Wireless Energy for Battery-less Sensors
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1 Wireless Energy for Battery-less Sensors Hao Gao Mixed-Signal Microelectronics
2 Outline System of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) RF Wireless Power Transfer RF Wireless Power Transfer Ultra Low Power sions sion 1
3 Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) Application Medical and Health monitoring Body Area Network Structure Health monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks Smart building Low data rate / low duty cycle / ultra-low power sion 2
4 Wireless Sensor Network Battery Supply Advantage: Easy to build Easy to assembly Long communication distance Disadvantage: Limited life time Battery replacement Big Size High Cost sion 3
5 Applications and Objectives sion 4
6 RF Power Transfer System Energy Harvesting: Chemical Mechanical Electrical Sensor Network Composed of: Central controller as gateway Power wireless transfer to nodes ULP Wake Up radio RF Power Transfer Wire-free Reliable Easy to integrated STW Project: PREMISS (Power Reduced Monolithic Sensor System) sion 5
7 Architecture of Sensor Node Sensor Node: Wireless Power Receiver + Wake Up sion 6
8 Outline System of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) RF Wireless Power Transfer RF Wireless Power Transfer Ultra Low Power sions sion 7
9 Dickson Structure multi-stage Rectifier Diode Clamp Basic Rectifier V in V out or (Voltage Doubler) (Villard Cascaded) (Dickson Cascaded) Basic Element: RF-DC Convertor ( Voltage Doubler ) Dickson vs. Villard Cascaded: Symmetric in AC and DC path Stronger current drive ability Capacitor with full DC voltage (Basic N-Stage Rectifier) sion 8
10 Diodes for CMOS Technology Diode Connected Transistor I-V Characteristics of Diode Connected Transistor in 65nm CMOS Future: Schottky Diodes Cut-off Frequency of Schottky Diodes in 65nm CMOS beyond 220 GHz But: Non-standard in CMOS Technology sion 9
11 Efficiency with Input Voltage Swing Bigger input voltage/power, the better efficiency, but limited by antenna and matching sion 10
12 Efficiency with Threshold Voltage Vin=0.4V, Iload=2uA An optimized equivalent threshold voltage value for given technology sion 11
13 Efficiency with Pre-Bias Technology Principle: shift the original threshold to fit the given process sion 12
14 Circuit Implementation of Pre-Bias Technology Another way to treat diode connected : Path Pre-Bias Technology : Signal Path Pre-Biasing High Efficiency Rectifier: Original: 21.5%, Improved: 31% sion 13
15 Outline System of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) RF Wireless Power Transfer RF Wireless Power Transfer Ultra Low Power sions sion 14
16 Motivation: 38mm? 8cm 4cm 32cm Problems: Antenna Integration Assembly Components Battery Size Cost 3.8cm 2.5cm 9.5cm Problems: PCB Based Harvesting Method not easy to integrate sion 15 Solution: 0.2cm 0.1cm 0.02cm mm-wave On-chip antenna () (1.8 GHz) () (Y.H. Chee, Ali Niknejad University of California at Berkeley, 2006)
17 Motivation: Small wavelength enables: Integrate antenna on-chip Create antenna arrays to Provide high antenna gain Create highly directional pencil beams Wide bandwidth available at enables High data rate in the order of Gbits/s Short transmission burst sion 16
18 Proposed System of Monolithic Wireless Sensor Nodes Input Matching Network Voltage Rectifier RF-DC End-of-Burst On-Chip Antenna: Small size Rectifier: Used as the supply voltage generator Advantage: Monolithic, fully integration Small size, 2mm 1mm End-of-Burst: Used as the input power monitor sion 17
19 Rectenna Rectenna: Co-design of on-chip antenna + Rectifier Self-threshold voltage modulation sion 18
20 Rectenna: On-Chip Antenna Ulf Johannsen (Electromagnetics Group) sion 19
21 Rectenna: Rectifier Performance With 1.5kΩ load, it reaches 4.4% efficiency in simulation with 7dBm input power, and output voltage 0.7V. Corresponding output current is 0.46mA. sion 20
22 Outline System of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) RF Wireless Power Transfer RF Wireless Power Transfer Ultra Low Power sions sion 21
23 System-Level Research Average power consumption optimization High stand-by power Minimun power floor Duty-cycled wakeup receiver (WuRx) Power consumption of The mmw front-end Circuitry complexity Modulation complexity System architecture Remove the high-power PLL Minimum Linearity Eliminate the square-law Injection-locked oscillator (IJLO) OOK based selfdemodulation IJLO used in the envelop detection sion 22
24 -Triggered Monolithic Wireless Sensor Node Gain (db) NF (db) IIP3 (dbm) P dc (mw) LNA Mixer f rf (GHz) P out (dbm) Sensitivity (dbm) P dc (mw) IJLO RF Front-End Parameters sion 23
25 System Evaluation TX Power Ant Gain TX Ant Gain Rx Modulation 10 dbm 20 dbi 0 dbi OOK BW T scav Pac. Len Rx % 2 GHz 1ms 20 bits 50 System parameters Future: mm-wave Direction Future work: Improve mm-wave rectifier efficiency ULP radio Directional on-chip antenna array sion 24
26 sion Battery-less sensor nodes enable many applications Mm-wave wireless power transfer with integrated on chip antenna is an elegant way for low cost solution Key Circuit Blocks: High efficiency rectifier System Level : Ultra Low Power sion 25
27 Acknowledgement STW Philips Holst Centre sion
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