
29 TESLA High-Gradient R&D High gradients good for X-Ray FEL too 1,0E+11 Q0 1,0E+10 Electro-polishing programme on-going and considered best for massproduction 1,0E+09 TESLA 800 goal E acc [MV/m]
30 TESLA High-Gradient R&D High gradients good for X-Ray FEL too Electro-polishing programme on-going and considered best for massproduction Fast piezo cavity tuner to compensate Lorentz force detuning
31 TESLA High-Gradient R&D High gradients good for X-Ray FEL too Electro-polishing programme on-going and considered best for massproduction 35 Fast piezo cavity tuner to compensate Lorentz force detuning 1100 hours
32 The Specific R1 Items TESLA J/NLC-X E cm = 500 GeV Test of complete accelerator structure at design gradient with detuning and damping, including study of breakdown and dark current E cm = 500 GeV Demonstration of SLED-II pulse compressor at full power Goal: end of 2003 for proof of principle tests
33 NLC Test Accelerator In 2000, discovered structure damage problem. Aggressive R&D program started. Prompted move to shorter structures (60cm) with low group velocity
34 J/NLC X-Band Structures Unloaded Gradient (MV/m) Test Structure Run History (T-Series) 400 ns Pulse Width 1 trip per 25 Hrs NLC/JLC Goal: Less than 1 trip per 10 Hrs at 65 MV/m No Observed Change in Microwave Properties T Series: downstream 50cm of original 1.8m structures Time with RF On (hr)
35 J/NLC X-Band Structures The T-Series design cannot be used in the NLC/JLC. The average iris radius, <a/l> is smaller (0.13) than desired ( ), yielding a transverse wakefield 3 times larger than considered acceptable. Tests of 60 cm structures have reached 65 MV/m, but with little overhead and with 2 too high break down rates Design J/NLC ready structures with higher shunt impedance now in fabrication for test in Autumn higher efficiency, but higher (but still manageable) wakefields.
36 J/NLC-X Baseline RF Unit 254 per linac
37 8-Pack Project (the R1-2 test) Used 4 50MW klystrons Primarily test of solid-state Modulator & SLED-II system Will be eventually used to drive NLC ready structures in NLCTA Beginning 2004 so far: solid-state mod. run at full spec except rep. rate (30 Hz, goal: 120 Hz) old SLED-II achieved 485 MW but only at 150 ns (goal 400 ns) new SLED-II completed cold tests and currently being assembled (full tests soon!)
38 Permanent Magnet Klystrons KEK/Toshiba PPM2 Previously achieved 70 MW at 1.5 µs at KEK (limited by modulator performance), and now under test at SLAC. PPM4 processing underway at KEK. SLAC XP3-3 Met full power specifications of 75 MW pulses 1.6 s duration at 120 Hz repetition rate.
39 The R2 Items Common items related to all designs Damping Rings Electron cloud effects fast ion instabilities Extraction kicker stability Tuning simulations Low Emittance Transport (DR IR) Static tuning studies girder/cryomodule prototypes to study stability (vibration) Critical beam instrumentation Reliability Detailed evaluation of critical subsystems reliability
40 TESLA R2 TTF-II, X-FEL Test of complete main linac RF sub-unit (as described in TDR) with beam Tests of several cryomodules running at gradient 23.4 MV/m for a prolonged period of time quench rates, breakdowns, dark current
41 TESLA R2 Test of complete main linac RF sub-unit (as described in TDR) with beam Tests of several cryomodules running at gradient 23.4 MV/m for a prolonged period of time quench rates, breakdowns, dark current One versus two tunnels (reliability) DR dynamic aperture wiggler end fields need to minimise injection losses (P inj =220kW) DR kicker development Head-on versus crossing angle extraction lines issues
42 The Manpower & Money Problem The R1-4 issues are important but they need money and manpower to resolve The TESLA collaboration has limited (sub-critical) resources to address the R2 items (not related to the linac technology) on any immediate time scale X-FEL has linac technology in hand
43 US Warm-Cold Study A study of cold/warm option for a US-hosted linear collide, sponsored by the US Linear Collider Steering Group (USLCSG). Both machines are specified to meet the physics requirements specified by the USLCSG. The study is based on reference design options similar to those of J/NLC and TESLA. The study will include evaluation of cost and schedule issues availability / reliability risk assessments Final report to the USLCSG Executive Committee by end of September 2003.
44 International Organisation Towards an internationally funded Global Linear Collider (GLC) ACFA, ECFA, HEPAP scientific recommendations TESLA TDR in March 2001 OECD Global Science Forum (2002 and continuing) JLC Road Map in February 2003 International Technical Review (2003) ILCSG and regional steering groups German Science Council recommendations German Government decision Discussion among funding agencies Discussion in CERN Council about CERNs role in a LC WGs on organisational matters GAN workshops etc. [courtesy: Albrecht Wagner]
45 LC Steering Groups ICFA initiative for an international co-ordination: Asian SG US SG European SG Gov Gov Gov ECFA International LC SC First proposed Feb (J. Dorfan, SLAC) Very active since Aug [courtesy: Albrecht Wagner]
46 Towards the GLC Unite behind single technology for LC Approach governments in parallel in order to trigger the decision process and site selection. Follow examples set by other large international projects (e.g. ETER).
47 Technology Recommendation Form a committee of wise persons, who use criteria to be developed by the ILCSC, to recommend a technology choice to the ILCSC. The regional steering committees will each nominate 4 persons from which the ILCSC will choose three from each list for a total of 9 wise persons. First discussion of the make-up of the committee was in August Advice in this will be widely sought from the community. Decision (recommendation) due end 2004
48 Summary ILC-TRC concluded that we have several viable technologies for a linear collider; primarily: TESLA C-Band J/NLC X-Band (CLIC two-beam tech. was foreseen as a more distant future technology by the ILC-TRC) ILC-TRC also concluded that R&D was still necessary (the R&D ratings)
49 Summary cont. TESLA s.c. technology is here and now for 500 GeV c.m. machine and is most mature Need 35 MV/m (TESLA s R1) Many results shown at this workshop show we are well on target! But to-the-letter achievement of R1 not possible before 2005!! J/NLC X still needs to demonstrate peak power (pulse compression) and J/NLC-ready structure. Aggressive R&D program may well achieve this (and more) in time for wise men tech. decision end of next year)
50 Summary cont. Strong unprecedented world-wide endorsement of Physics case for an e + e TeV LC! to run concurrently with LHC International steering groups being set up to administer GLC project follow ETER example for large internationally funded projects Wise Persons panel to recommend technology for GLC by end of 2004 to ILCSG
51 And the Winner is wait and see.
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