Optische netwerken SNE opleiding - 19 maart 2009
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1 Optische netwerken SNE opleiding - 19 maart 2009 Roeland Nuijts, SURFnet, The Netherlands roeland.nuijts@surfnet.nl
2 Outline - Introduction - Optical transmission fiber - Optical transmitters and receivers - DWDM enabling technologies - EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) - Optical multiplex and demultiplex filters - 10Gb/s transmission and Dispersion compensation - High-speed transmission (40Gb/s and 100Gb/s) - All optical switching WSS (Wavelength Selective Switches) 2
3 Optical fiber - Historical perspective - Basic principle of internal reflection known from 19 th century (John Tyndall, 1870) - Early fibers with cladding extremely lossy ~1000dB/km (1960) - Progress in fabrication (MCVD) leads to low loss fibers (0.2dB/km at 1550nm wavelength, limited by fundamental limit of Rayleigh scattering) around
4 Fiber absorption - Fiber loss is wavelength dependent, minimum is around 1550nm - Current fiber loss is close to fundamental limit determined by Rayleigh scattering, proportional to l -4 therefore dominant at short wavelengths - Loss at long wavelengths (l > 1625nm) dominated by infra-red absorption - Peak at 1400nm arises from OH impurities, can be removed (AllWave fiber) 4
5 t g (ps) D (ps/nm km) Fiber dispersion 0 λ (nm) No distortion at zero-dispersion wavelength, l 0 Distortion 5 at other wavelengths l 0 - Refractive index varies with wavelength which leads to a wavelength dependence of the group delay, t g, (delay for different g wavelengths) in ps/km - Dispersion coefficient, D, is the derivative of the group delay, t g, with respect to wavelength per unit length (ps/nm km) Optical Power (A.U.) 1,4 Optical pulse shape at output 12 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0, Time (ps) Frequency (G Hz) λ (nm) -5 Optical Power (db) Optical spectrum at output
6 Optical fiber Historical perspective Standard SMF (G.652) - Initial (80 s) optical components for transmission through single mode fiber operated at the 1.3 mm wavelength, therefore fiber was developed which had zero-dispersion at this wavelength. For this reason, this type of fiber is often referred to as standard fiber, conventional fiber or ITU G.652 fiber. - Installed fiber base in the world is mainly comprised of this standard (1.3µm zero-dispersion wavelength) SMF (Single Mode Fiber) - This embedded base represents an enormous investment, strong incentive to use it - Development and commercialization of sources and detectors operating in the 1550nm wavelength region, where the minimum fiber loss is achieved, were developed later, more specifically in the 80 s - Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (zero-dispersion at 1550nm) later developed and deployed, predominantly in Japan 17 6
7 7 NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber) optimizes dispersion in the EDFA region
8 Introduction Traditional digital point-to-point to optical fiber transmission systems Transmission fiber a (db/km) P T (dbm) P R (dbm) Transmission distance = (P T -P R ) / a (km) - Transmitter sends logical l ones and zeros by turning light on and off, receiver converts received optical power to electrical signal, retrieves clock signal and determines on decision moment whether one or zero was sent - Initial, low-speed, optical fiber transmission systems were loss-limited, transmission distance was limited by the thermal noise in the optical receiver - Increase in transmission bit rate to high speeds (bit rate 2.5Gb/s) has made fiber dispersion, D, an important system parameter which limits the achievable transmission distance 8
9 Decibel scale versus linear scale Power levels and loss scales in optical systems cover a hugh dynamic range Losses in fibers and filters are multiplication factors in linear domain, additions and subtractions in db Typically power levels and losses on logarithmic scale in decibels, more practical Power is mw in linear domain -> dbm in logarithmic domain Loss dimensionless in linear domain -> db in logarithmic domain 9 P (dbm) = 10 Log 10 [P (mw)] P (mw) P (dbm) P (mw) P (dbm) L (db) = 10 Log 10 [L] L 10 x 2 ª 3dB x 5 ª 7dB x10 ª 10dB
10 10Gb/s optical transmitter technologies {0,1,1,0,1,1,,0,1,0} DFB {0,1,1,0,1,1,,0,1,0} DM-DFB (Directly Modulated Distributed Feed Back laser) Cheap, small, low power consumption Chirped, i.e. different wavelength during ones and zeros which leads to a wide optical spectrum and associated transmission impairments Used for short reach transmission DFB EA EML (Electro-Absorption ti Modulator Laser) Monolithically integrated laser and modulator combination Potentially cheap, small, medium power consumption Chirped, i.e. different wavelength during ones and zeros Used for intermediate and long reach transmission {0,1,1,0,1,1,,0,1,0} 10 DFB Mach-Zehnder LiNbO3 modulator CW-DFB (Continuous Wave DFB laser) and MZ (Mach-Zehnder) combination External modulator Expensive, relatively large, high-power drivers (high power consumption) Low (or deterministic) chirp, excellent performance Used for long reach and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) transmission
11 Typical 10Gb/s optical receiver setup preamp AGC decision circuit data (A)PD CLK Photodetector converts optical signal to electrical signal. PIN or APD (Avalanche Photo Detector) for improved receiver sensitivity Preamp provides high h gain, low noise AGC (Automatic Gain Control) amplifies signal at output of preamp to rail-to-rail voltage of decision circuit Decision circuit, usually D-flip-flop, signal at input is clocked to the output on rising edge of clocksignal, distortion is removed BER (Bit-Error Rate) performance limited by thermal noise in receiver, receiver performance is usually specified in terms of receiver sensitivity, i.e. the amount of optical power needed to achieve a BER of BER P sens P rec (dbm) 11
12 WDM enabling technologies I: EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) Fiber doped with Er 3+ ions be excited by 980nm or 1480nm photons spontaneous emission generates noise Excited state Erbium ions can be stimulated to decay to ground state via stimulated emission by a 1550nm signal 12
13 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Erbium Doped Fiber isolator isolator 1480nm or 980nm 13
14 ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) ( ) = 2 h n sp (G( ) 1) - Amplifiers are used to overcome fiber losses. - Optical Noise is added by each amplifier. - Engineering rules usually defined for equal spans (e.g. 20 x 20dB) which is not the case in the real fiber networks 14 Slide courtesy of Kim Roberts, Nortel
15 Initial two-stage EDFA configuration, example High-gain, low-noise first stage followed by high-power second stage Current designs state of the art designs are wideband, 1520nm-1560nm (C-band) or 1565nm- 1605nm (L-band), can be used for simultaneous amplification of multiple channels at different wavelengths Bitrate transparent Fiber loss no longer limiting factor 15
16 WDM enabling technologies II: Multiplex/Demultiplex filters somewhat analogous to prism input white beam, seperates it spatially onto output fibers works both ways, demux and mux other technologies possible (e.g. thin film filter) 16
17 λ1 CMD 1 WDM system configuration (one-way) Add/drop site 1 CMD CMD 2 GMD GMD OA OA OA OA OA OA GMD GMD 2 CMD CMD 9 CMD CMD 9 CMD λ36 = 10Gb/s Optical transmitter(om5200/ome6500) = 10Gb/s Optical Receiver (OM5200/OME6500) GMD = Group Multiplexer/Demultiplexer CMD = Channel Multiplexer/Demultiplexer OA = Optical amplifier Scalable and flexible design, easy to add wavelengths Initial release uses 36 channels spaced at 100GHz Can be upgraded to 72 channels, each operating at 10Gb/s Optical add and drop for point-to-point to optical lightpaths 17
18 SURFnet6 Subnetwork 3 Optical spectrum at output of transmit OA in Amsterdam1 (RB=0.5nm) λ1 CMD CMD 1 2 GMD Add/drop site GMD OA OA OA OA OA OA GMD GMD 1 2 CMD CMD Power (dbm) CMD 9 CMD CMD 9 CMD Wavelength (nm) OSNR (0.1nm) > 40dB λ36 Optical spectrum at output of receive OA in Amsterdam1 (RB=0.5nm) Power (dbm) Subnetwork 3 specific eight spans total distance 528km dispersion optimized to allow traffic between any pair of sites Wavelength (nm) OSNR (0.1nm) > 28dB 18
19 Dispersion limited distance, L D L 1 B = 10 Gb/s D B D D = 17 ps/nm km L D = ~50km Δλ = nm* F r e q uency ( GHz) Optical Powe er (A.U.) 1,4 1,2 1,0 08 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0, Time (ps) (db) pticalpower O Chromatic dispersion places a limit on the maximum transmission distance L D scales with square of the bitrate 50km at 10Gb/s, hence dispersion compensation is needed in case of transmission beyond 50km 3km at 40Gb/s, if you would use NRZ Linear effect, can be compensated by fiber with negative dispersion * 3dB bandwidth of 7GHz assumed, doublesided spectrum 14GHz 0.112nm
20 Example of impact of dispersion on transmission system performance - optical pulse shape of 10Gb/s signal after 120km 120km standard SMF D=17.8 ps/nm km OA OA ƒ r b = 10Gb/s l c = 1557nm 1 120km-10Gb/s system configuration 2 Optical Power (A.U.) 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0, Time (ps) 1 Optical pulse shape at transmitter output Pulse shape after 120km transmission completely distorted due to pulse broadening, error-free transmission not possible 2 20 After 120km transmission
21 Dispersion Compensating Fiber D (ps/nm km) Standard fiber Dispersion compensating fiber 0 l 0, SMF 1310nm l T 1550nm l 0, DCF λ (nm) Advantages Wide band compensation (one DCF compensates for all channels in C-band) Feasible for DWDM systems Easy to use, reliable Disadvantages bulky DCF loss, requires additional optical amplifier smaller core area, hence nonlinear effects 21
22 Measured and calculated optical pulse shape after 120km and after DCF ATT1 120k m SMF ATT2 DCF ATT3 A 1 A 2 A 3 f 1 2 3, 1 After 120km transmission Pulse shape after 120km transmission completely distorted due 2 to pulse broadening, error-free transmission not possible Optical pulse shape recovered after After compensation, P DCF =+5dBm passing through DCF with negative dispersion More residual dispersion if optical power level at the input of the DCF is high due to the (undesirable) 3 nonlinear effect in the DCF After compensation, P DCF = 0dBm
23 Linear Dispersion Pre- compensator Data h r (t) DAC LPF CW source I M-Z M-Z 90 o h i (t) DAC LPF Q Filter complexity scales linearly with Dispersion 23 Slide courtesy of Kim Roberts, Nortel
24 EDC (Electrical Dispersion Compensation) Total 5000km standard transmission fiber H(f) {0,1,1,0,1,1,,0,1,0} 0 0 0} h -1 (t) DFB+MZ OA OA OA 1 2 Optical Power Arb. Units Optical Power Arb. Units EDC off D=+87500ps/nm Optical Power Arb. Units 2.5 z=0km time ps Optical Power Arb. Units z=5000km time ps EDC on D=-87500ps/nm time ps z=0km z=5000km 24 No more need for dispersion compensation via DCFs (Dispersion Compensating Fibers)!! time ps
25 How to do 40Gb/s on current infra? QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) 2 Bits per Symbol OOK (On-Off Keying) Q QPSK (0) (1) I
26 40Gb/s - Dual-polarization l Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization Dual Polarization
27 40G Dual Polarization QPSK has the same symbol duration as 10G 40G Dual Polarization QPSK 100 ps 10G Conventional TDM 100 ps 40G Conventional TDM 25 ps Time
28 40G Dual Polarization QPSK has the same bandwidth as 10G 40G Dual Polarization QPSK 50 GHz 10G Conventional TDM 40G Conventional TDM Frequency
29 TeleCity2, Amsterdam 30 SURFnet, grensverleggend verbinden
30 Nortel OME6500 and CPL OME Gb/s WDM transmitter and receiver CPL DSCM (dispersion Compensation) CMD GMD 31 SURFnet, grensverleggend verbinden
31 Characteristics of dark fiber for DWDM transmission systems 14 Fiber type Average measured Total length (km) total loss (db/km) G (52%) TWRS (43%) LEAF (5%) Total (100%) Fiber span length distribution 12 highest h number of spans (12 out of 51) in 10 80km range, which was the maximum length 8 in the CFP (Call for Proposals) for the dark 6 fiber bidding process. 4 96% of span lengths are below 90km, 2 system engineering rules allow multiple span 0 losses of at about 23dB 32
32 Fiberdatabase with SRLG (Shared Risk Link Groups) 34
33 SURFnet6 DWDM on dark fiber Hamburg Münster Aachen 35 >8800km dark fiber pairs (2955km for DWDM)
34 WSS Principle of operation input input output input input F collimating lenses common F 36 MEMS mirror array (1 pixel per channel)
35 DAS-3 (Distributed ASCI Supercomputer-3) DRAC DAS-3 Switch DAS-3 Switch Amsterdam 1 Hilversum - Full wavelengths in the network controlled by users / applications DAS-3 Switch Leiden 6 Delft DAS Switch Allow massive bandwidth changes 7 between two sites Network service: 2 Amsterdam VU similar control as DAS-3 standard dynamic Switch lightpaths ASCI = Advance School for Computing and Imaging
36 DAS-3 system configuration Leiden Delft Cluster OME CMD WSS Branching Node WSS Branching Node OME CMD Cluster OME CMD OME CMD Cluster AMS-VU Cluster University of Amsterdam DAS-3 Equipment Nortel/SURFnet Equipment 38
37 Network topologies Star network TUD Mesh network TUD VU 7 TUD Ring network 5 7 VU 5 UvA 1, ,6 2, 3 LU VU UvA LU UvA LU 6 DAS-3 optical channel TUD UvA Leiden VU 39
38 DRAC (Dynamic Resource Allocation Controller) Web GUI screenshot 40
39 Future plans - Further introduce edco and eroadm - Introduce 40Gb/s transmission on existing infrastructure - Multi-domain control plane interworking (DRAC) - Test new technology, e.g. PBT (Provider Backbone Tanspot) Transport) - Further enhance monitoring and reporting 41
40 Thanks for your attention! Questions? 42
41 SURFnet6 Optical Modeler 43
42 FOM (Figure of Merit) for fiber spans FOM N j 1 10 L j 10 L j, span losses in db N, number of spans A 120km 120km 120km 80km 80km 80km Total 600km B 80km 80km 80km 120km 120km 120km C 100km 100km 100km 100km 100km 100km 44 FOM A 5504 B 5504 C For more information contact Roeland Nuijts, SURFnet fleasy-to-use formula that accurately quantifies transmission system performance fl FOM requirement used in Call for Proposals for 1600km Amsterdam Geneva fiber link
43 OSNR (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio) -Simple formula SMF repeater DCF SMF SMF DCF OA OA OA OA OA ƒ NF 1 NF 2 NF 3 NF N-1 NF N P in,1 P in,2 P in,3 P in,n-1 P in,n OSNR N 1 2 h R N sp, OSNR j 1 P in, j Parameter Description h Planck's constant (J s) c speed of light (m/s) j ated OSNR (db) Calcul Resolution bandwidth = 0.1nm Distance (km) R Pin Nsp OSA resolution BW (Hz) Input power (W) Noise Figure (linear) Simple formula, accurate to within a few tenths of a db 45
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