LABORATORY MODULE. Analog Electronics. Semester 2 (2005/2006)

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1 LABORATORY MODULE ENT 162 Analog Electronics Semester 2 (2005/2006) EXPERIMENT 1 : Introduction to Diode Name Matric No. : : PUSAT PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKATRONIK KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA (KUKUM) Page 1 of 12

2 EXPERIMENT 1 Introduction to Diode Part A: Introduction to Diode 1. OBJECTIVE: 1.1 To examine the characteristics of diode. 2. PARTS AND EQUIPMENT: kω resistor - 1 Pc 2.2 1N914 or 1N4148 silicone diode - 1 Pc 2.3 Multimeter - 1 Pc VDC power supply - 1 Pc 2.5 Breadboard and wire 3. INTRODUCTION: A diode is said to be in forward bias when the diode s anode is at a higher potential than its cathode. Current will flow through the diode from anode to cathode. A diode is a nonlinear device in the sense that the current is not proportional to voltage difference across it. When the diode is in forward bias condition, a small voltage drop called the barrier potential, occurs across the diode. Typical value is approximately at 0.7 V for silicon and 0.3 V for germanium (measured at room temperature). A symbol and pin configuration for diode is shown below. + - Diode forward resistance, R f The determination of R F, the diode forward resistance, is shown graphically in Figure 1.1. R f = ΔV ΔI d d Page 2 of 12

3 Figure 1.1 Graphic determination of diode forward resistance. 4. PROCEDURE: 4.1 Using your DMM, select a low-resistance meter range. Then connect the positive lead of the DMM to the diode s anode terminal while the negative lead is connected to the diode s cathode terminal, as shown in Figure 1.2(A). The DMM s internal battery then forward biases the diode. Note the resistance reading. Record your result in Table 1.1. If a DMM with a diode check feature is used, the display usually indicated the voltage drop across a good diode from diode to cathode when it is forward biased. When reserve biased, the DMM generally indicates some form of out-of range condition, such as blinking display or the letters OL. Record your results in Table Now reverse the meter s leads so that its positive terminal is connected to the cathode terminal of the diode, which is now biased. Noted the reading. Record your result in Table 1.1. When measuring resistances, some DMMs have the polarity of their leads reversed from the normal sense; that is, the positive lead is actually wired to the internal battery s negative terminal. In this case, the forward and reverse resistance readings will be the opposite of those indicated in these two steps. 4.3 Wire the circuit shown in Figure 1.2(B). Adjust the dc power supply to give the voltages across the 1 kω resistor shown in Table 1.2. For each voltage, use the multimeter to measure and record the dc voltage drop (V D ) across the diode. The diode current is also the current flowing through the 1 kω resistor. Determine the diode current by using Ohm s law in each case. Page 3 of 12

4 4.4 Plot the resulting static diode curve (diode current versus voltage) on the graph page in this experiment. Graphically determine the diode s barrier potential (V B ) and forward resistance (R F ), recording your results in Table 1.2. Figure 1.2(A): Connection between diode and DMM Figure 1.2(B): Experiment setup Page 4 of 12

5 Name : Date : Matrix No : 5. RESULTS FOR EXPERIMENT 1(A): Table 1.1: Diode testing with multimeter Meter Leads Step + - Result 1 Anode Cathode 2 Cathode Anode Table 1.2: Forward biased diode characteristic curve Voltage across 1 kω Resistor 0.1 V 0.2 V 0.3 V 0.4 V 0.5 V 0.6 V 0.7 V 0.8 V 0.9 V 1.0 V 3.0 V 5.0V 7.0 V 9.0 V Diode Voltage Diode Forward Current Instructor Approval : Date : Page 5 of 12

6 Name : Date : Matrix No : 6. CALCULATION FOR DIODE FORWARD RESISTANCE: Instructor Approval : Date : Page 6 of 12

7 Part B: Diode As Rectifiers 1. OBJECTIVE: 1.2 To demonstrate the characteristics of two different diode rectifier circuits: half-wave rectifier and center-tapped full-wave rectifier. 2. PARTS AND EQUIPMENT: kω resistor - 1 Pc 2.2 1N4001 silicon rectifier diodes - 1 Pc V rms secondary center-tapped transformer - 1 Pc 2.4 Dual trace oscilloscope - 1 Pc 2.5 Multimeter - 1 Pc 2.6 Breadboard and wire - 1 Pc 3. CALCULATION GUIDE Half-wave rectifier DC voltage output = V ( peak) S V B π (sine wave input) (3.1) Output frequency = input frequency (3.2) Center-tapped full-wave rectifier Dc voltage output = 2 [ V ( peak) ] S V B π (sine wave input) (3.3) Output frequency = 2 x input frequency (3.4) Full-wave bridge rectifier DC voltage output = s [ V ( peak) ] S V B π (sine wave input) (3.5) Output frequency = 2 x input frequency (3.6) Page 7 of 12

8 4. PROCEDURE: 4.1 Wire the half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1.3(A). Be very careful to make sure that connections to the 240V primary of the transformer are properly protected. Note that neither of the transformer s primary leads is grounded, while the center-tapped secondary lead is not used in this section. 4.2 Set your oscilloscope to the following approximate settings: Channels 1 & 2 : 10 V/division, dc coupling Time base : 5 ms/division Apply 240 VAC (rms) to the transformer s primary leads. Connect one scope probe to the anode terminal of the 1N4001 diode (point A), and the other probe to the diode cathode terminal (point B).You should obtain the waveforms shown in Figure From the oscilloscope, measure the transformer s peak secondary voltage [V S (peak)], as well as the peak voltage [V 0 (peak)] across the 1kΩ resistor, recording your results in Table With your multimeter, measure the dc voltage (V DC ) across the 1 kω resistor, and record your result in Table 1.3. Compare this result with that obtained from the equation for the average or dc voltage of a half-wave rectifier (Equation 1). Observe both waveforms. 4.5 Turn off the power to the transformer, and wire the center-tapped full-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1.3(B). Pay careful attention to the polarity of both diodes and the connections to the 240V primary of the transformer. The center-tapped lead is grounded for this section. 4.6 Now set your oscilloscope to the following approximate settings: Channels 1 & 2 : 5 V/division, dc coupling Time base : 5 ms/division Apply 240 VAC (rms) to the transformer s primary leads. Connect one probe to the anode terminal of the 1N4001 diode (point A), and the other probe to one of the diode s cathode terminals (point B).You should obtain the waveforms as shown in Figure 1.5. Page 8 of 12

9 4.7 With your oscilloscope, measure the transformer s peak secondary voltage (V S ) with respect to the grounded center tap, as well as the peak voltage V 0 (peak) across the 1 kω resistor, recording your results in Table With your multimeter measure the dc voltage (V DC ) across the 1kΩ resistor, and record your result in Table 1.3. Compare this result with that obtained from the equation for the average or dc voltage of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier (Equation 3.3). Observe both waveforms. Figure 1.3(A): Half wave rectifier circuit Figure 1.3(B): Full-wave rectifier circuit Page 9 of 12

10 Figure 1.4 : Time base: 5 ms/division Figure 1.5 : Time base: 5 ms/division Page 10 of 12

11 Name : Date : Matrix No : 5. RESULTS FOR EXPERIMENT 1(B): Table 1.3 Rectifier data Rectifier Type Measured Expected V DC % Error Half-wave V S (peak) V 0 (peak) V DC Full-wave (center tap) 6. CALCULATIONS Instructor Approval: Date: Page 11 of 12

12 Name : Date : Matrix No : 7. DISCUSSION: 8. CONCLUSION: Page 12 of 12

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