Principles of Radio Interferometry. Ast735: Submillimeter Astronomy IfA, University of Hawaii
|
|
- Cory Armstrong
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Principles of Radio Interferometry Ast735: Submillimeter Astronomy IfA, University of Hawaii 1
2 Resources IRAM millimeter interferometry school hdp:// inshtute.org/en/content- page html IRAM mm school proceedings (from 2000) hdp:// copied and catenated at class website NRAO synthesis imaging workshop hdp:// EssenHal Radio Astronomy hdp:// 2
3 Interferometry hdp:// 3
4 Interferometry Because radio heterodyne techniques detect (and digihze) both the amplitude and phase, we can directly invert the interference padern to recover the source structure [OIR interferometers can bring two beams together but the detectors can only measure the amplitude of the fringes] 4
5 Interferometry: basic theory 5 Gueth, IRAM interferometry school
6 Interferometry: basic theory V 1 (t) = cos 2πν(t- τ g ) V 2 (t) = cos 2πνt Low pass filtered output R 12 = <V 1 V 2 > = V 1 V 2 cos 2πντ g = V 1 V 2 cos 2πb.s/λ 6 Gueth, IRAM interferometry school
7 Fringes R 12 = V 1 V 2 cos 2πb.s/λ Projected baseline in units of wavelength, as seen from source ALMA The output modulates as the source moves through the sky; the interference padern introduces structure into the singledish beam => increases resoluhon 7
8 8
9 Interferometry: finite source size dr 12 = V 1 V 2 cos 2πb.s/λ = A(s) I(s) dω cos 2πb.s/λ 9 effechve collechng area source intensity (erg/s/cm 2 /ster)
10 VisibiliHes Where the complex visibility is defined as and measures the coherence of the source intensity 10
11 11 (Proof)
12 (Details) Delay tracking Bandwidth smearing Sky curvature CriHcally important to operahon of the instrument but not essenhal for you, the end- user, to know 12
13 The uv- plane v w u b = (u,v,w)λ PosiHons on the sky are defined by σ = (x,y), angular units from phase center, and solid angle dω = dxdy 13
14 The uv- plane VisibiliHes are the Fourier transform of the (antenna- weighted) sky brightness distribuhon. Hence we can obtain an image of the source by Fourier inversion of our measurements. 14
15 Fourier decomposihon 15 hdp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fourier_series
16 Fourier decomposihon Any funchon can be decomposed into a series of sine and cosine waves; we only need to know the amplitude of each harmonic (A n sin[nx] + B n cos[nx], n=0,1,2,...) A funchon can be approximated by the sum of a finite number of harmonics; the accuracy depends how many are used and how sharp the funchon is (sharp edges need more higher order harmonics) This allows very efficient data compression, e.g., MP3 for music, JPEG for images, etc. The implicahons for millimeter interferometry is that we can determine many of the salient features of an object from a relahvely sparsely sampled array 16
17 Example 2D Fourier Transform Pairs T(x,y) amp{v(u,v)} δ function constant elliptical Gaussian Gaussian elliptical Gaussian Gaussian narrow features transform into wide features (and vice-versa) Wilner NRAO presentation 17
18 Example 2D Fourier Transform Pairs T(x,y) amp{v(u,v)} disk Bessel Wilner NRAO presentation sharp edges result in many high spatial frequencies 18
19 Amplitude and Phase amplitude tells how much of a certain spatial frequency phase tells where this component is located T(x,y) V(u,v) amplitude phase Wilner NRAO presentation 19
20 amplitude tells how much of a certain spatial frequency phase tells where this component is located T(x,y) V(u,v) amplitude phase Wilner NRAO presentation 20
21 MulH- element interferometers 21 From EssenHal Radio Astronomy by Condon & Ransom
22 Earth rotahon: aperture synthesis Baseline angle changes as sources moves through the sky => observahons fill in the visibility plane The intensity is real so the visibilihes are Hermi?an 22 i.e., we get two visibilihes from one measurement
23 An Example of (u,v) plane Sampling 2 configurations of 8 SMA antennas, 345 GHz, Dec. -24 dec Wilner NRAO presentation 23
24 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 2 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 24
25 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 3 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 25
26 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 4 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 26
27 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 5 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 27
28 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 6 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 28
29 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 7 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 29
30 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 30
31 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas x 6 samples Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 31
32 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas x 30 samples Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 32
33 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas x 60 samples Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 33
34 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas x 120 samples Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 34
35 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas x 240 samples Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 35
36 Dirty Beam Shape and N Antennas Sampling in the uv-plane 8 Antennas x 480 samples Response to a point source Wilner NRAO presentation 36
37 Single dish versus interferomter Plambeck & Engargiola 2002 The interferometer passes the eye test but it doesn t produce a perfect image... 37
38 Resolving out extended emission 38Wilner NRAO presentation
39 Resolving out extended emission 39Wilner NRAO presentation
40 Resolving out extended emission 40Wilner NRAO presentation
41 Resolving out extended emission 41Wilner NRAO presentation
42 Imaging prachcalihes Interferometer field of view is the single- dish (primary) beam Incomplete uv- sampling, inner hole, finite size 42
43 Ring FT Bessel funchon Central hole => don t recover total flux miss large scale structure Finite size => finite resoluhon Incomplete sampling => reduced image fidelity 43
44 Ring FT Bessel funchon Large single dish Central hole => don t recover total flux miss large scale structure Finite size => finite resoluhon Incomplete sampling => reduced image fidelity 44
45 Ring FT Bessel funchon extended configurahons Central hole => don t recover total flux miss large scale structure Finite size => finite resolu>on Incomplete sampling => reduced image fidelity 45
46 Ring FT Bessel funchon Central hole => don t recover total flux miss large scale structure Finite size => finite resoluhon Incomplete sampling => reduced image fidelity more baselines, more sky rotahon 46
47 47 Interferometry provides imaging over a primary beam at the resoluhon of a synthesized beam
48 48 Interferometry provides imaging over a primary beam at the resoluhon of a synthesized beam plus spectra.
49 Next steps CalibraHon Image deconvoluhon 49
Introduction to Radio Interferometry Sabrina Stierwalt Alison Peck, Jim Braatz, Ashley Bemis
Introduction to Radio Interferometry Sabrina Stierwalt Alison Peck, Jim Braatz, Ashley Bemis Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very
More informationIntroduction to Imaging in CASA
Introduction to Imaging in CASA Mark Rawlings, Juergen Ott (NRAO) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long Baseline Array Overview
More informationRadio Interferometry. Xuening Bai. AST 542 Observational Seminar May 4, 2011
Radio Interferometry Xuening Bai AST 542 Observational Seminar May 4, 2011 Outline Single-dish radio telescope Two-element interferometer Interferometer arrays and aperture synthesis Very-long base line
More informationLarge-field imaging. Frédéric Gueth, IRAM Grenoble. 7th IRAM Millimeter Interferometry School 4 8 October 2010
Large-field imaging Frédéric Gueth, IRAM Grenoble 7th IRAM Millimeter Interferometry School 4 8 October 2010 Large-field imaging The problems The field of view is limited by the antenna primary beam width
More informationINTERFEROMETRY: II Nissim Kanekar (NCRA TIFR)
INTERFEROMETRY: II Nissim Kanekar (NCRA TIFR) WSRT GMRT VLA ATCA ALMA SKA MID PLAN Introduction. The van Cittert Zernike theorem. A 2 element interferometer. The fringe pattern. 2 D and 3 D interferometers.
More informationIntroduction to Interferometry. Michelson Interferometer. Fourier Transforms. Optics: holes in a mask. Two ways of understanding interferometry
Introduction to Interferometry P.J.Diamond MERLIN/VLBI National Facility Jodrell Bank Observatory University of Manchester ERIS: 5 Sept 005 Aim to lay the groundwork for following talks Discuss: General
More informationDeconvolution. Amy Mioduszewski National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Synthesis Imaging g in Radio Astronomy
Deconvolution Amy Mioduszewski National Radio Astronomy Observatory Synthesis Imaging g in Radio Astronomy (based on a talk given by David Wilner (CfA) at the NRAO s 2010 Synthesis Imaging Workshop) 1
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro Fourteenth NRAO Synthesis Imaging Summer School Socorro, NM Topics Why Interferometry? The Single Dish as an interferometer The Basic Interferometer
More informationIntroduction to Radio Interferometry Anand Crossley Alison Peck, Jim Braatz, Ashley Bemis (NRAO)
Introduction to Radio Interferometry Anand Crossley Alison Peck, Jim Braatz, Ashley Bemis (NRAO) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope
More informationPracticalities of Radio Interferometry
Practicalities of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro 13 th Synthesis Imaging Summer School 29 May 5 June, 2012 Socorro, NM Topics Practical Extensions to the Theory: Finite bandwidth Rotating
More informationThe Basics of Radio Interferometry. Frédéric Boone LERMA, Observatoire de Paris
The Basics of Radio Interferometry LERMA, Observatoire de Paris The Basics of Radio Interferometry The role of interferometry in astronomy = role of venetian blinds in Film Noir 2 The Basics of Radio Interferometry
More informationPracticalities of Radio Interferometry
Practicalities of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro Fourth INPE Course in Astrophysics: Radio Astronomy in the 21 st Century Topics Practical Extensions to the Theory: Finite bandwidth Rotating
More informationSideband Smear: Sideband Separation with the ALMA 2SB and DSB Total Power Receivers
and DSB Total Power Receivers SCI-00.00.00.00-001-A-PLA Version: A 2007-06-11 Prepared By: Organization Date Anthony J. Remijan NRAO A. Wootten T. Hunter J.M. Payne D.T. Emerson P.R. Jewell R.N. Martin
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro ATNF Radio Astronomy School Narrabri, NSW 29 Sept. 03 Oct. 2014 Topics Introduction: Sensors, Antennas, Brightness, Power Quasi-Monochromatic
More informationFundamentals of Interferometry
Fundamentals of Interferometry ERIS, Rimini, Sept 5-9 2011 Outline What is an interferometer? Basic theory Interlude: Fourier transforms for birdwatchers Review of assumptions and complications Interferometers
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro 15 th Synthesis Imaging School Socorro, NM 01 09 June, 2016 Topics The Need for Interferometry Some Basics: Antennas as E-field Converters
More informationInterferometry I Parkes Radio School Jamie Stevens ATCA Senior Systems Scientist
Interferometry I Parkes Radio School 2011 Jamie Stevens ATCA Senior Systems Scientist 2011-09-28 References This talk will reuse material from many previous Radio School talks, and from the excellent textbook
More informationRadio Interferometry -- II
Radio Interferometry -- II Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro 15 th Synthesis Imaging Summer School June 1 9, 2016 Socorro, NM Topics Practical Extensions to the Theory: Real Sensors Finite bandwidth Rotating reference
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry. Robert Laing (ESO)
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Robert Laing (ESO) 1 ERIS 2015 Objectives A more formal approach to radio interferometry using coherence functions A complementary way of looking at the technique Simplifying
More informationAtacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long Baseline Array
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long Baseline Array Basics of Interferometry Data Reduction Scott Schnee (NRAO) ALMA Data
More informationFourier Transforms in Radio Astronomy
Fourier Transforms in Radio Astronomy Kavilan Moodley, UKZN Slides taken from N Gupta s lectures: SKA School 2013 van-cittert Zernike theorem Extended, quasi-monochromatic, incoherent source X (l,m) Y
More informationIntroduction to interferometry with bolometers: Bob Watson and Lucio Piccirillo
Introduction to interferometry with bolometers: Bob Watson and Lucio Piccirillo Paris, 19 June 2008 Interferometry (heterodyne) In general we have i=1,...,n single dishes (with a single or dual receiver)
More informationA Crash Course in Radio Astronomy and Interferometry: 1. Basic Radio/mm Astronomy
A Crash Course in Radio Astronomy and Interferometry: 1. Basic Radio/mm Astronomy James Di Francesco National Research Council of Canada North American ALMA Regional Center Victoria (thanks to S. Dougherty,
More informationRadio Interferometer Array Point Spread Functions I. Theory and Statistics
ALMA MEMO 389 Radio Interferometer Array Point Spread Functions I. Theory and Statistics David Woody Abstract This paper relates the optical definition of the PSF to radio interferometer arrays. The statistical
More informationFundamentals of Interferometry
Fundamentals of Interferometry ERIS, Dwingeloo, Sept 8-13 2013 Outline What is an interferometer? Basic theory Interlude: Fourier transforms for birdwatchers Review of assumptions and complications Interferometers
More informationMore Radio Astronomy
More Radio Astronomy Radio Telescopes - Basic Design A radio telescope is composed of: - a radio reflector (the dish) - an antenna referred to as the feed on to which the radiation is focused - a radio
More informationTechnical Considerations: Nuts and Bolts Project Planning and Technical Justification
Technical Considerations: Nuts and Bolts Project Planning and Technical Justification Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long
More informationREDUCTION OF ALMA DATA USING CASA SOFTWARE
REDUCTION OF ALMA DATA USING CASA SOFTWARE Student: Nguyen Tran Hoang Supervisor: Pham Tuan Anh Hanoi, September - 2016 1 CONTENS Introduction Interferometry Scientific Target M100 Calibration Imaging
More informationObservational Astronomy
Observational Astronomy Instruments The telescope- instruments combination forms a tightly coupled system: Telescope = collecting photons and forming an image Instruments = registering and analyzing the
More informationFundamentals of Radio Interferometry
Fundamentals of Radio Interferometry Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro Green Bank Interferometry School NRAO/GB 12 14 July, 2015 Topics The Need for Interferometry Some Basics: Antennas as E-field Converters Conceptual
More informationWhy Single Dish? Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson. NAIC-NRAO School on Single-Dish Radio Astronomy. Green Bank, August 2003.
Why Single Dish? Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson NAIC-NRAO School on Single-Dish Radio Astronomy. Green Bank, August 2003. Why Single Dish? What's the Alternative? Comparisons between Single-Dish, Phased Array
More informationMosaicking. Brian Mason (NRAO) Sixteenth Synthesis Imaging Workshop May 2018
Mosaicking Brian Mason (NRAO) Sixteenth Synthesis Imaging Workshop 16-23 May 2018 The simplest observing scenario for an interferometer: Source at known location Size
More informationRadio Interferometry -- II
Radio Interferometry -- II Rick Perley, NRAO/Socorro ATNF School on Radio Astronomy Narrabri, NSW 29 Sept 3 Oct, 2014 Topics Practical Extensions to the Theory: Finite bandwidth Rotating reference frames
More informationWide-Band Imaging. Outline : CASS Radio Astronomy School Sept 2012 Narrabri, NSW, Australia. - What is wideband imaging?
Wide-Band Imaging 24-28 Sept 2012 Narrabri, NSW, Australia Outline : - What is wideband imaging? - Two Algorithms Urvashi Rau - Many Examples National Radio Astronomy Observatory Socorro, NM, USA 1/32
More informationWhy Single Dish? Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson. NAIC-NRAO School on Single-Dish Radio Astronomy. Green Bank, August 2003.
Why Single Dish? Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson NAIC-NRAO School on Single-Dish Radio Astronomy. Green Bank, August 2003. Why Single Dish? What's the Alternative? Comparisons between Single-Dish, Phased Array
More informationASTRO 6525 Lecture #18:! (Sub-)Millimeter Interferometry I!! October 27, 2015!
ASTRO 6525 Lecture #18:! (Sub-)Millimeter Interferometry I!! October 27, 2015! Dominik A. Riechers Find me at office SSB 220 E-mail: dr@astro.cornell.edu Schedule for this Section Today: Introduction to
More informationBasic Mapping Simon Garrington JBO/Manchester
Basic Mapping Simon Garrington JBO/Manchester Introduction Output from radio arrays (VLA, VLBI, MERLIN etc) is just a table of the correlation (amp. & phase) measured on each baseline every few seconds.
More informationImaging Simulations with CARMA-23
BIMA memo 101 - July 2004 Imaging Simulations with CARMA-23 M. C. H. Wright Radio Astronomy laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 ABSTRACT We simulated imaging for the 23-antenna CARMA
More informationRadio Data Archives. how to find, retrieve, and image radio data: a lay-person s primer. Michael P Rupen (NRAO)
Radio Data Archives how to find, retrieve, and image radio data: a lay-person s primer Michael P Rupen (NRAO) By the end of this talk, you should know: The standard radio imaging surveys that provide FITS
More informationIntroduction to Radioastronomy: Interferometers and Aperture Synthesis
Introduction to Radioastronomy: Interferometers and Aperture Synthesis J.Köppen joachim.koppen@astro.unistra.fr http://astro.u-strasbg.fr/~koppen/jkhome.html Problem No.2: Angular resolution Diffraction
More informationRandom Phase Antenna Combining for SETI SETICon03
Random Phase Antenna Combining for SETI SETICon03 Marko Cebokli S57UUU ABSTRACT: Since the direction from which the first ETI signal will arrive is not known in advance, it is possible to relax the phasing
More informationRichard Dodson 1/28/2014 NARIT-KASI Winter School
Goals: Technical introduction very short So what to cover? Things which are essential: How radio power is received - I How an interferometer works -II Antenna Fundamentals Black Body Radiation Brightness
More informationWhy Single Dish? Why Single Dish? Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson
Why Single Dish? Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson Why Single Dish? What's the Alternative? Comparisons between Single-Dish, Phased Array & Interferometers Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlation Interferometer
More informationRadio Astronomy: SKA-Era Interferometry and Other Challenges. Dr Jasper Horrell, SKA SA (and Dr Oleg Smirnov, Rhodes and SKA SA)
Radio Astronomy: SKA-Era Interferometry and Other Challenges Dr Jasper Horrell, SKA SA (and Dr Oleg Smirnov, Rhodes and SKA SA) ASSA Symposium, Cape Town, Oct 2012 Scope SKA antenna types Single dishes
More informationImage Simulator for One Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometer
524 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 25, Hangzhou, China, August 22-26 Image Simulator for One Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometer Qiong Wu, Hao Liu, and Ji Wu Center for
More informationOPTICS OF SINGLE BEAM, DUAL BEAM & ARRAY RECEIVERS ON LARGE TELESCOPES J A M E S W L A M B, C A L T E C H
OPTICS OF SINGLE BEAM, DUAL BEAM & ARRAY RECEIVERS ON LARGE TELESCOPES J A M E S W L A M B, C A L T E C H OUTLINE Antenna optics Aberrations Diffraction Single feeds Types of feed Bandwidth Imaging feeds
More informationRadio Interferometers Around the World. Amy J. Mioduszewski (NRAO)
Radio Interferometers Around the World Amy J. Mioduszewski (NRAO) A somewhat biased view of current interferometers Limited to telescopes that exist or are in the process of being built (i.e., I am not
More informationRadio Telescope Antennas:
Radio Telescope Antennas: from Single Dish to Multielement Interferometer Carla Fanti IRA-INAF Bologna MCCT - SKADS 1 What is Radio Astronomy? Astronomy using Radio Waves (cm to 10 m) need a Radiotelescope
More informationHeterogeneous Array Imaging with the CARMA Telescope
Heterogeneous Array Imaging with the CARMA Telescope M. C. H. Wright Radio Astronomy laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 February 1, 2011 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have made the
More informationPhased Array Feeds & Primary Beams
Phased Array Feeds & Primary Beams Aidan Hotan ASKAP Deputy Project Scientist 3 rd October 2014 CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE Outline Review of parabolic (dish) antennas. Focal plane response to a
More informationMultiplying Interferometers
Multiplying Interferometers L1 * L2 T + iv R1 * R2 T - iv L1 * R2 Q + iu R1 * L2 Q - iu Since each antenna can output both L and R polarization, all 4 Stokes parameters are simultaneously measured without
More informationNext Generation Very Large Array Memo No. 47 Resolution and Sensitivity of ngvla-revb. C.L. Carilli (NRAO)
Next Generation Very Large Array Memo No. 47 Resolution and Sensitivity of ngvla-revb C.L. Carilli (NRAO) Abstract I investigate the noise performance vs. resolution for the new ngvlarevb configuration.
More informationDECEMBER 1964 NUMBER OF COPIES: 75
NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Green Bank, West Virginia E ectronics Division Internal Report No. 42 A DIGITAL CROSS-CORRELATION INTERFEROMETER Nigel J. Keen DECEMBER 964 NUMBER OF COPIES: 75 A DIGITAL
More informationInterference [Hecht Ch. 9]
Interference [Hecht Ch. 9] Note: Read Ch. 3 & 7 E&M Waves and Superposition of Waves and Meet with TAs and/or Dr. Lai if necessary. General Consideration 1 2 Amplitude Splitting Interferometers If a lightwave
More informationRadio Interferometry: Aperture Synthesis and Antenna Arrays
Radio Interferometry: Aperture Synthesis and Antenna Arrays Dunlap Summer School 2017 Introduction to Astronomical Instrumentation Introduction Modern radio telescopes can be divided into two broad classes:
More informationAtacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long Baseline Array
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long Baseline Array Self-Calibration Ed Fomalont (NRAO) ALMA Data workshop Dec. 2, 2011 Atacama
More informationWide Bandwidth Imaging
Wide Bandwidth Imaging 14th NRAO Synthesis Imaging Workshop 13 20 May, 2014, Socorro, NM Urvashi Rau National Radio Astronomy Observatory 1 Why do we need wide bandwidths? Broad-band receivers => Increased
More informationLecture 15: Fraunhofer diffraction by a circular aperture
Lecture 15: Fraunhofer diffraction by a circular aperture Lecture aims to explain: 1. Diffraction problem for a circular aperture 2. Diffraction pattern produced by a circular aperture, Airy rings 3. Importance
More informationFigure1. To construct a light pulse, the electric component of the plane wave should be multiplied with a bell shaped function.
Introduction The Electric field of a monochromatic plane wave is given by is the angular frequency of the plane wave. The plot of this function is given by a cosine function as shown in the following graph.
More informationError Recognition Emil Lenc (and Arin)
Error Recognition Emil Lenc (and Arin) University of Sydney / CAASTRO www.caastro.org CASS Radio Astronomy School 2017 Based on lectures given previously by Ron Ekers and Steven Tingay CSIRO; Swinburne
More informationN.N.Soboleva, S.M.Kozel, G.R.Lockshin, MA. Entin, K.V. Galichsky, P.L. Lebedinsky, P.M. Zhdanovich. Moscow Institute ofphysics and Technology
Computer assisted optics teaching at the Moscow Institute ofphysics and Technology N.N.Soboleva, S.M.Kozel, G.R.Lockshin, MA. Entin, K.V. Galichsky, P.L. Lebedinsky, P.M. Zhdanovich Moscow Institute ofphysics
More informationPupil Planes versus Image Planes Comparison of beam combining concepts
Pupil Planes versus Image Planes Comparison of beam combining concepts John Young University of Cambridge 27 July 2006 Pupil planes versus Image planes 1 Aims of this presentation Beam combiner functions
More informationAntennas. Greg Taylor. University of New Mexico Spring Astronomy 423 at UNM Radio Astronomy
Antennas Greg Taylor University of New Mexico Spring 2017 Astronomy 423 at UNM Radio Astronomy Outline 2 Fourier Transforms Interferometer block diagram Antenna fundamentals Types of antennas Antenna performance
More informationEVLA and LWA Imaging Challenges
EVLA and LWA Imaging Challenges Steven T. Myers IGPP, Los Alamos National Laboratory and National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 1 EVLA key issues 2 Key algorithmic issues ambitious goals / hard
More informationVery Long Baseline Interferometry
Very Long Baseline Interferometry Cormac Reynolds, JIVE European Radio Interferometry School, Bonn 12 Sept. 2007 VLBI Arrays EVN (Europe, China, South Africa, Arecibo) VLBA (USA) EVN + VLBA coordinate
More informationR.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad.
R.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS QUESTION BANK FOR SEMESTER III PAPER III OPTICS UNIT I: 1. MATRIX METHODS IN PARAXIAL OPTICS 2. ABERATIONS UNIT II
More informationRadio Interferometry: Aperture Synthesis and Antenna Arrays
Radio Interferometry: Aperture Synthesis and Antenna Arrays Dunlap Summer School 2016 Introduction to Astronomical Instrumentation Introduction Modern radio telescopes can be divided into two broad classes:
More informationNext Generation Very Large Array Memo No. 16 More on Synthesized Beams and Sensitivity. C.L. Carilli, NRAO, PO Box O, Socorro, NM
Next Generation Very Large Array Memo No. 16 More on Synthesized Beams and Sensitivity C.L. Carilli, NRAO, PO Box O, Socorro, NM Abstract I present further calculations on synthesized beams and sensitivities
More informationWide-field, wide-band and multi-scale imaging - II
Wide-field, wide-band and multi-scale imaging - II Radio Astronomy School 2017 National Centre for Radio Astrophysics / TIFR Pune, India 28 Aug 8 Sept, 2017 Urvashi Rau National Radio Astronomy Observatory,
More informationSubmillimeter (continued)
Submillimeter (continued) Dual Polarization, Sideband Separating Receiver Dual Mixer Unit The 12-m Receiver Here is where the receiver lives, at the telescope focus Receiver Performance T N (noise temperature)
More informationVery Long Baseline Interferometry
Very Long Baseline Interferometry Shep Doeleman (Haystack) Ylva Pihlström (UNM) Craig Walker (NRAO) Eleventh Synthesis Imaging Workshop Socorro, June 10-17, 2008 What is VLBI? 2 VLBI is interferometry
More informationPhased Array Feeds A new technology for wide-field radio astronomy
Phased Array Feeds A new technology for wide-field radio astronomy Aidan Hotan ASKAP Project Scientist 29 th September 2017 CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE Outline Review of radio astronomy concepts
More informationFringe Parameter Estimation and Fringe Tracking. Mark Colavita 7/8/2003
Fringe Parameter Estimation and Fringe Tracking Mark Colavita 7/8/2003 Outline Visibility Fringe parameter estimation via fringe scanning Phase estimation & SNR Visibility estimation & SNR Incoherent and
More informationChapter 34 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 34 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference 34-7 Luminous Intensity The intensity of light as perceived depends not only on the actual intensity but also on the sensitivity of the eye at different
More informationSpectral Line Observing
Spectral Line Observing Ylva Pihlström, UNM Eleventh Synthesis Imaging Workshop Socorro, June 10-17, 2008 Introduction 2 Spectral line observers use many channels of width δν, over a total bandwidth Δν.
More informationTHEORY OF MEASUREMENTS
THEORY OF MEASUREMENTS Brian Mason Fifth NAIC-NRAO School on Single-Dish Radio Astronomy Arecibo, PR July 2009 OUTLINE Antenna-Sky Coupling Noise the Radiometer Equation Minimum Tsys Performance measures
More informationPart 2: Fourier transforms. Key to understanding NMR, X-ray crystallography, and all forms of microscopy
Part 2: Fourier transforms Key to understanding NMR, X-ray crystallography, and all forms of microscopy Sine waves y(t) = A sin(wt + p) y(x) = A sin(kx + p) To completely specify a sine wave, you need
More informationElectromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic radiation covers a vast spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths. This includes the very energetic gamma-rays radiation with a wavelength range from 0.005 1.4
More informationPhased Array Feeds A new technology for multi-beam radio astronomy
Phased Array Feeds A new technology for multi-beam radio astronomy Aidan Hotan ASKAP Deputy Project Scientist 2 nd October 2015 CSIRO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE Outline Review of radio astronomy concepts.
More informationImaging GEOs with a Ground-Based Sparse Aperture Telescope Array
Imaging GEOs with a Ground-Based Sparse Aperture Telescope Array Michael Werth, David Gerwe, Steve Griffin, Brandoch Calef, Paul Idell The Boeing Company ABSTRACT Ground-based imaging of GEO satellites
More informationALMA Memo #289 Atmospheric Noise in Single Dish Observations Melvyn Wright Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 29 February
ALMA Memo #289 Atmospheric Noise in Single Dish Observations Melvyn Wright Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 29 February 2000 Abstract Atmospheric noise and pointing fluctuations
More informationSpectral Line II: Calibration and Analysis. Spectral Bandpass: Bandpass Calibration (cont d) Bandpass Calibration. Bandpass Calibration
Spectral Line II: Calibration and Analysis Bandpass Calibration Flagging Continuum Subtraction Imaging Visualization Analysis Spectral Bandpass: Spectral frequency response of antenna to a spectrally flat
More informationHigh Contrast Imaging
High Contrast Imaging Suppressing diffraction (rings and other patterns) Doing this without losing light Suppressing scattered light Doing THIS without losing light Diffraction rings arise from the abrupt
More informationImage-Domain Gridding on Accelerators
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy Image-Domain Gridding on Accelerators Bram Veenboer Monday 26th March, 2018, GPU Technology Conference 2018, San Jose, USA ASTRON is part of the Netherlands Organisation
More informationVolume 82 VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY AND THE VLBA. J. A. Zensus, P. J. Diamond, and P. J. Napier
ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES Volume 82 VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY AND THE VLBA Proceedings of a Summer School held in Socorro, New Mexico 23-30 June 1993 NRAO Workshop No.
More informationReceiver Performance and Comparison of Incoherent (bolometer) and Coherent (receiver) detection
At ev gap /h the photons have sufficient energy to break the Cooper pairs and the SIS performance degrades. Receiver Performance and Comparison of Incoherent (bolometer) and Coherent (receiver) detection
More informationARRAY DESIGN AND SIMULATIONS
ARRAY DESIGN AND SIMULATIONS Craig Walker NRAO Based in part on 2008 lecture by Aaron Cohen TALK OUTLINE STEPS TO DESIGN AN ARRAY Clarify the science case Determine the technical requirements for the key
More informationChapter 4: Fourier Optics
Chapter 4: Fourier Optics P4-1. Calculate the Fourier transform of the function rect(2x)rect(/3) The rectangular function rect(x) is given b 1 x 1/2 rect( x) when 0 x 1/2 P4-2. Assume that ( gx (, )) G
More informationLaboratorio di Astrofisica (laboratorio radio)
Daniele Dallacasa Laboratorio di Astrofisica (laboratorio radio) Basic Theory: 1. Fraunhofer diffraction & Fourier Transforms why radio telescopes are diffraction limited. Antenna concepts (as specific
More informationSingle, Double And N-Slit Diffraction. B.Tech I
Single, Double And N-Slit Diffraction B.Tech I Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk If light is a wave, it will diffract around a single slit or obstacle. Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk The resulting
More informationarxiv:astro-ph/ v1 21 Jun 2006
Ð Ú Ø ÓÒ Ò Ð Ô Ò Ò Ó Ø ËÅ ÒØ ÒÒ ÓÙ ÔÓ Ø ÓÒ Satoki Matsushita a,c, Masao Saito b,c, Kazushi Sakamoto b,c, Todd R. Hunter c, Nimesh A. Patel c, Tirupati K. Sridharan c, and Robert W. Wilson c a Academia
More informationAntennas and Propagation. Chapter 5c: Array Signal Processing and Parametric Estimation Techniques
Antennas and Propagation : Array Signal Processing and Parametric Estimation Techniques Introduction Time-domain Signal Processing Fourier spectral analysis Identify important frequency-content of signal
More informationAntennas. Greg Taylor. University of New Mexico Spring Astronomy 423 at UNM Radio Astronomy
Antennas Greg Taylor University of New Mexico Spring 2011 Astronomy 423 at UNM Radio Astronomy Radio Window 2 spans a wide range of λ and ν from λ ~ 0.33 mm to ~ 20 m! (ν = 1300 GHz to 15 MHz ) Outline
More informationCoherent Receivers Principles Downconversion
Coherent Receivers Principles Downconversion Heterodyne receivers mix signals of different frequency; if two such signals are added together, they beat against each other. The resulting signal contains
More informationArray Configuration for the Long Wavelength Intermediate Array (LWIA): Choosing the First Four Station Sites
Array Configuration for the Long Wavelength Intermediate Array (LWIA): Choosing the First Four Station Sites Aaron Cohen (NRL) and Greg Taylor (UNM) December 4, 2007 ABSTRACT The Long Wavelength Intermediate
More informationIntroduction to Radio Astronomy. Richard Porcas Max-Planck-Institut fuer Radioastronomie, Bonn
Introduction to Radio Astronomy Richard Porcas Max-Planck-Institut fuer Radioastronomie, Bonn 1 Contents Radio Waves Radio Emission Processes Radio Noise Radio source names and catalogues Radio telescopes
More informationIntroduction to Radio Astronomy!
Introduction to Radio Astronomy! Sources of radio emission! Radio telescopes - collecting the radiation! Processing the radio signal! Radio telescope characteristics! Observing radio sources Sources of
More informationIntroduction to Radio Astronomy
Introduction to Radio Astronomy The Visible Sky, Sagittarius Region 2 The Radio Sky 3 4 Optical and Radio can be done from the ground! 5 Outline The Discovery of Radio Waves Maxwell, Hertz and Marconi
More informationDRAFT. Enhanced Image Rejection in Receivers with Sideband-Separating Mixers. A. R. Kerr 21 December 2006
EnhancedImageRejection03.wpd DRAFT Enhanced Image Rejection in Receivers with Sideband-Separating ixers A. R. Kerr 2 December 2006 ABSTRACT: The finite image rejection of a spectrometer using a sideband-separating
More information