POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM EMBEDDED WITH UPFC USING PSASP PROGRAM
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1 OWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF OWER SYSTEM EMBEDDED WITH UFC USING SAS ROGRAM A. Mete Vural 1 Mehmet Tümay 2 vural@gantep.edu.tr mtumay@mal.cu.edu.tr 1 Department of Electrcal & Electroncs Engneerng, Unversty of Gazantep, Gazantep/Turkey 2 Department of Electrcal & Electroncs Engneerng, Cukurova Unversty, Adana/Turkey Key words: Unfed power flow controller, FACTS, smulaton, power flow control ABSTRACT Unfed ower Flow Controller (UFC) s a very superor hgh power compensator n whch soldstate power electronc-bad converters are employed, able to control smultaneously or lectvely all three network parameters (voltage, mpedance, transmsson angle) determnng power transmsson. Ths paper shows that t s possble to u currently avalable commercal software, ower System Analyss Software ackage (SAS), to easly smulate a UFC embedded wthn a power network. Computer smulaton of UFC s convenently obtaned from a power necton model, whch s sutable for steady-state studes. On the bass of computer modelng, ca studes would be uful to nvestgate potental capabltes of an UFC on actve and reactve power flows. I. INTRODUCTION The development of power electronc-bad Flexble AC Transmsson Systems (FACTS) has been ntated by Electrc ower Rearch Insttute (ERI), n whch power flow s dynamcally controlled by varous power electronc devces [1]. And becau of the fast progress n power electroncs technology [2], t becomes as a promsng subect. Along wth advanced control technques on FACTS devces, transmsson grd s gettng more controllable and flexble [3,4]. Among a varety of FACTS members, UFC s the most compete and versatle, capable of actng over basc electrcal system parameters; lne voltage, lne mpedance, and pha angle whch determne transmtted power [5,6,7]. Therefore t s chon as the focus of nvestgaton. It allows to force power transmt n prescrbed routes n whch the power flow s solely governed by classcal network laws. ower flow n ndvdual lnes of the transmsson grd s determned by ther mpedance and t often cannot be restrcted to the desred power corrdors. As a conquence, power flow loops develop and certan lnes become overload, whle some of them are underloaded below ther thermal lmt, all the stuatons lead to neffcent u of transmsson system and also wth the overall effect of deteroratng voltage profles and decread system stablty. [8]. Besdes actng on power flow control, the most mportant characterstcs of UFC are ts multple control functons ncludng, dynamc voltage regulaton, trannt stablty enhancement and oscllaton dampng [9,10]. Comparson of UFC, wth more conventonal compensaton method of employng thyrstor swtched/controlled reactors (TSC/TCR) and pure reactors shows ts superor performance ncludng the unmatched capablty of usng both reactve and real power compensaton to counteract dynamc dsturbances, and beng unform n applcablty. Bad on IEEE 14-bus test system [11], a smulaton study of UFC s carred out n ths paper. Frstly a mathematcal reprentaton of UFC s developed bad upon power necton model; condly a method embedded n SAS s appled to adopt the model for locaton of UFC on a transmsson lne n IEEE 14-bus test system. The statc characterstcs of the system wth UFC under normal operatng condtons, ncludng the control effects of UFC on varous operatonal parameters and the steady-state respon of the system when UFC nput parameters are beng changed, s nvestgated. II. A BRIEF REVIEW OF UFC Fgure 1 shows the schematc dagram of the basc structure of an UFC. It conssts of shunt and res connected power electronc-bad voltage sourced converters, two couplng transformers, Tr sh and Tr, and a dc lnk capactor, C. ower converters are constructed by GTO thyrstor valves and dodes. The prncpal functon of the converters s to emulate
2 symmetrcal ac output voltages wth controllable magntude and pha angle at ther ac output termnals. The formaton of ac voltages mght be mplemented prncpally by two approaches. Frstly, the outputs of multple converter unts gvng symmetrcal square waveform are shfted n pha and summed to gve mult-pul nearly snusodal waveform by means of a magnetc structure. Ths method requres low pul number desgn for each unt, but mult-level structure ntroduces complexty nto the magnetc structure and ts related controls. Another approach s that usng snusodal pul wdth modulaton technque (SWM), whch can be an alternatve to mprove the shortcomngs mentoned above. In ca of SWM technque, the magnetc structure s even smpler and snce hgh number of puls s amed, the harmonc necton nto the power system would not be too large. Generally the more number of puls are acheved, the fewer amounts of adver effects of harmoncs are ntroduced nto the power system. Operatng loss of the converters should also be taken nto account n terms of effcency. BUS Shunt Converter Measurements Tr sh Transmsson Lne C Control DC lnk Tr V Seres Converter Set ponts Fgure 1 Basc schematc dagram of UFC BUS In Fgure 1 also the drectons of both real power flow, and reactve power flow n UFC may be obrved. The dc lnk provdes a path for actve power exchange between the two converters, whle each converter can ether delver or consume reactve power at ther output termnals. In a UFC, the res connected converter can perform the man functon of power flow control by nrtng a controllable voltage, V nto the transmsson lne through transformer, Tr. Meanwhle shunt connected converter s ud to balance the real power, whch s nected nto or absorbed from the transmsson lne by the res connected converter va the dc-lnked capactor. Snce each converter unt s capable of performng reactve power compensaton, shunt connected one may also be ud for dynamc voltage control. Snce the obectve of ths study s both to develop a suffcent steady-state model of UFC for reprentng t n SAS and to nvestgate the capabltes of UFC on actve and reactve power flow control, thereby the followng assumptons are made. UFC s smulated on a concept of power necton model bad on the dea of reprentng the ac outputs of the two converters as deal snusodal voltage sources of whch the magntude and pha angle are fully and ndependently controllable. So the outputs of the converters are assumed to be harmonc free. The dynamcs of swtchng behavor of the converters and the couplng transformers are neglected. At the same tme, the voltage of the DC lnk capactor s assumed to be constant,.e., the dynamcs of the DC lnk are gnored. Thereby the actve power exchange between the res and shunt converter are assumed to be fully satsfed. If a dynamc study were to be carred out, n order to obtan accurate smulaton results, the factors lsted above should be taken nto account n order to reflect precly and thoroughly the operatonal characterstcs of the UFC and ts effects on power network. III. UFC OWER INJECTION MODEL ower nected model of UFC can be derved by referrng Fgure 2. Bus and Bus are added to system by ncomng of UFC. Sendng-end and Recevngend Bus are the two bus belongng to transmsson lne on whch UFC mght be sted. The converters are realzed as controllable voltage sources and transformers as leakage reactances. The transmsson lne s modelled by ts nomnal π-equvalent crcut and transmsson lne current s flowng through voltage source V, causng an actve power exchange, res, between UFC and power system through shunt branch. Sendng V θ BUS + - V ~ sh - X sh V ~ + shunt ~ I L res V ~ X V θ BUS r L x L B/2 B/2 Recevng Fgure 2 UFC equvalent crcut n ca of UFC locaton near ndng-end bus By usng the transformaton from thevenn equvalent crcut nto norton equvalent crcut, res connecton of voltage sources and reactances can be transformed nto shunt connecton of current sources and susceptances. Ths transformaton enables developng nected power model of UFC. After a number of calculaton steps [12], UFC power necton model derved n polar form as nectons of powers,,upfc,,upfc,,upfc, and,upfc at Bus and Bus s obtaned as shown n Fgure 3. At the dervatons the total effcency of UFC s taken as 98% [13]. Sendng V θ BUS,upfc,upfc X ~ I L,upfc,upfc V θ BUS r L x L B/2 B/2 Fgure 3 UFC power necton model Recevng
3 ower nectons,,upfc,,upfc,,upfc, and,upfc are derved as follows: r TM1 b TM2 gamma p/180,upfc 2 = 0.02rb V Snγ 1.02rbVVSn( θ θ + γ) (1) 2,upfc = rbv Cosγ (2),upfc,upfc = rb V V Sn( θ θ + γ) (3) = rb V V Cos( θ θ + γ) (4) Where r s per unt magntude of V, γ s pha angle of V, wth respect to θ, b s recprocal of X, leakage susceptance of res couplng transformer. IV. UFC IMLEMENTATION IN SAS SAS s a newly developed power system analyss software package developed by ERI Chna [14], has capablty of creatng ur-defned models of many types of power system equpment. The block dagram of ur-defned model of UFC s drawn n Fgure 4. Many blocks consttute the model and the functons of them are explaned n Table 1. When constructng ur-defned model, the followng stuatons are realzed. UFC ur-defned model s completely developed bad upon power necton model derved n equatons [1-4]. Two - bus (load bus) must be created on transmsson lne where UFC s consdered to be located. The transmsson lne data must be modfed, dependng on the locaton of UFC, ndng-end sde, recevng-end sde, or mddle of lne poston. Seres reactance X, leakage reactance of res couplng transformer of UFC, must be consdered n order to reprent the model correctly. Table 1 Blocks and ther functons consttutng urdefned model Name of Block Functon Constant parameter block; nput s equal to pre-defned constant A Multplcaton block; multples the two nputs and outputs the result Summng block; summes the two nputs and outputs the result SIN Sne block; take the sne of nput and outputs the result COS Cosne block; take the cosne of nput and outputs the result ANGB1 ANGB2 VT2 TM1 TM1 TM2 SIN COS TM7 SIN COS,upfc Fgure 4 Block dagram of ur-defned model of UFC V. SIMULATION SCENARIOS TM7,upfc,upfc,upfc ower flow ca studes on IEEE 14-bust test system wth embedded UFC, shown n Fgure 5 s carred out usng SAS. Newton (ower) calculaton method s lected Allowed teraton tolerance s taken as 1E-6 n all of the cas. Four dfferent cas are consdered n smulatons. Frst of all and wthout any compensaton, the electrcal system s studed n order to determne the load flow n each of the transmsson lne. Ths allows to have a general dea about system steady-state operaton. Then UFC stng s chon arbtrarly as near Bus 2 locaton on lne (2-5), but thought to be near power generaton ctons. Dfferent UFC parameters are t to actvate UFC, the transmtted actve and reactve power of all of the lnes has remarkably changed. Table 2 shows the lected results of the load flow analyss as well as total transmsson loss. L9 B12 B1 Gen. Slack Bus L1 B2 L1 Gen. L16 L9 L2 L3 L10 L5 B5 B13 L10 B6 L4 L5 L4 L2 L17 B11 L15 L7 L7 B3 L8 B14 B10 L6 B4 L11 L13 L14 L3 B9 L6 L12 Fgure 5 IEEE 14-bus test system L11 B7 B8
4 Comparng load flow solutons of the system wthout and wth UFC, t can easly be concluded that urdefned model for UFC developed n ths study s workng properly that Table 2 shows a clear convergence of program n ca of dfferent UFC parameters. Also the model s effcent on analyss of power flow and control parameters of UFC. The smulaton results regardng the system voltage profle can also be obrved n Fgure 5. Table 2 Load flow results of the IEEE 14-Bus test system wth and wthout UFC Wthout UFC Ca 1 UFC parameters UFC parameters r=0.0 γ=0.0 r=0.05 γ=45.0 ower flow n (pu) ower flow n (pu) Lne + + L L L L L L Transmsson Loss Transmsson Loss Actve (MW) Reactve (MVAR) Ca 2 Ca 3 UFC arameters UFC arameters r=0.1 γ=90.0 r=0.12 γ=15.0 ower flow n (pu) ower flow n (pu) Lne + Lne + L L L L L L L L L L L L Transmsson Loss Transmsson Loss Actve (MW) Actve (MW) Fgure 6 Voltage rofle of test system VI. CONCLUSIONS An nected power model for evaluatng UFC steadystate performance s developed and adopted nto a ur-defned model n SAS n ths study. The software ud n ths study s a very practcal and uful software package that allows modelng of complex devces, such as UFC. The applcaton has been verfed and tested on IEEE 14-bus test system n whch UFC s sted on a transmsson lne. Numercal computatons have shown that the algorthm s effectve n terms of computatonal speed and convergence. The ca studes demonstrate that the UFC s able to control both actve and reactve power transmt on transmsson lnes. The studes on the IEEE 14-bus test system also show that the ncomng of UFC can dsturb system voltage profle at the neghborng bus to UFC located lne sgnfcantly unless a voltage regulaton support at tho bus s provded. VII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK The study may be expanded by usng a clod-loop feedback control algorthm n order to regulate actve and reactve power flows on transmsson lnes so as to keep them n pre-defned values. Ths stuaton s consdered as a prospectve study by the authors. VIII. REFERENCES Table 2 SAS calculaton performance Iteraton number Accuracy UFC parameters r (pu) γ (degrees) Hngoran, N.G. FACTS flexble AC transmsson system, IEE Ffth Internatonal Conference on AC and DC ower Transmsson Conference ublcaton No. 345, 1991, pp Keth J. Ralls, The growth of power electroncs n electrcal power transmsson systems, IEE ower Engneerng Revew, Vol. 9, No.1, February 1995, pp Laszlo Gyugy, Sold-State Synchronous Voltage Sources for Dynamc Compensaton and Real-Tme Control of AC Transmsson Lnes, Emergng ractces In Technology, IEEE Standards ress, 1993, pp FACTS Overvew, IEEE Brochure 95 T 108, 1995.
5 5. L. Gyugy, C.D. Schauer, S.L. Wllams, T.R. Retman, D.R. Torgerson and A. Edrs, The unfed power flow controller: a new approach to power transmsson control, IEEE Trans. On ower Delvery, No.2, 1995, pp L. Gyugy, Unfed power flow controller concept for flexble AC transmsson systems, IEE roc. C; Generaton, transmsson and dstrbuton, Vol. 139, No.4, pp , July L. Gyugy, Unfed power flow controller for FACTS, IEE, December Kundur, ower system stablty and control, McGraw-Hll Inc, K.S. Smth, L. Ran, and J. enman, Dynamc modelng of a unfed power flow controller, IEE roc. C; Generaton, transmsson and dstrbuton, Vol.144, No.1, January 1997, pp R. Mhalc,. Zunko, Improvement of trannt stablty usng UFC, IEEE/ES Wnter Meetng, B.M. Zhang, S.S. Chen, Advanced ower Network Analyss, Tsnghua ublshng Hou, 1996, pp A.Mete Vural, Flexble AC Transmsson, A Unfed ower Flow Controller, MSc Thess, 2001, pp Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, Wllam. Robbns, ower Electroncs: Converters, Applcatons, and Desgn, John & Sons, ower System Analyss Software ackage (SAS) Ur Manual, Electrc ower Rearch Insttute (Chna), 1993.
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