How Return Loss Gets its Ripples

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1 Slide -1 How Return Loss Gets its Ripples an homage to Rudyard Kipling Dr. Eric Bogatin, Signal Integrity Evangelist, Bogatin Downloaded handouts from Fall 211 Slide Minute Speed Training Virtually every measured or simulated return loss () shows ripples Sometimes, insertion loss also shows ripples Why? Differential Response freq, GHz What does it tell us about the interconnect? Differential Response, db freq, GHz S21

2 Slide -3 2 Port S-Parameters Magnitude and phase Detector Applies to single-ended and differential S-parameters V source ~ 5Ω Transparent interconnect: : large, negative db S21: small, negative db Z = 5Ω DUT : Return loss Z = 5Ω It is the reflected signal Impedance mismatch from 5 ohms throughout the interconnect A little about losses S21: Insertion loss It is the transmitted signal Impedance mismatches throughout the interconnect Losses 5Ω magnitude/ phase detector Slide -4 Connection Between Insertion and Return Loss V incident S21 V reflected How is related to S21? V transmitted + S21 = 1 There is no such thing as conservation of voltage There is conservation of energy Energy in a wave ~ V = + S21+ losses In a lossless interconnect S = S 11 Sources of loss: - conductor - dielectric - coupling (cross talk) - radiation

3 Slide -5 For Lossless Interconnect: Insertion Loss from Return Loss db(s21_sim) When plotted in db, relationship between and S21 looks unusual S21= 1 S db(_sim) of < -1 db yields S21 > -.5 db Slide -6 How Reflections Result in Return, Insertion Loss Ripples min Z < 5 Ohms 5 Ω 5 Ω S21 When Len << ¼ λ max S21 At low frequency ALL interconnects are transparent When Len << ¼ λ Reflections from front and back, 18 deg out of phase No net reflection, all transmitted waves in phase and add large negative db, S21 nearly db

4 Slide -7 When Len = ¼ λ, S21 Lowest, Highest Z < 5 Ohms S21 min max When Len << ¼ λ When Len = 1/4 λ ¼ + + max S21 ¼ ¾ min S21 When Len = ( x n + ¼ ) λ Max, min S21 Slide -8 When Z 5 Ohms, Multiple Reflections From The Terminations Cause Ripples Z < 5 Ohms S21 min max min 1 When Len << ¼ λ When Len = 1/4 λ + ¼ + When Len = λ max S21 ¾ ¼ min S21 max S21 When Len = n x λ Reflected waves from front and back subtract Minimum reflected signal Transmitted waves all in phase, S21 max As frequency increases, insertion, return loss increase, decrease Longer distance between reflections, shorter the frequency between high and low Larger the impedance difference, the larger the modulation

5 Slide -9 f = Shorter the Distance, Farther Apart the Ripples 1 2TD 3 inches is ~ 1 GHz spacing Slide -1 1 f = 2TD Frequency spacing is a measure of distance between discontinuities Case 1: TD = 1 nsec Freq between dips is 1/2nsec = 5 MHz Case 2: TD =.5 nsec Frequency between dips is x 2 GHz =1 GHz Every λ, Another Dip

6 Slide -11 Larger the Impedance Difference, Larger the Modulation Dips Z = 4 Ohms Z = 3 Ohms Z = 2 Ohms When return loss is less than ~ 13 db, insertion loss impact is < 1 db Slide -12 Add Some Jazz Impedance mismatch on the ends Add attenuation Add multiple discontinuities Fine features increase, general structure stays the same

7 Slide -13 Two Uniform, Tightly Coupled Stripline Traces What are the features of, S21? What does it say about impedance variations? How would you interpret the results? Slide -14 The Pop Quiz What are the features of, S21? What does it say about impedance variations? Why does spacing between ripples change with frequency? How would you interpret the results?

8 Slide -15 Extra Credit Why does increase at higher frequency? What happened to the ripples? Slide -16

9 Slide -17 For More Information SI Library Webinars, feature articles, presentations, hands on labs Class schedules Blog: Published by Prentice Hall, 29

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