A floating-output interleaved boost DC DC converter with high step-up gain
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1 Auomaika Journal for Conrol, Measuremen, Elecronics, Compuing and Communicaions ISSN: (Prin) (Online) Journal homepage: hp:// A floaing-oupu inerleaved boos DC DC converer wih high sep-up gain Ardavan Kianpour & Ghazanfar Shahgholian To cie his aricle: Ardavan Kianpour & Ghazanfar Shahgholian (2017) A floaing-oupu inerleaved boos DC DC converer wih high sep-up gain, Auomaika, 58:1, To link o his aricle: hps://doi.org/ / The Auhor(s). Published by Informa UK Limied, rading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 03 Apr Submi your aricle o his journal Aricle views: 871 View relaed aricles View Crossmark daa Full Terms & Condiions of access and use can be found a hp://
2 AUTOMATIKA, 2017 VOL. 58, NO. 1, hps://doi.org/ / REGULAR PAPER A floaing-oupu inerleaved boos DC DC converer wih high sep-up gain Ardavan Kianpour and Ghazanfar Shahgholian Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad Universiy, Najafabad, Iran ABSTRACT A new inerleaved boos converer wih high sep-up gain is presened in his paper. The proposed opology inegraes coupled inducors and floaing-oupu capaciors echnique ino inerleaved boos converer o provide high sep-up volage gain wihou exreme duy cycle. The volage sress on he power swiches and diodes is very low, so low-cos and highperformance semiconducor devices can be employed. Also, he reverse recovery problem of all diodes is miigaed and zero-curren-swiching (ZCS) urn-on operaion of he main swiches is esablished as well. In addiion, he passive clamp circuis are employed o suppress he volage spikes across he main swiches during urn-off insans. The operaing principles and seady-sae analysis of he proposed converer in coninuous condiion mode are explained. Finally, he simulaion and experimenal resuls of prooype V circui wih 200 W oupu power are provided o verify he performance of presened opology. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 9 November 2016 Acceped 1 March 2017 KEYWORDS High sep-up converer; inerleaved; coupled inducors; floaing oupu 1. Inroducion High sep-up DC DC converers are employed in numerous applicaions, such as renewable energy sysems, moor drives, uninerrupible power sysems and elecric vehicles [1 6]. In hese applicaions, a high sep-up converer is required o adap he low volage level of baeries or phoovolaic cells o he high-volage DC bus [7,8]. In order o perform his volage conversion, various isolaed DC DC converers are presened in which high volage gain can be achieved by increasing he ransformer urns raio [9,10]. Neverheless, hese converers suffer from high circulaing currens, high volage sress and low efficiency [11,12]. According o he recen sudies, non-isolaed DC DC converers are favourable in high sep-up applicaion due o lower size, lower circui cos and higher efficiency han he isolaed ypes [13]. Convenional boos and buck-boos converers heoreically have a high volage gain. However, due o many limiaion facors, such as equivalen series resisance of he passive elemens and reverse recovery problem of he oupu diode, a high sep-up gain canno be achieved in pracice [14 16]. In order o reduce he swiches volage sress in high sep-up applicaions, convenional hree-level boos converer can be used. Also, he size of he inpu inducor is lower han he boos converer [17,18]. However, he volage gain is sill limied. Convenional cuk, sepic and zea converers can be employed as a high sep-up converer, bu hey are more complex han he boos converer [19,20]. Some effors are made o combine sepic and boos converers. Bu despie using furher elemens, he volage gain is limied [21,22]. Cascade echnique is a simple approach o providing high volage gain [23,24]. However, hese converers need wo individual magneic cores, which increase circui cos and complexiy. Also, due o double power processing, he whole converer efficiency is low. Coupled inducors (CI)-based boos converers are widely used o improve he volage gain, since he CI urns raio provide a conrol freedom in addiion o he duy cycle. Also, owing o he leakage inducance of coupled inducors he zero-curren-swiching (ZCS) urn-on operaion of he main swich is accomplished and he reverse recovery problem of oupu diode is suppressed [25 28]. Despie single-phase CI converers advanages, he pulsaing inpu curren ripple reduces he inpu capacior lifeime [29]. In order o reduce he inpu curren ripple, inerleaved boos converers wih winding cross-coupled inducors (WCCI) are presened [30 34]. In hese opologies, passive or acive clamp circuis are employed o absorb he leakage inducor energy and provide sof swiching operaion. In [35 37], some inerleaved boos converers wih volage muliplier cells are presened. Owing o using he WCCI echnique and volage muliplier cell, an exendable high sep-up volage gain is provided and he inpu curren ripple is conspicuously low. Also, he auomaic curren sharing feaure is esablished due o using series capaciors beween he wo inerleaved phases. Some inerleaved boos converers wih series capaciors and volage muliplier cells are presened CONTACT Ghazanfar Shahgholian shahgholian@iaun.ac.ir 2017 The Auhor(s). Published by Informa UK Limied, rading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access aricle disribued under he erms of he Creaive Commons Aribuion License (hp://creaivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permis unresriced use, disribuion, and reproducion in any medium, provided he original work is properly cied.
3 AUTOMATIKA 19 in [38,39], which have a volage gain higher han he convenional inerleaved boos converer. In [40], an inerleaved boos converer wih floaing-oupu capaciors is inroduced. In his opology, he inpu volage source is conneced in series wih oupu capaciors o provide high volage gain. Also, he diodes and swiches volage sress is lower han he convenional inerleaved boos converer. In his paper, a new inerleaved boos converer is presened for high sep-up applicaions. The proposed converer encompasses a high volage gain wihou exreme duy cycle and low volage sress across he semiconducor devices wih he same number of MOSFET swiches in comparison wih he convenional inerleaved boos converer. Also, he leakage inducor of he coupled inducors provides ZCS urn-on operaion of he main swiches and alleviaes he reverse recovery problem of all diodes. Furhermore, he passive clamp circuis are used o absorb and recycle he leakage energy ino he circui, which leads o suppressing he volage spikes across he main swiches. Thus, low-volage MOSFET swiches wih low ON-resisance can be employed o reduce he conducion losses. The remainder of his paper is arranged as follows. In Secion 2, he operaing principles of he proposed converer in coninuous condiion mode (CCM) are discussed in deails. Seady-sae analysis and feaures of he proposed converer are analysed in Secion 3. Simulaion and experimenal resuls are presened in Secion 4. This paper concludes wih some final remarks in Secion Proposed converer and operaing principles The circui configuraion of he proposed converer is shown in Figure 1. This converer is based on wo CI boos converer modules, which are inerleaved conneced a he inpu and series conneced a he oupu. The inpu gae signals of he converer swiches have a 180-degrees phase shif which causes inerleaved operaion of wo modules. In his opology, inducors L 1l L 11 C C1 DC1 L 12 D 1 and L 2l comprise he wo coupled inducors. Swiches S 1 and S 2 are he main swiches and diodes D 1 and D 2 are he oupu-recifying diodes of he boos converer. Diodes D C1 and D C2 along wih capaciors C c1 and C c2 comprise wo passive clamp circuis which recycle he leakage inducors energy and limi volage sress on he main swiches. In order o simplify he operaing principles analysis of he proposed converer, some assumpions are made as follows: - All diodes and MOSFET swiches are considered o be ideal. - All capaciors are large enough. Hence, heir volage ripple can be negleced. - The operaing duy cycle of he main swiches S 1 and S 2 is equal. - The coupled inducors are modelled as a magneizing inducor, a leakage inducor and an ideal ransformer wih n = n 12 /n 11 = n 22 /n 21 urns raio. The ypical waveforms of he proposed converer a seady-sae condiion are given in Figure 2. According o he following consideraions, he proposed converer has eigh operaing modes during one complee swiching cycle. Owing o he symmerical operaion of swiches S 1 and S 2, only four operaing modes of swich S 1 are explained. The equivalen circui of each mode is shown in Figure 3. Before 0, boh swiches S 1 and S 2 are ON and he magneizing inducors L M1 and L M2 are charged hrough he inpu. Mode 1[ 0 1 ]: A 0, swich S 1 is urned off and clamp diode D C1 sars o conduc. During his mode, a par of magneizing inducor curren i LM ransfers o he oupu via he secondary side of he coupled inducors and diode D 1. Also, he leakage energy which sores in is absorbed by he clamp capacior C c1. Therefore, he leakage inducor curren i Llk1 decreases linearly. A 1, i Llk1 reaches zero and his mode ends. During his inerval, he equaions of he leakage inducor and he magneizing inducors currens are as follows: i Llk1./ ¼ I Lm1. 0 / V Cc1 1 1þn :.V C1 / :. 0 /: (1) i Lm2./ ¼ i Llk2./ ¼ I Lm2. 0 / þ :. 0 /: (2) L m2 þ S 1 S 2 L 21 C C2 D C2 L22 D 2 Figure 1. Circui diagram of he proposed converer. C 1 C 2 R Mode 2[ 1 2 ]: A 1, he leakage inducor curren becomes zero and he clamp diode D C1 is urned off wihou any reverse recovery problem. During his mode, he magneizing inducor curren i LM is charging he oupu capacior C 1 hrough he secondary side of he coupled inducors. Thus, i LM is decreasing linearly as follows: i Lm1./ ¼ I Lm1. 1 / þ V C1 V Cc L m1. 1 /: (3)
4 20 A. KIANPOUR AND G. SHAHGHOLIAN v GS1 n 11 C C1 DC1 n 12 D 1 v GS L m1 S 1 C 1 (a) Gae source volage of he swiches S 1 and S 2 R i S1 L m2 S 2 L lk2 C 2 n 21 C C2 D C2 n22 D 2 v S n 11 C C1 (a) Mode I DC1 n 12 D 1 i S2 L m1 S 1 C 1 v S (b) Waveforms of volage and curren of he swiches S 1 and S 2 L m2 S 2 C 2 R L lk2 n 21 C C2 D C2 n22 D 2 i Dc1 (b) Mode II v Dc n 11 C C1 DC1 n 12 D 1 L m1 S 1 C 1 i Dc2 R v Dc L m2 S 2 C 2 L lk2 (c) Waveforms of volage and curren of he diodes D C1 and D C2 n 21 C C2 D C2 n22 D 2 i D1 (c) Mode III v D n 11 C C1 DC1 n 12 D 1 L m1 S 1 C 1 i D2 R v D L m2 S 2 C 2 (d) Waveforms of oupu diodes D 1 and D 2 Figure 2. Typical waveforms of he proposed converer. n 21 L lk2 D C2 C C2 (d) Model IV n22 D 2 Figure 3. Equivalen circui of he operaing modes.
5 AUTOMATIKA 21 Mode 3[ 2 3 ]: A 2, swich S 1 is urned on. Owing o he leakage inducor, swich S 1 is urned on under ZCS condiions. During his mode, he leakage inducor curren i Llk1 is increasing linearly. A 3, he magneizing inducor and he leakage inducor currens become equal and he diode D 1 is urned off wih no reverse recovery problem. Following equaions represen he leakage inducor and he diode D 1 currens in his inerval: i Llk1./ ¼ þ V C1 V CC1 n. 2 /: (4) i D1./ ¼ 1 n ½I Lm1. 2 / þ V C1 V CC1 n. 2 /Š (5) Mode 4[ 3 4 ]: A 3, boh swiches S 1 and S 2 are ON and all recifying diodes are OFF. The leakage and magneizing inducors are charged via he inpu volage source. Also, he capaciors C 1 and C 2 along wih provide energy o he oupu load R L. During his mode, equaions of he magneizing and leakage inducors currens are expressed as follows: i Lm1./ ¼ i Llk1./ ¼ I Lm1. 3 / :. 3 /Š (6) L m1 þ i Lm2./ ¼ i Llk2./ ¼ I Lm2. 3 / :. 3 /Š (7) L m2 þ L lk2 3. Seady-sae performance analysis of he proposed converer To simplify he seady-sae analysis, he mode 1 is negleced since he duraion of his mode is very shor Conversion raio Due o volage-second balance for he inducors of all swiching circuis, volage-second balance can be wrien for inducors L m1 and L m2 which resuls in he following equaion [41]: DT ¼.V C1 V Cc1 /.1 D/ T (8) Also, in his circui, due o large values of capaciors and for simpliciy of volage relaionships, C 1 and C 2 are considered idenical: V C1 ¼ V C2 ¼ V C ¼ V o : (9) 2 Figure 4. Volage gain comparison of he proposed converer. applying he KVL principle, he volages of C c1 and C c2 are deermined as follows: V Cc1 ¼ V Cc2 ¼ V Cc ¼ V C1 1 þ n ¼ D 1 D : (10) By subsiuing (10) and (9) ino (8), he volage gain of he proposed converer is obained as follows: V o ¼ 1 þ.1 þ 2n/D : (11) 1 D Figure 4 shows a comparison beween he proposed converer and some oher similar inerleaved DC DC opologies in erms of volage gain. To make a fair comparison, he coupled inducors urns raio (n) is considered equal o 2. As can be observed, he proposed converer has a higher volage gain han he convenional inerleaved boos converer and he converers presened in [42,43]. The inerleaved converer, which is presened in [44], has a higher volage gain in duy cycles below 0.4. However, in duy cycles higher han 0.4, which is favourable in high sep-up applicaions, he volage gain of proposed converer goes ou he volage gain of [45]. Hence, he proposed converer is an appropriae opology for applicaions, where a high sep-up conversion raio is required Volage sress on semiconducor devices According o he foregoing analysis, he volage sress on he main swiches, clamp diodes and oupu diodes of he proposed converer is derived as follows: According o he mode 3, he clamp capaciors C c1 and C c2 recycle he energy of leakage inducors. By V S1 ¼ V S2 ¼ V o 1 þ.1 þ 2n/D (12)
6 22 A. KIANPOUR AND G. SHAHGHOLIAN Figure 5. Volage sress diagram of he semiconducor devices. V Dc1 ¼ V Dc2 ¼ 1 D ¼ V o 1 þ.1 þ 2n/D V D1 ¼ V D2 ¼ nd 1 D V nv o in ¼ 1 þ.1 þ 2n/D (13) (14) The normalized volage sress graph of he semiconducor devices versus he coupled inducors urns raio is ploed in Figure 5. I can be observed ha he volage sress on he main swiches and clamp diodes is reduced as he coupled inducors urns raio increases. On he oher hand, he volage sress on he oupu diodes is increased. Therefore, he coupled inducors urns raio should be designed properly o minimize he volage sress on he main swiches and diodes Passive elemens design Regarding he desired curren ripple on he magneizing inducors ΔI Lm in CCM operaion, he values of L M1 and L M2 are calculaed as follows: L M1 ¼ L M2 ¼ D f s DI Lm : (15) The leakage inducor of he coupled inducors causes ZCS urn-on of he main swiches S 1 and S 2. Hence, o accomplish he ZCS condiion for he main swiches, he value of he leakage inducors and L lk2 is obained as follows: ¼ L lk2 V Llk: r 2DI s : (16) where r is he curren rise ime of he MOSFET swiches and ΔI s denoes he curren variaion ampliude of he swiches during urn-on insan. The desired volage ripple (ΔV c ) is he main crieria for choosing he value of he oupu capaciors. Hence, he proper value of converer capaciors is obained as follows: Figure 6. Implemened prooype converer. C 1 ¼ C 2 V o.1 D/ f s R L DV c : (17) The values of clamp capaciors C c1 and C c2 are seleced such ha half of he resonan period formed beween C c and L lk should be greaer han he urn-off period of he main swiches:.1 D/2 C c1 ¼ C c2 p 2 : (18) f s2 L lk 4. Simulaion and experimenal resuls A prooype circui of he proposed converer is buil o evaluae he performance of he proposed opology. The phoograph of he implemened circui is shown in Figure 6. The prooype circui is designed o conver 25 pu o 400 V oupu a 200 W nominal power and 100 khz swiching frequency. Specificaions of he prooype circui are given in Table 1. Moreover, he proposed converer is simulaed by ORCAD-PSpice simulaor. The simulaion circui is shown in Figure 7. In he simulaion circui, an Table 1. Specificaions of he prooype. Quaniy Value Inpu volage 25 V Oupu volage V o 400 V Oupu power P o 200 W Swiching frequency f s 100 khz Magneizing inducors L M1,L M2 100 mh Leakage inducors,l lk2 6 mh Turns raio (n) 2 Ferrie cores ER4242 Main swiches S 1,S 2 IRFP260 Clamp diodes D c1,d c2 Oupu diodes D 1,D 2 Clamp capaciors C c1,c c2 47 mf Oupu capaciors C 1,C 2 47 mf
7 AUTOMATIKA 23 Cc1 10u L11 Dc1 L12 D1 25Vdc V3 0 50uH K K1 K_Linear COUPLING = 0.98 V1 = 0 V2 = 15 TD = 0 TR = 10n TF = 10n PW = 7u PER = 10u V1 R2 10 S1 IRFP uH C1 10u R1 0.8k V1 = 0 V2 = 15 TD = 5u TR = 10n TF = 10n PW = 7u PER = 10u K K2 K_Linear COUPLING = 0.98 L21 V2 R3 10 S2 IRFP260 Dc2 L22 D2 C2 10u 50uH Cc2 200uH 10u Figure 7. Simulaion circui of he proposed converer. accurae PSPICE model of all semiconducor devices is used. Also, he coupling coefficien of he coupled inducors is seleced 0.98 and he operaing duy cycle is 0.7. Figures 8 and 9 show he simulaion and experimenal waveforms of he proposed converer, respecively. I can be seen ha he experimenal resuls show a good agreemen wih simulaion resuls. The volage and curren waveforms of he main swich S 1 and S 2 are illusraed in Figures 8(a) and 9(a). I can be seen from figures ha, for 400 V oupu volage, he volage sress on he MOSFET swiches is below 100 V, which is lower han 25% of he oupu volage. In addiion, he leakage inducors have accomplished he ZCS urn-on operaion of main swiches as well. Figures 8(b) and 9(b) represen he volage and curren waveforms of he clamp diodes D c1 and D c2.as can be seen, he volage sress of clamp diodes is he same as he main swiches. Also, he reverse recovery problem of hese diodes is compleely alleviaed. The simulaion and experimenal waveforms of he oupu diodes D 1 and D 2 are shown in Figures 8(c) and 9(c). The volage sress on he oupu diodes, which are he mos sressful devices in high sep-up DC DC converers, is abou 200 V, which is half he oupu volage. Also, he reverse recovery problem of he oupu diodes is compleely eliminaed. The efficiency diagram of he proposed converer under differen oupu load condiion is ploed in Figure 10. As can be observed, he maximum efficiency of he proposed converer is 94.5% a 140 W oupu power, and he full-load efficiency is 94.1%.
8 24 A. KIANPOUR AND G. SHAHGHOLIAN Figure 8. Simulaion waveforms of he proposed converer: (a) v ds1, i ds1 ; (b) v Dc1, i Dc1 ; (c) v D1, i D1. Figure 9. Experimenal waveforms of he proposed converer: (a) v ds1, i ds1 ; (b) v Dc1, i Dc1 ; (c) v D1, i D1. Figure 10. Efficiency diagram of he proposed converer. 5. Conclusion In his paper, a new inerleaved high sep-up DC DC converer based on he floaing-oupu capaciors echnique was inroduced. The seadysae analysis and derived equaions represen ha he volage gain of he proposed converer is much higher han he convenional inerleaved boos converer. In his opology, he volage sress on he main swiches and diodes is very low. Consequenly, low-volage, high-performance MOSFET swiches and scoy diodes can be used. Also, he oupu and clamp diodes urn off under ZCS condiion. Moreover, he leakage inducors energy is recycled ino he circui, so he volage spikes across he main swiches are avoided. A las, he proposed converer was simulaed and a 200 W prooype circui was implemened o prove he validiy of he seady-sae analysis.
9 AUTOMATIKA 25 Acknowledgmens This work has been exraced from he MSc Thesis eniled Improvemen and implemenaion of high sep-up inerleaved dc-dc converer in Smar Microgrid Research Cener, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad Universiy, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran. Disclosure saemen No poenial conflic of ineres was repored by he auhors. References [1] Kim J, Ha K, Krishnan R. Single-conrollable-swichbased swiched relucance moor drive for low cos, variable-speed applicaions. IEEE Trans Power Elecron. 2012;27(1): [2] Faiz J, Shahgholian G, Ehsan M. Sabiliy analysis and simulaion of a single-phase volage source UPS inverer wih wo-sage cascade oupu filer. Eur Trans Elecr Power. 2008;18(1): [3] Abusara MA, Guerrero JM, Sharkh SM. Line-ineracive ups for microgrids. IEEE Trans Ind Elecron. 2014;61(3): [4] Shahgholian G, Faiz J, Sedri N, e al. Design and experimenal analysis of a high speed wo-phase inducion moor drive for weaver machines applicaions. In Rev Elecr Eng. 2010;5(2): [5] Yilmaz M, Krein PT. 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