HIGH STEP UP DC DC CONVERTER FOR AC PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE WITH MPPT CONTROL

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1 Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 65, NO. 4, 214, HIGH STEP UP DC DC CONVERTER FOR AC PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE WITH MPPT CONTROL Govindasamy Sundar Narashiman Karhick Sasi Rama Reddy This paper presens he high gain sep-up BOOST converer which is essenial o sep up he low oupu volage from PV panel o he high volage according o he requiremen of he applicaion. In his paper a high gain BOOST converer wih coupled inducor echnique is proposed wih he MPPT conrol. Wihou exreme duy raios and he numerous urns-raios of a coupled inducor his converer achieves a high sep-up volage-conversion raio and he leakage energy of he coupled inducor is efficienly recycled o he load. MPPT conrol used o exrac he maximum power from PV panel by conrolling he Duy raio of he converer. The PV panel, BOOST converer and he MPPT are modeled using Sim Power Sysem blocks in MATLAB/SIMULINK environmen. The prooype model of he proposed converer has been implemened wih he maximum measured efficiency is up o 95.4% and full-load efficiency is 93.1%. Keywords: PV panel, boos converer, coupled inducor, MPPT conrol 1 INTRODUCTION Phoo-volaic power generaion is becoming commercial success across worldwide. So ha a high sep-up BOOST converer is essenial o sep up he low volage from phoo-volaic panel o high volage as required by he applicaions (load or grid). Researchers are round he clock o develop beer BOOST converer wih MPPT and efficien conrol mechanism. The challenge of he projec and he new area of sudy were he moivaions behind he projec. Phoovolaic (PV) power-generaion sysems are becoming increasingly imporan and prevalen in disribuion generaion sysems. A convenional cenralized PV array is a serial connecion of numerous panels o obain higher dc-link volage for main elecriciy hrough a dc ac inverer. Unforunaely, once here is a parial shadow on some panels, he sysem s energy yield becomes significanly reduced. The power capaciy range of a single PV panel is abou 1 W o 3 W, and he maximum power poin (MPP) volage range is from 15 V o 4 V, which will be he inpu volage of he ac module; in cases wih lower inpu volage, i is difficul for he ac module o reach high efficiency. However, employing a high sepup dc dc converer in he fron of he inverer improves power-conversion efficiency and provides a sable dc link o he inverer. Fig. 1. Shows in he block diagram. The dc dc converer requires large sep-up conversion from he panel s low volage o he volage level of he applicaion. The conrol circui comprises of MPPT o exrac maximum power from PV-panel, Thus he Perurb and Observe (P,O) MPPT mehod is used o conrol he duy raio of BOOST converer due o which he PV panel operaes a MPP and high power conversion raio is achieved. Hence high efficiency of he converer is obained. Earlier, various converers for high sep-up applicaions has included analyses of he swiched-inducor and swiched-capacior ypes [5]; ulra gain swichedcapacior ype [1]; and he boos ype inegraed wih sepic converer [3], hese converers by increasing urns raio of coupled inducor obain higher volage gain han convenional boos converer. Some converers successfully combined boos converers wih coupled inducor, since various converer combinaions are developed o carry ou high sep-up volage gain by using he coupledinducor echnique [1 7]. The efficiency and volage gain of he dc dc boos converer are consrained by eiher he parasiic effec of he power swiches or he reverse recovery issue of he diodes. In addiion, he equivalen series resisance (ESR) of he capacior and he parasiic resisances of he inducor also affec overall efficiency. The modeling of PV panel and he MPPT conrol is presened in [8 16]. The proposed converer aains high gain by efficienly uilizing he coupled inducor and recycling he leakage inducors energy and MPPT conrols he duy raio of he BOOST converer o exrac he maximum power from PV panel. High gain is aained in coninuous conducion mode (CCM) operaion in [5]. So he proposed converer is analyised in CCM mode. 2 PROPOSED BOOST CONVERTER The proposed BOOST converer has a coupled inducor wih floaing acive swich is used o aain high gain and high power conversion raio and also o achieve high Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering, Vadamavandal, Kanchipuram, 64 41, sund geee@yahoo.co.in, India Elecrical Deparmen Jerusalem Engineering College, Chennai, India DOI: /jee , Prin ISSN , On-line ISSN X c 214 FEI STU

2 Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 65, NO. 4, PV array V pv I pv High gain DC-DC boos converer MPPT algorihm Inverer PWM Grid or load Gae drive Fig. 1. A srucure of BOOST converer wih PV panel and MPPT conrol V in S 1 T1 N 1 + C 2 N 2 D 2 + D 1 C 1 D 3 C 3 R V Fig. 2. Circui configuraion of proposed converer V N2 i C2 V C2 S 1 T 1 N 1 N 2 D 2 i D3 D 3 i of he wo pairs of inducors, capacior, and diode gives a large sep-up volage-conversion raio; 2) he leakageinducor energy of he coupled inducor can be recycled, hus increasing he efficiency and resraining he volage sress across he acive swich; and 3) he floaing acive swich efficienly isolaes he PV panel energy during nonoperaing condiions, which enhances safey. The simplified circui model of he proposed converer isshowninfig. 3.Thecoupledinducor T 1 isrepresened as a magneizing inducor L m, primary and secondary leakageinducors L k1 and L k2, and an idealransformer. In order o simplify he circui analysis of he proposed converer, he following assumpions are made. 1) All componens are ideal, excep for he leakage inducance of coupled inducor T 1, which is being aken under consideraion. The on-sae resisance R DS(ON) and all parasiic capaciances of hemain swich S 1 are negleced, as are he forward volage drops of diodes D 1 D 3. 2) The capaciors C 1 C 3 are sufficienly large ha he volages across hem are considered o be consan. 3) The ESR of capaciors C 1 C 3 and he parasiic resisance of coupled inducor T 1 are negleced. 4) The urns raio n of he coupled inducor T 1 windings is equal o N 2 /N 1. The operaing principle is analysied only in coninuous conducion mode (CCM) because high gain of he proposed converer is achieved in CCM and is operaion is presened in deail. Fig. 4. Shows he waveforms of BOOST converer in CCM operaion. The operaing modes are described as follows. i DS V in v DS v Lm L m i Lm L k2 i Lk2 i Lk1 L k1 V C2 i D2 i D1 D 1 i C1 V C3 i C3 R V 2.1 Charging Mode In his mode of operaion; he swich is closed and he inducor is charged by he source hrough he swich. The charging curren is exponenial in naure bu for simpliciy is assumed o be linearly varying. The diode resrics he flow of curren from he source o he load and he demand of he load is me by he discharging of he capacior. Fig. 3. Polariy definiions of volage and curren in proposed converer efficiency wihou swiching sress and power loss is proposed. The proposed converer, shown in Fig. 2, is comprised of a coupled inducor T 1 wih he floaing acive swich S 1. The primary winding N 1 of a coupled inducor T 1 is similar o he inpu inducor of he convenional boos converer, and capacior C 1 and diode D 1 receive leakage inducor energy from N 1. The secondary winding N 2 of coupled inducor T 1 is conneced wih anoher pair of capaciors C 2 and diode D 2, which are in series wih N 1 in order o furher enlarge he boos volage. The recifier diode D 3 connecs o is oupu capacior C 3. The proposed converer has several feaures: 1) The connecion 2.2 Discharging Mode In his mode of operaion; he swich is open and he diode is forward biased. The inducor now discharges and ogeher wih he source charges he capacior and mees he load demands. The load curren variaion is very small and in many cases is assumed consan hroughou he operaion. 3 PV CELL MODELING A solarpvcell is he building block of a solarpanel. A phoovolaic module is formed by connecing many solar cells in series and parallel. Series connecions are responsible for increasing he volage of he module whereas he

3 25 G. Sundar N. Karhick S. Rama Reddy: HIGH STEP-UP DC DC CONVERTER FOR AC PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE WITH... V S v L effec and can be negleced. The oupu curren from he phoovolaic array is V S - V i L where I = I sc I d (1) I d = I o (eqv d /kt 1) (2) i S where I o is he reverse sauraion curren of he diode, q is he elecron charge, V d is he volage across he diode, k is Bolzmann consan ( J/K) and T is he juncion emperaure in Kelvin (K). From (1) and (2) I = I sc I o (eqvd/kt 1). (3) i C Using suiable approximaions I PH -I DT T 2T Fig. 4. Waveforms of boos converer I D VD I SH R S R SH Fig. 5. Single diode model of a solar cell IL Load or grid I = I sc I o (eq((v +IRs)/nkT) 1) (4) where I is he phoovolaic cell curren, V is he PV cell volage, T is he emperaure (in Kelvin) and n is he diode idealiy facor. The I V and P V curves for a solar cell are given in he following figure. I can be seen ha he cell operaes as a consan curren source a low values of operaing volages and a consan volage source a low values of operaing curren. Solar cells are curren source which produces he flow of elecrons due o phoo effec and produces he poenial difference. Figure 6 shows he P V and I V curve. 4 MPPT CONTROL ALGORITHM Curren (A) Power (W) MPP Volage (V) Fig. 6. P V I V curve of a solar cell parallel connecion is responsible for increasing he curren in he array. Considering only a single solar cell; i can be modeled by uilizing a curren source, a diode and woresisors.thismodelisknownasasinglediodemodel of solar cell. Two diode models are also available bu only single diode model is considered here [8, 12, 14]. In his model we consider a curren source (I) along wih a diode and series resisance (R s ). The shun resisance (RSH) in parallel is very high, has a negligible A ypical solar panel convers only 3 o 4 percen of he inciden solar irradiaion ino elecrical energy. Maximum power poin racking echnique is used o improve he efficiency of he solar panel. According o Maximum Power Transfer heorem, he power oupu of a circui is maximum when he Thevenin impedance of he circui (source impedance) maches wih he load impedance. Hence our problem of racking he maximum power poin reduces o an impedance maching problem. In he source side we are using a boos converor conneced o a solar panel in order o enhance he oupu volage so ha i can be used for differen applicaions like moor load. By changing he duy cycle of he boos converer appropriaely we can mach he source impedance wih ha of he load impedance. The various MPPT echniques are discussed in [9 11, 13, 15, 16]. There are many mehods used for maximum power poin racking a few are lised below: Perurb and Observe mehod Incremenal Conducance mehod Curren sweep mehod Consan Volage mehod

4 Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 65, NO. 4, P dp/dv < dp/dv > dp/dv = V Fig. 7. P-V Characerisics of a solar cell The variaions of he oupu volage and power before and afer changes are hen observed and compared o reference for increasing or decreasing he load in he nex sep. If he perurbaion in his ime resuls in greaer oupu power of PV modules han ha before he variaion, he oupu volage of PV modules will be varied oward he same direcion. Oherwise, if he oupu power of PV modules is less han ha before variaion, i indicaes ha he varying direcion in he nex sep should be changed. The maximum oupu power poin of a PV sysem can be obained by using hese ieraive perurbaion, observaion and comparison seps. The advanages of he P&O mehod are simple srucure, easy implemenaion and less required parameers. Sar Se duy ou Read V, I P_new >V*I P_new >P_ old Yes P_old P_ new Duy = Duy + No Duy = Duy - Fig. 8. Flow char of perurb & observe MPPT Consan Curren mehod Thus from he above mehods perurb and observe (P&O) mehod is he mos frequenly used algorihm o rack he maximum power due o is simple srucure and fewer required parameers. So, our analysis is only focused on P&O MPPT mehod. We use only his echnique o rack he maximum power poin. This mehod is he mos common. In his mehod very less number of sensors are uilized. The operaing volage is sampled and he algorihm changes he operaing volage in he required direcion and samples dp/dv. If dp/dv is posiive, hen he algorihm increases he volage value owards he MPP unil dp/dv is negaive. This ieraion is coninued unil he algorihm finally reaches he MPP. Thus he characerisic PV panel power curve is shown in Fig. 7. Thus by perurb and observe mehod MPP is reached. The basic operaing procedure of P&O mehod. In a fixed period of ime, he load of he PV sysem is adjused in order o change he erminal volage and oupu power of he PV modules..5 Primary inducor curren 1 5 Drain osource curren of MOSFET 2 1 Secondary inducor curren 5-5 Leakade inducor curren Capacior 1 curren Capacior 2 curren 5-5 Diode 1 curren 2-2 Diode 2 curren 1-1 Diode 3 curren 1-1 Gae o source of MOSFET 1 2 s Fig. 9. Experimenal waveforms measured a he es condiion The flowchar of perurb and observe (P&O) mehod MPPT algorihm is shown as Fig. 8. The MPP racker

5 252 G. Sundar N. Karhick S. Rama Reddy: HIGH STEP-UP DC DC CONVERTER FOR AC PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE WITH... Table 1. Oupu Volage obained from PV Panel a Sandard Tes Condiions Sample Insolaion Volage Curren Oupu volage No. PV panel ype level a es raing raing of PV panel (kw/m 2 ) (V) (A) (V) 1 Monocrysaline Silicon panel Silicon panel Monocrysaline 1 V/div 2 ms/div Fig. 1. Oupu volage from proposed BOOST converer operaes by periodically incremening or decremening he solar array volage. If a given perurbaion leads o an increase (decrease) he oupu power of he PV, hen he subsequen perurbaion is generaed in he same (opposie) direcion. In Fig. 8, se Duy ou denoes he perurbaion of he solar array volage, and Duy + and Duy represenhesubsequenperurbaioninhesame or opposie direcion, respecively. In P&O mehod he volage and curren values is obained from PV paneland hese values areused o conrol he Duy raio (D) of he BOOST converer o exrac maximum power from he PVpanel. The value of dp/dv is incremened and decremened by conrolling he Duy raio of he BOOST converer MOSFET swich in order o operae a MPP and o aain he high volage gain. 5 SIMULATION RESULTS A 1 W prooype sample is presened o verify he pracicabiliy of he proposed BOOST converer. The elecrical specificaions are Inpu volage= 1 V, Oupu volage= 14 15V, f S = 5 khz, and full-load resisance R = 4Ω. The major componens required are C 1 = C 2 = 47µF and C 3 = 22µF. The urns raio n = 5, he duy raio D is derived as 55%. The acual inducance of magneizing inducor L m of he coupled inducor is 3.54µH, which is larger han boundary magneizing inducance 24.75µH. Figure 1 shows volage and curren waveforms, which are measured from acive swich S 1, diodes D 1, D 2, and D 3, and he curren waveforms of C 1 and C 2. The PV panel is conneced o supply he proposed BOOST converer he high gain and high volage conversion is obained around 1 15 imes increase from he PV panel low volage o he high volage required by he applicaion. Oupu from he PV panel is obained by connecing wo 2 V panel in series o obain 4 V, as presened in Tab.1. The oupu of 4 V from PV panel is given as inpu o he proposed BOOST converer which is sepped-up o 38 4 V given o load or grid is shown in Fig. 1. The equivalen circui of PV panel is used for is simulaion, proposed BOOST converer is simulaed using he blocks, MPPT conrol is simulaed from is flowchar. The PV panel, proposed BOOST converer and perurb and observe mehod MPPT is simulaed in MAT- LAB/SIMULINK using Powerlib and Sim power sysem blocks. 6 CONCLUSION A High sep-up BOOST converer wih MPPT conrol is presened. I achieves a high sep-up volage gain. Since he energy of he coupled inducor s leakage inducor has been recycled, he volage sress across he acive swich S 1 is consrained.thus, improvemenso he efficiency of he proposed converer have been achieved. Using MPPT maximumpowerisexracedfrompvpanelandheduy raio of he BOOST converer is efficienly conrolled by MPPT. From he prooype converer, he urns raio n = 5 and he duy raio D is 55%. Thus, wihou exreme duy raios and urns raios, he proposed converer achieves high sep-up volage gain, of up o 13 imes he level of inpu volage. The residenial energy is effecively eliminaed during he non-operaing condiion, which enhance he safey and proec he sysem and echnicians. The simulaion resul of a 4 V inpu volage (from PV panel) o 38 4 V oupu volage is obained by using MATLAB/SIMULINK environmen. The experimenal resuls show ha he maximum efficiency is up o 95.4%.

6 Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 65, NO. 4, References [1] LIANG, T. J. CHEN, S. M. YANG, L. S. CHEN, J. F. IOINOVICI, A.: Ulra Large Gain Sep-Up Swiched-Capacior dc-dc Converer wih Coupled Inducor for Alernaive Sources of Energy, IEEE Trans. Circuis Sys. 59 No. 4 (Apr 212). [2] WAI, R. J. LIN, C. Y. RDUAN,. Y. CHANG, Y. R.: High-Efficiency dc-dc Converer wih High Volage Gain and Reduced Swich Sress, IEEE Trans. Ind. Elecron. 54 No. 1 (Feb 27), [3] PARK, K. B. MOON, G. W. YOUN, M. J.: Nonisolaed High Sep-Up Boos Converer Inegraed wih Sepic Converer, IEEE Trans. Power Elecron. 25 No. 9 (Sep 21), [4] ZHAO, Q. LEE, F. C.: High-Efficiency, High Sep-Up dc-dc Converers, IEEE Trans. Power Elecron. 18 No. 1 (Jan 23), [5] HAN, J. JOUANNE, A. V. TEMES, G. C.: A New Approach o Reducing Oupu Ripple in Swiched-Capacior-Based Sep-Down dc-dc Converers, IEEE Trans. Power Elecron. 21 No. 6 (Nov 26). [6] YAO, G. CHEN, A. HE, X.: Sof Swiching Circui for Inerleaved Boos Converers, IEEE Trans. Power Elecron. 22 No. 1 (Jan 27), [7] CHEN, S. M. LIANG, T. J. YANG, L. S. CHEN, J. F.: A Cascaded High Sep-Up dc-dc Converer wih Single Swich for Microsource Applicaions jour IEEE Trans. Power Elecron.. [8] BERNARDO, P. C. M. PEIXOTO, Z. M. A. MACHADO NETO, L. V. B.: A High Efficien Micro-Conrolled Buck Converer wih Maximum Power Poin Tracking for Phoovolaic Sysemsinbook ICREPQ 9., Valencia-Spain. [9] KUMARI, J. S. BABU, C. S.: Comparison of Maximum Power Poin Tracking Algorihms for Phoovolaic Sysem, IJAET. [1] YU, T. C. LIN, Y. C.: A Sudy on Maximum Power Poin Tracking Algorihms for Phoovolaic Sysems, Lunghwa Universiy of Science and Technology, Dep. of Elecrical Engineering. [11] JIANG, J. A. HUANG, T. L. HSIAO, Y. T. CHEN, C. H.: Maximum Power Tracking for Phoovolaic Power Sysems, Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering 8 No. 2 (25), [12] ABDULKADIR, M. SAMOSIR, A. S. YATIM, A. H. M.: Modeling and Simulaion based Approach of Phoovolaic Sysem in Simulink Model, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 7 No. 5 (May 212). [13] SALHI, M. El-BACHTIRI, R.: A Maximum Power Poin Tracking Phoovolaic Sysem using a Proporional Inegral Regulaor, SATRESET 1 No. 2 (June 211). [14] PANWARA, S. SAINI, R. P.: Developmen and Simulaion of Solar Phoovolaic Model using Malab/Simulink and is Parameer Exracion, ICCCE 212, 12 and 13 Apr 212. [15] ELGENDY, M. A. ZAHAWI, B. ATKINSON, D. J.: Assessmen of Perurb and Observe MPPT Algorihm Implemenaion Techniques for PV Pumping Applicaions, IEEE Transacions on Susainable Energy 3 No. 1 (Jan 212). [16] ZAINUDIN, H. N. MEKHILEF, S.: Comparison Sudy of Maximum Power Poin Tracker Techniques for PV Sysems, MEPCON-1, Cairo Universiy, Egyp, Dec 19 21, 21, Paper ID 278. [17] AMJADI, Z. WILLIAMSON, S. S.: Prooype Design and Conroller Implemenaion for a Baery-Ulracapacior Hybrid Elecric Vehicle Energy Sorage Sysem, IEEE Transacions On Smar Grid 3 No. 1 (Mar 212). Received 25 February 213 Govindasamy Sundar has obained his BE degree from Madras Universiy, Chennai in he year 21. He obained his ME degree from SCSVMV Universiy, Kanchipuram in he year 25. He received his PhD degree in Power sysem from Bharah Insiue of Higher Educaion and Research (BIHER) Universiy, Chennai, India. His research ineres in he area of Power qualiy improvemen using FACTS devices. Narashiman Karhick currenly, pursuing ME degree in Power sysems Engineering a Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering, Kanchipuram from Anna Universiy, Chennai. Sasi Rama Reddy is Professor of Elecrical Deparmen Jerusalem Engineering College, Chennai. He obained his DEE from SMVM Polyechnic, Tanuku, AP AMIE in Elecrical Engg from insiuion of Engineers (India), M.E in Power Sysem Anna Universiy. He received PhD degree in he area of Resonan Converers from College of Engineering, Anna Universiy, Chennai. He has published over 2 Technical papers in Naional and Inernaional Conference proceeding/journals. He has secured AMIE Insiuion Gold medal for obaining higher marks. He has secured AIMO bes projec awards. He has worked in Taa Consuling Engineers, Bangalore and Anna Universiy, Chennai. His research ineres is in he area of resonan converer, VLSI and Solid Sae drives. He is a life member of Insiuion of Engineers (India), Indian Sociey for India and Sociey of Power Engineers. He is a fellow of Insiuion of Elecronics and elecommunicaion Engineers (India). He has published books on Power Elecronics and Solid Sae circuis.

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