Software for the automatic scaling of critical frequency f 0 F2 and MUF(3000)F2 from ionograms applied at the Ionospheric Observatory of Gibilmanna

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1 ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 47, N. 6, Decemer 2004 Softwre for the utomtic scling of criticl frequency f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms pplied t the Ionospheric Oservtory of Giilmnn Michel Pezzopne nd Crlo Scotto Istituto Nzionle di Geofisic e Vulcnologi, Rom, Itly Astrct Softwre for the utomtic scling of criticl frequency f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms ws developed nd pplied to the ionogrms produced y the new Advnced Ionospheric Sounder instlled t the Ionospheric Oservtory of Giilmnn. A test sed on 1124 ionogrms recorded in norml ionospheric condition ws performed compring the utomticlly scled prmeters with the corresponding ones otined y the stndrd mnul method. The results of preliminry test performed during strong mgnetic ionospheric storm re lso presented. Key words ionogrms utomtic scling ionosonde 1. Introduction Miling ddress: Dr. Michel Pezzopne, Istituto Nzionle di Geofisic e Vulcnologi, Vi di Vign Murt 605, Rom, Itly; e-mil: pezzopne@ingv.it Ionospheric oservtions re performed y high frequency rdr know s n ionosonde. The ionosonde sends short pulses of rdio wves verticlly into the ionosphere. These pulses re refrcted ck towrds the ground nd the ionosonde records the time dely etween trnsmission nd reception of the pulses. By vrying the frequency of the pulses from 1 to 20 MHz, record is otined of the time dely t different frequencies. This record is referred to s n ionogrm nd is usully presented in the form of grph. From the ionogrm n experienced opertor is le to otin the most importnt ionospheric prmeters, in prticulr the criticl frequency of the F2 lyer (f 0 F2) nd the Mximum Usle Frequency on distnce of 3000 km (MUF(3000)F2). Becuse of the growing interest in rel time mpping nd short term previsions, in recent yers efforts hve een mde to develop softwre to chieve rel time scling of ionogrms (e.g., Fox nd Blundell, 1989; Igi et l., 1993; Tsi nd Berkey, 2000). The ARTIST system developed t the University of Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Reserch, is n utomtic scling progrm widely used nd tested (Reinisch nd Hung, 1983; Gilert nd Smith, 1988). The Ntionl Institute of Geophysics nd Vulcnology (INGV) developed low power pulse compressed ionosonde to e used for stndrd ionospheric soundings. This instrument clled n Advnced Ionospheric Sounder (AIS- INGV) designed for minimlly ttended, remotely controlled opertion ws instlled in the INGV Ionospheric Oservtory of Giilmnn (37.9N-14.0E). A progrm (clled Autoscl) for the utomtic scling of f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 ws developed to provide scled 1783

2 Michel Pezzopne nd Crlo Scotto dt within few minutes the ionogrm eing produced. To dte, these dt re ville rel time on the internet t the site < 2. The INGV softwre for utomtic scling of ionogrms The INGV softwre is sed on n imge recognition technique nd cn operte without polriztion informtion. Hence it cn e used oth with single ntenn systems nd crossed ntenn systems. Using fmily of functions with the typicl F2 lyer shpe, nd pplying mximum contrst technique, prticulr element of this fmily is then selected nd defined s representtive of the F2 lyer trce. The verticl symptote of the selected function corresponds to the criticl frequency f 0 F2; the MUF(3000)F2 is clculted numericlly estlishing the trnsmission curve tngent to the selected function. Compred to the previous version of the IN- GV softwre (Scotto nd Pezzopne, 2002) for utomtic scling of ionogrms some improvements hve een mde. 1) The min routine hs een redesigned, with improvements in CPU time required nd prmetrizing the girofrequency, which mens tht this version will e le to scle ionogrms recorded in ny loction. 2) In significnt percentge of the recorded ionogrms it is not possile to scle vlue for the considered ionospheric chrcteristic (MUF(3000)F2 nd f 0 F2). This cn e due to different resons, tht re well known nd clssified y the stndrd URSI. The most common cses re reported elow. ) No F2 trce is oserved owing to lnketing y the E spordic lyer. In these cses the stndrd URSI recommends the use of the descriptive letter A on ulletins sustituting the vlue of ionospheric chrcteristic f 0 F2. ) The trce ner the criticl frequency is not clerly recorded for different resons. In these cses the stndrd URSI recommends to scle the most relile vlue of f 0 F2 y extrpoltion, hypotheticlly extending the trces up to the most prole vlue of the criticl frequency. If the extrpolted frequency rnge is greter thn 10%, it is recommended to report the highest frequency of the recorded trce, followed y the qulifying letter D (greter thn) nd the descriptive letter ssocited to the reson why the trce is not clerly recorded (S interference, R sorption, C equipment). The softwre for utomtic scling of ionogrms recognizes the trce nd outputs oth the vlues of the chrcteristics. This version hs een improved nd method for identifying ionogrms without sufficient informtion hs een introduced nd tested. If n ionogrm is considered to lck sufficient informtion it is discrded y the progrm nd neither the f 0 F2 nor the MUF(3000)F2 re given s output. 3. Test: INGV softwre compred with the mnul method during norml ionospheric conditions The test ws performed using 1124 ionogrms recorded from Decemer 1 to Decemer 15, 2002 y the AIS-INGV instlled in the Ionospheric Oservtory of Giilmnn. The period selected is composed y mgneticlly quiet dys in order to test the performnce of the softwre in norml ionospheric conditions Test of the method to identify nd seprte ionogrms with sufficient or insufficient informtion The set of 1124 ionogrms ws divided into two susets. The suset S, contining the ionogrms scled y the progrm, nd suset N contining the ionogrms discrded y the softwre ecuse of insufficient informtion. For ech suset we considered: ) The numer of ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle neither the f 0 F2 nor the MUF(3000)F2. ) The numer of ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle f 0 F2 only. c) The numer of ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle MUF(3000)F2 only. d) The numer of ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle oth f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F

3 Softwre for the utomtic scling of f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms recorded t Giilmnn Tle I. The ehvior of the method to identify nd seprte ionogrms with sufficient or insufficient informtion. Scled y the INGV softwre Discrded y the INGV softwre No. of cses [%] No. of cses [%] The opertor scled neither the f 0F % % nor the MUF(3000)F2 The opertor scled oth f 0F % 7 9.5% nd MUF(3000)F2 (suset A) The opertor scled MUF(3000)F2 only % % (suset B) The opertor scled f 0F2 only % 0 0.0% (suset C) Totl % % Tle II. The few cses (9 out of 1124, equl to 0.8%) in which the progrm scles vlues ut the opertor is not le to red vlue. A comprison etween the output of Autoscl nd the corresponding mnul scling performed y very experienced opertor ccording to the stndrd URSI is reported. Dy nd time MUF(3000)F2 MUF(3000)F2 f 0F2 f 0F2 (softwre) (opertor) (softwre) (opertor) [MHz] [MHz] [MHz] [MHz] 5 Decemer A 3.1 A 6 Decemer R DR 7 Decemer R DR 7 Decemer S DS 7 Decemer S DS 8 Decemer R DR 8 Decemer S DS 11 Decemer S DS 12 Decemer S DS The results of this nlysis re reported in tle I nd they confirm the generl roustness of the overll system. The ionogrms not discrded y the softwre nd for which the opertor ws not le to scle ny vlue constitute the most criticl cses. These cses re very few (9 out of 1124, equl to 0.8%) nd re reported in tle II where comprison etween the output of Autoscl nd the corresponding mnul scling performed y very experienced opertor is shown. This comprison highlights tht 8 out of 9 criticl cses occurred for ionogrms chrcterized y truncted trce. On the other hnd, it is lso importnt to underline tht the softwre does not discrd ionogrms tht present trce sufficiently defined for n opertor. This cn e inferred oserving tht the cses discrded y the softwre in which the opertor ws le to scle oth f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 re very few (7 out of 1124, equl to 0.6%). 1785

4 Michel Pezzopne nd Crlo Scotto 3.2. Test of ccurcy nd cceptility of the utomticlly scled prmeters With reference to the ionogrms scled y the INGV softwre, the following three susets were considered (see tle I): 1) Suset A, contining the ionogrms in which the opertor ws le to scle oth the criticl frequency f 0 F2 nd the MUF(3000)F2. 2) Suset B, contining the ionogrms in which the opertor ws le to scle the MUF(3000)F2 only. 3) Suset C, contining the ionogrms in which the opertor ws le to scle the f 0 F2 only. Tle III-c. Acceptle nd ccurte vlues (with corresponding percentge) for the test crried out on the ionogrms recorded in Giilmnn from Decemer 1 to Decemer 15, In () the 847 ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle oth f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 re considered (suset A). In () the 182 ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle only the MUF(3000)F2 re considered (suset B). In (c) the 12 ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle only the f 0F2 re considered (suset C). f 0F2 MUF(3000)F2 No. [%] No. [%] Totl Acceptle Accurte MUF(3000)F2 No. [%] Totl Acceptle Accurte c f 0F2 No. [%] Totl Acceptle Accurte Fig. 1,. ) Differences (δ) etween the vlues of f 0F2 scled y Autoscl nd y the stndrd mnul method considering ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle oth f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 (suset A). Out of 847 cses it results: for 638 cses ( 0.1 MHz δ 0.1 MHz); for 139 cses (0.1 MHz < δ 0.3 MHz); for 24 cses ( 0.3 MHz δ < < 0.1 MHz); for 26 cses (0.3 MHz < δ 0.5 MHz); for 6 cses ( 0.5 MHz δ < 0.3 MHz); for 7 cses (δ > 0.5 MHz); for 7 cses (δ < 0.5 MHz). ) Differences etween the vlues of MUF(3000)F2 scled y Autoscl nd y the stndrd mnul method considering ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle oth f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 (suset A). Out of 847 cses it results: for 827 cses ( 0.5 MHz δ 0.5 MHz); for 11 cses (0.5 MHz<δ 1.5 MHz); for 3 cses ( 1.5 MHz δ < 0.5 MHz); for 4 cses (1.5 MHz< δ 2.5 MHz); for 2 cses ( 2.5 MHz δ < 1.5 MHz); for 0 cses (δ > 2.5 MHz); for 0 cses (δ < 2.5 MHz). 1786

5 Softwre for the utomtic scling of f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms recorded t Giilmnn A quntittive comprison etween the vlues scled utomticlly nd mnully ws performed nd the results of the comprison re reported in tle III-c. In this work n ccurte vlue is considered to lie within ± 0.1 MHz of the vlue otined y the opertor for f 0 F2 nd ± 0.5 MHz for MUF(3000)F2. An cceptle vlue is considered to lie within ± 0.5 MHz for f 0 F2 nd ± 2.5 MHz for MUF(3000)F2. Limits of cceptility hve een dopted in line with the URSI limits of ± 5 ( is the reding ccurcy). For the suset A nd B (constituted y sufficient numer of elements), the results of the comprison re presented in form of histogrm in figs. 1, nd 2. This nlysis shows tht the INGV softwre for utomtic scling gives cceptle vlues in more thn 98% of cses oth for f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F2. The ionogrms elonging to suset B show the ionogrm trce ruptly truncted, ut the softwre considers the informtion sufficient to identify the trce, nd vlue of f 0 F2 is given. The test gives us n evlution of the cpility of the softwre to scle these cses. An exmple Fig. 2. Differences etween the vlues of MUF(3000)F2 scled y Autoscl nd y the stndrd mnul method considering ionogrms for which the opertor ws le to scle only the MUF(3000)F2 (suset B). Out of 182 cses it results: for 170 cses ( 0.5 MHz δ 0.5 MHz); for 1 cse (0.5 MHz <δ 1.5 MHz); for 6 cses ( 1.5 MHz δ < 0.5 MHz); for 0 cses (1.5 MHz < δ 2.5 MHz); for 2 cses ( 2.5 MHz δ < 1.5 MHz); for 0 cses (δ >2.5 MHz); for 3 cses (δ < 2.5 MHz). Fig. 3. An exmple of ionogrm elonging to the suset B. The ionogrm trce is ruptly truncted, so the opertor is not le to scle the criticl frequency f 0F2. In this cse the softwre identifies the trce correctly nd so the MUF(3000)F2 is correctly scled (33.0 MHz the vlue utomticlly scled, nd 33.0 MHz y the opertor). The vlue of f 0F2 = 10.3 MHz given y the progrm is resonle. 1787

6 Michel Pezzopne nd Crlo Scotto c c d d Fig. 4-d. With reference to the dys from 1 to 7 Decemer 2002: ) comprison etween MUF(3000)F2 mnully scled (lck squre) nd utomticlly scled dt (red line); ) comprison etween f 0F2 mnully scled (lck squre) nd utomticlly scled dt (red line); c) plot of =( f 0F2 mesured + f 0F2 medin)/f 0F2 mesured, used s n index of the ionospheric disturnce; d) plot of the geomgnetic ctivity index Kp. Fig. 5-d. With reference to the dys from 8 to 15 Decemer 2002: ) comprison etween MUF(3000)F2 mnully scled (lck squre) nd utomticlly scled dt (red line); ) comprison etween f 0F2 mnully scled (lck squre) nd utomticlly scled dt (red line); c) plot of =( f 0F2 mesured + f 0F2 medin)/f 0F2 mesured, used s n index of the ionospheric disturnce; d) plot of the geomgnetic ctivity index Kp. of n ionogrm from suset B is shown in fig. 3. The ionogrm trce is ruptly truncted, so the opertor is not le to scle the criticl frequency f 0 F2, ut the softwre identifies the trce correctly. The MUF(3000)F2 is correctly scled (33.0 MHz is the vlue utomticlly scled, nd 33.0 MHz scled y the opertor) nd the vlue of f 0 F2=10.3 MHz given y the progrm is resonle. Figures 4 nd 5 report the plot of the MUF(3000)F2 vlues otined y Autoscl nd the plot of corresponding vlues otined y well experienced opertor. Figures 4 nd 5 report the sme plots for f 0 F2. Figures 4c nd 5c report the plot of the prmeter =( f 0 F2 mesured f 0 F2 medin )/f 0 F2 mesured (where f 0F2 mesured is the vlue otined y n experienced opertor), tht is considered n index of the ionospheric disturnce. Figures 4d nd 5d report the plot of the geomgnetic ctivity index Kp. From figs. 4-d nd 5-d one cn oserve qulittively tht the plots of the utomticlly scled dt re very close to the dt otined y n opertor. Therefore we cn conclude tht the performnce of Autoscl is stle for not distured mgneto-ionospheric conditions (Kp<=4). 1788

7 Softwre for the utomtic scling of f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms recorded t Giilmnn 4. Performnce of INGV softwre for distured ionospheric conditions: cse study On Octoer , the sudden commencement of strong mgnetic storm ws oserved. Approximtely t 6 UT the rrivl of lrge high-speed solr wind shock front ws detected y the solr wind monitoring stellite. The geomgnetic field disturnce ws oserved in some regions until 7 UT. The AIS-IN- GV of Giilmnn recorded the strt of the initil phse of the ssocited ionospheric storm t 8.45 UT y n increse in the criticl frequency f 0 F2. Figure 6, reports the plot of the f 0 F2 vlues otined from the ionogrms recorded in Giilmnn; the vlues otined y Autoscl re compred with the corresponding ones scled y well experienced opertor. Figure 6, lso reports the plot of the f 0 F2 vlues otined from the ionogrms recorded in Rome; the vlues otined y ARTIST system re compred with the corresponding ones scled y well experienced opertor. Compring the two plots it is oserved tht during the morning the commencement of the storm cuses the deteriortion of the ionogrms trce for oth digisondes. Autoscl is le to detect this condition nd does not give dt tht would e wrong. The system AIS-INGV detects the ionospheric storm s soon s the ionogrm trce is sufficiently cler. On the contrry, ARTIST does not detect this condition so the rel time dt of the digisonde of Rome re wrongly given in output. As result the rel time dt of Rome etween out 9 nd 11 UT re highly underestimted nd consequently the plot dissemle the ionospheric effect of the storm. 5. Conclusions The results of the test performed cn e summrized oserving tht considering the suset A (constitued y good qulity ionogrms, for which the opertor is le to scle oth f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F2) the percentge of cceptle vlues utomticlly scled is very high (> 98%). For medium qulity ionogrms (for which the opertor is le to scle only MUF(3000)F2) the percentge of cceptle vlues utomticlly scled is lso good (>98%). Hence we cn conclude tht for norml ionospheric conditions Autoscl is le to provide good qulity dt. For distured ionospheric conditions preliminry test hs een performed showing good results. A study performed during the strong ionospheric storm of octoer 2003 showed tht Autoscl etter demonstrted the evolution of the ionospheric storm thn the ARTIST system. Fig. 6,. ) Plot of f 0F2 vlues, from the ionogrms recorded in Giilmnn on 29 Octoer 2003, otined y well experienced opertor (lck squre) compred to the corresponding plot otined y Autoscl (red line); ) plot of f 0F2 vlues, from the ionogrms recorded in Rome on 29 Octoer 2003, otined y well experienced opertor (lck squre) compred to the corresponding plot otined y ARTIST (red line). 6. Further developments The tests performed re not le to give informtion on the performnce of Autoscl for spred F conditions s this cse ws not oserved in the period considered t the ionospheric sttion of Giilmnn. A seprte study on this item would e necessry. Autoscl hs definitively een pplied t the ionospheric sttion of Giilmnn since April 2003 nd to dte more thn ionogrms 1789

8 Michel Pezzopne nd Crlo Scotto hve een produced. Tests sed on lrger dtsets comprehensive of different sesons nd solr conditions re necessry. Extensive comprtive studies of Autoscl with other utomtic scling softwre (with prticulr reference to ARTIST system) would e lso interesting. REFERENCES GILBERT, J.D. nd R.W. SMITH (1988): A comprison etween utomtic ionogrm scling system ARTIST nd the stndrd mnul method, Rdio Sci., 23, FOX, M.W. nd C. BLUNDELL (1989): Automtic scling of digitl ionogrms, Rdio Sci., 24, IGI, S.,K. NOZAKI, M. NAGAYAMA, A. OHTANI, H. KATO nd K. IGARASHI (1993): Automtic Ionogrm Processing Systems in Jpn, in Proceedings of Session G4 t the XXIVth Generl Assemly of the Interntionl Union of Rdio Science (URSI), August 25-Septemer 2, Kyoto, Jpn. REINISCH, B.W. nd X. HUANG (1983): Automtic clcultion of electron density profiles from digitl ionogrms 3. Processing of ottomside ionogrms, Rdio Sci., 18, SCOTTO, C. nd M. PEZZOPANE (2002): A softwre for utomtic scling of f 0F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms, in Proceedings of URSI 2002, August, Mstricht, The Netherlnds. TSAI, L.C. nd F.T. BERKEY (2000): Ionogrm nlysis using fuzzy segmenttion nd connectedness techniques, Rdio Sci., 35, (received Jnury 28, 2004; ccepted My 12, 2004) 1790

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