PROFEO : PROGRAMME FRANCILIEN D ETUDES DES ORAGES. P. Blanchet, P. Lalande, P. Laroche Onera Châtillon France

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1 th International Lightning Detection Conference April Tucson, Arizona, USA 1st International Lightning Meteorology Conference April Tucson, Arizona, USA PROFEO : PROGRAMME FRANCILIEN D ETUDES DES ORAGES P. Blanchet, P. Lalande, P. Laroche Onera Châtillon France 1. INTRODUCTION The investigations on lightning are actually looking towards two major directions: Physicals processes responsible of the initiation and the extension of the flash, to quantify direct or indirect effects associated with strike, The study of electrical activity on convective system in relation with microphysics and dynamics characteristics for a short time prediction of lightning risk associated with thunderstorms (windshear, hail, heavy precipitations ). Several systems have been developed to detect and locate lightning flashes at ground level. National and regional lightning networks using magnetic direction finders, time of arrival techniques, or VHF interferometry, have been installed worldwide. Composed of several stations and organized within a network, these systems can operationally cover large regions. Recent works have shown that relevant information on precipitating systems can be derived from measurements of lightning activity (both intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) combined with other meteorological data from surface networks, radars, satellites,... Within the framework of the PROgramme Francilien d' Etude des Orages (PROFEO), the Office National d'etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales (ONERA) is developing a lightning mapper of the electric activity of the storms based on the detection and the location of the VHF-UHF emission radiated by the flash. This system, based around Paris (France), is designed to follow in three dimensions and real time the electrical activity of the thunderstorms. This system is also dedicated to be included in international scientific campaigns. In order to carry out the location of these sources, the apparatus was designed with a combination of VHF interferometer, VHF difference of time of arrival and low frequency detection technique. This paper is describing the apparatus. 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The system is build around 8 elementary remote stations, distant of a few ten of kilometres from the central station and organised in network (Figure 1). ST1 ST2 STC ST4 ST3 Figure -1 General scheme; the continuous and dashed line are representing the network organization 1

2 2.1 Elementary station The elementary stations are made from a modular architecture which allows the combination of different kind of measurements. They are composed of a vertically erected field mast with the sensors of the different module and the electronics. The electronic hold: - a computer which maintain : the control and the management of the detections and locations modules, absolute time of the acquisitions, data storage, communication with the central processing station and the other stations, - a GPS module for absolute datation ( <12ns at 6 sigma), And depending on the type of station: - an ITF module which give the direction of arrival of lightning signal in the VHF band, - a TOA module which detect and date the VHF electromagnetic pulse, - a LF module which detect, characterize and date the electromagnetic signal in the VLF/LF band. 2.2 Central station The central station, install in Onera Chatillon realize in real time: - The data collections from the remote stations, - Calculations of the localizations from the measurements of direction of arrival and time of arrival, - Discrimination between cloud to ground and intra cloud lightning, - Management of the status and the calibration parameters of the stations, - Remote control of the stations. 3. REMOTE STATIONS There are two complementary configurations: 3.1. Interferometer and temporal detection station with ITF, TOA and LF sensors (Figure 2), 3.2. Temporal detection station with TOA and LF sensors (Figure 3). The interferometer module is composed of two networks of antennas. There is one with 5 antennas on a diameter of 4 meters. This network is ambiguous and gives the accuracy of the system. That s why we are using a second network of three antennas on a diameter of 1.40 meters. This network is not very accurate but it is unambiguous. Antennas are vertical omnidirectionals dipoles, in the frequency band of 110 to 140 MHz. The temporal module is composed by one antenna of the same model than the interferometer. The LF module is composed of a flush plate antenna and two magnetic loops at 90. We conceived a nine channel double heterodyne receiver (8 ITF and 1 TOA), which permit to make measurement on 8 MHz of bandwidth. The receiver is designed to work from 50 to 500 MHz. According to anthropic emissions, we can select the central frequency depending on sites implantations. It is also possible on the same receiver to work at two different central frequencies for the ITF and the TOA. Of course, as soon as we don t use wide band antennas, we have to adapt them to the central frequency. The receiver also gets a calibrator rack for the calibration of the antennas and the receiver channels. The acquisitions cards sample the signal at 100MS/S. The TOA is analyze on a bandwidth of 8 MHz, ITF channels are analyze on a bandwidth of 1 MHz. The processor makes the calculations and datation of the direction of the lightning sources, the datation of the TOA pulses, peak measurements 2

3 and datation of LF module. The data are store on a hard disk and transmit by internet at the central station. TOA antenna ITF 3 dipoles network 16 meters mast ITF 5 dipoles network GPS and LF sensors Electronic box Figure 2 Interferometer and temporal detection station 3

4 TOA antenna 16 meters mast GPS and LF sensors Electronic box 4. COVERAGE AND ACCURACY Figure 3 temporal detection station We will install 8 stations during summer and autumn 2006 (Figure 4). We have 4 stations with interferometer, temporal and LF modules, installed around Paris, the distance between stations will be 35 to 70 km. We have 4 stations with temporal and LF modules, one in Onera Chatillon, the others at distances from 10 to 35 km. 4

5 Legend : Green flag : ITF, TOA, LF station Orange flag : TOA, LF station Figure 4 stations setting up 4.1. Principle of the computation of the error of localization for an ITF and DTOA system The location accuracy objective of PROFEO is 500 m vertically and horizontally in a square area of 100 x 100 km centred on Paris. The error of location of the lightning emitter is performed by using the method presented by Wax (Wax 1983). In this article, he proposed a general mathematical formulation to compute error of location on mixed systems based on: - bearing measurement, - range measurement, - range difference measurement, - range sum measurement. For a DTOA system, the error of location is dependent on the time error of the measurement. It is assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution centred on 0 with a standard deviation τ. Several studies (Proctor 1971) have shown that τ depends on the frequency bandwidth analysis B of the system. Larger the bandwidth is, smaller the time error is. τ is typically 125ns for a 8 MHz bandwidth. 5

6 For an ITF system, the error of location is dependent on the error of the phase measurement. This measure is affected by the receiver thermal noise. Like the noise follows a Gaussian distribution, the phase difference is assumed to be a random parameter inside a Gaussian distribution, depending on the signal to noise ratio, the time of integration and the measurement bandwidth. To perform the calculation of the error of location, we directly input the error of the phase difference. For each configuration of the system, a computation of the vertical and horizontal errors of location is performed by the Wax method, on horizontal cross section from 1 to 10 km altitude above the study area. In order to be able to compare the results between various configurations, it was necessary to define criteria which evaluated the performances of the system. In a horizontal cross section at altitude h, we compute the ratio C i (h) between the surface S i (error <200m) where the error is lower than 200 m and the total surface Stot : Si ( error < 200) Ci ( h) = Stot The index i is equal to V for vertical error and H for horizontal error of location. The larger the surface error lower than 200 m is, the more the criteria C i (h) tends toward 1. We calculate the error of locations separately for both module ITF and DTOA, we didn t make calculations for a system which is combining the two principle Computation of the error of localization for an ITF module For the ITF module, we compute the error of location for 4 stations. In this example (Figure 5), we plot the iso-contour curves of horizontal and vertical error associated with a 7000m high horizontal cross section. The error was calculated for a phase difference error of 0.5. This is a configuration with 4 stations and one placed at the centre. The stations are represented by the red circles. We can see that for horizontal error (Figure 5a), on the most important area, the error is lower than 500m. In the vertical cross section (Figure 5b), the area where the error is lower than 500m is really low. (a) (b) Figure 5 Isocontour of horizontal and vertical errors for a phase difference error of 0.5 degree On Figure 6, the criteria C(h) has been plotted as a function of the altitude respectively for horizontal and vertical errors lower than 500m. On Figure 6, the calculation was made for an error on the phase difference of 0.5 on an area of 100x100 km. The Figures 6a shows that the horizontal error is independent of the altitude and that we have 75% of the total surface where the error is lower than 500m. 6

7 On Figures 6b, we can see that the vertical error mainly depends of the altitude, it rises from 5% to 45%. The result shows that the location accuracy of 500m is more easily reached on horizontal error than on vertical error. (a) (b) Figure 6 ratio in percentage of the criteria of error lower than 500m - phase difference error of 0.5 On Figure 7, we plot the same curve than Figure 6 for a phase difference error of 0.1 and a square of study of 200x200km. We can see that for horizontal error we obtain 90% of surface where the error is lower than 500m. For the vertical error it s still not too good. (a) (b) Figure 7 ratio in percentage of the criteria of error lower than 500m- phase difference error of 0.1 On Table 1, we compare the criteria of vertical error for a square of study of 200x200 versus the high and the phase difference error. The most important point is to have the lowest error on the phase difference, we excepted a result close to 0.5. Table 1 Comparison of the criteria of vertical error vs high and phase error square of 200x200km criteria of vertical error < 500m High 500 m High 5000 m High m High m phase difference error of 0.1 5% 35% 60% 75% phase difference error of 0.5 5% 8% 11% 12% 7

8 4.3. Computation of the error of localization for a DTOA module For the DTOA module, we compute the error of location for 8 stations. On Figure 8, we plot the isocontour curves of horizontal and vertical error associated with a 7000m high horizontal cross section, on a square of study of 200x200km. The error was calculated for an instrumental uncertainty of 100ns. The stations are represented by the blue crosses. The central station, coordinates (0,0), used for calculation is in Onera and is represented by the blue cross and a circle. Figure 8 Isocontour of horizontal and vertical errors for an instrumental uncertainty of 100ns On Figure 9, the criteria C(h) has been plotted as a function of the altitude respectively for horizontal and vertical errors lower than 500m. The result looks similar than the ones with an interferometer, horizontal error independent of high, vertical error dependent of high. But the results are better for the TOA module (Table 2), for the same square of study and for expected instrumental error (0.5 for ITF and 100ns for DTOA). Figure 9 ratio in percentage of the criteria of error lower than 500m Table 2 Comparison of the criteria of error vs ITF and TOA for a square of 200x200km criteria of error < 500m ITF instrumental error 0.5 TOA instrumental error 100ns Horizontal 20 % 70% Vertical 5000m high 8% 11% Vertical 10000m high 35% 65% 8

9 For a TOA system, on a square of 100x100km, we reach 100% of horizontal error lower than 500m and 92% at 5000m high for the vertical error. 5. CONCLUSION Onera is developing a lightning mapper, PROFEO. The system is combining VHF interferometer, VHF time of arrival and LF detection techniques. It will be setting up during summer and autumn stations will have all the modules and four only the TOA and LF modules. The data will be store on stations and also transmit to the central station in Onera by internet. The lightning locations will be displayed a few 10 of seconds after their detection. With the chosen configuration of the station, for a square of study of 100x100km we obtain accuracy better than 500m for horizontal and vertical error, with the information from the TOA module. With the ITF, we could have a long range detection but with a low vertical accuracy. The LF module will give current information on cloud to ground lightning. 6. REFERENCE 1. Proctor D.E : A hyperbolic system for obtaining VHF Radio Picture of Lightning,. JGR, Vol 76, N 6, pages , Fevrier Wax M : Position locations from sensors with positions uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on aerospace and electronic systems, Vol AES 19, N 5, , September

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