Content. 1. Dimensiong of CT s. 2. Error definitions. 3. General design aspects. 4. Linear cores. Certified acc. to ISO 9001/14001, SN EN 45001

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1 Content 1. Dimensiong of CT s 2. Error definitions 3. General design aspects 4. Linear cores Certified acc. to ISO 9001/14001, SN EN 45001

2 Dimensioning of CT s N P x I P = N S x I S N S = ( I P x N P ) / I S Example : Standard: IEC Voltage level: 0.72 / 3 kv Frequency: 50Hz Ambient temeratures: -5-50º rated current: 20000A / 1A Icth: 120% Ith: 100* In / 1s Idyn: 2.5* Ith Class: 0.2S FS5 Outer Ø of busbar: 550mm Inner Ø of enclosur: 1150mm Phase distance: > 1100mm norm and frequency highest system voltage and test-voltage rated primary current continuous thermal current rated short-time thermal current while 1 or 3 s rated secondary current, class and burden of each winding dimensions: outer-ø = maximum & inner-ø = minimum possible minimum distances to neighbouring phases (for high In) amount of CTs for TPY cores:

3 Dimensioning of CT s Ipn I ps FS (ALF) = ~ I pn Ips B s B n instrument security factor FS FS5 or FS10 means: At 5*I N (10*I N ) the error must be > 10% Remark: FS needs to be fulfilled at rated burden only Figure shows that the error decreases when the current increases. This goes on until the current and the flux have reached a value (point 3) where the core starts to saturate. A further increase of current will result in a rapid increase of the error. At a certain current Ips (4) the error reaches a limit stated in the current transformer standards. Protection class P 5P20 or 5P40 means: At 20*I N (40*I N ) the error must be < 5% In addition: at 1*I N fi<1%, δi= +/- 60min.

4 Error definitions IEC Limitations: - between 25% 100% of the rated burden - valid for the highest ratio only - valid for extended ranges (e.g. ext. 200%) R Ct : Winding resistance X H : Main inductivity R Fe : internal losses Z B : burden I P : primary current I S : secondary current I e : magnetisation current B : core induction A Fe : iron surface N s : windings F : frequency

5 Error definitions Saturation of current transformers B Rating-errorr [%]: I S * ratio / I P Ip Phaseangle-error [min] : Phaseshift d of IS -> IP 60 Min = 1º, 360º= 1 period d CT is not saturated: = Ip / ratio CT in saturation: Ip / ratio

6 Design aspects Specification resulting changes burden 1x (proportional) E.g.: 10 VA --> 30VA 3 x more weight of core Primary current P, C, X class 1/x E.g.: 10000A --> 20000A 50% weight of core Primary current M class 1/x... 1/ x2 (small Ip) E.g: 1000A --> 2000A 50%... 25% core-weight d Measurement class 1/x E.g: Kl > Kl 1 50% weight of core Knee point voltage x E.g: Vk 100V --> Vk 200V 200% weight of core Secondary current 1 E.g: /5A --> /1A unchanged core weight

7 Design aspects Burden R Ct : Winding resistance X H : Main inductivity R Fe : internal losses Z B : burden I P : primary current I S : secondary current : magnetisation current I e B : core induction A Fe : iron surface N s : windings F : frequency Protection class = f (burden) Definition: 5P20 means: 5% error at 20 x Ip E.g.: 5P20, 20VA nominal burden, 10VA internal losses under-burdening with 1 VA --> 5P54 FS = f (burden) Definition: FS5 means: at 5 x Ip the error must be > 10% d E.g.: Kl 1, FS 5, 20VA nominal burden, 10VA internal losses under-burdening with 1 VA --> FS 13,6 Accuracy = f (burden) wrong burden will result in a accuracy errors

8 C-O-C-O cycle TpTs Ktd e Tp Ts L Ts R R ct b t' al Tp e t' al Ts 1 During the last decades the demands on current transformers for protection has increased rapidly. Overcurrents in power networks and also time constants for the short-circuit d.c. component are increasing. Very short breaker tripping times are stipulated and achieved by fast operating protective relay systems. The relays must perform measurements at a time when the transient (d.c. component) has not yet died down Linear cores Typical for linear cores is the their heavily oversize compared to a conventional protection core. The rated transient dimensioning factor Ktd is therefore a main criteria for the dimensioning of TPY-cores: A typical value of Ktd is Beside of knowing the real short-circuit currents, it s mandatory to know the transient values as Tp, t, t al (tfr, t, t al). The values t, t,t tfr and the primary constant Tp are given from ddistribution-net configuration and the protection relays'. Some over dimensioning can be achieved with the secondary time constant Ts. Ts is very much dependent from the burden. Remark: wiring between burden and CT to be considered!

9 Linear cores Classes TPS / TPX U al K ssc K td R b R ct I n CTs in this classes are build of cores without air gap (low magnetic stray field). Characteristic for this cores is the enormous size and weight. The dimensions are forced because of big Fe-cross sections needed to compensate the DC-component of the short circuit current... A normal protective core in a current transformer will saturate very rapidly due to high currents and remanent flux. After saturation occurs, the current transformer output will be distorted and the performance of the relay protection system will be affected. For protection relays intended to operate during a fault the core output under transient conditions is of importance. The knee-point voltage Ual is calculated according: U al K ssc K td R b R ct I n Therefore it s important to have all parameters correctly d given from the customers. Ual is shown on nominal plate TPS and especially TPX cores are very seldom required.

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