Call Progress Tone and Ringing Signal Generation
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1 Exercise 1-3 Call Progress Tone and Ringing Signal Generation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with call progress tone and ringing signal generation. DISCUSSION Introduction As discussed in the DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS of this unit, a dialog must be engaged between the call processor and the subscriber before a connection can be established. In the previous exercise, you saw how a telephone number dialed by a subscriber is transmitted to the call processor. In this exercise, you will see how the call processor generates messages (i.e. call progress tones) and sends them to the subscriber to give him, or her, feed back on how his service request is being processed. Call Progress Tone Generation A tone generator in each service circuit of the signaling circuit is used to generate analog call progress tones. The call progress tone generated depends on data sent to the tone generator by the call processor. Table 1-1 gives the frequency components and on/off modulation intervals of the main call progress tones used in North America. Note that progress tones differ from one country to another. Call Progress Tone Frequency Components (Hz) On/Off Modulation Intervals Meaning Dial 350 and 440 continuous dialing can begin Busy 480 and s ON, 0.5 s OFF called line busy Receiver off-hook * 1400, 2060, 2450 and s ON, 0.1 s OFF telephone handset is off-hook Ring back 440 and s ON, 4 s OFF called subscriber's telephone set is ringing * The receiver off-hook tone is a warning signal. The signal is loud to get the attention of someone to hang up the receiver. Table 1-1. Call progress tones for North America. 1-37
2 A special information tone (SIT) is used in North America and many European countries to indicate to a subscriber that the called number is not a working number. The special information tone consists of a cadenced sequence of three frequencies as shown in Figure 1-9. In the United States, one cycle of the SIT is often sent before a pre-recorded announcement that gives more details about the problem. In the Telephony Training System, the SIT consists of a single cycle of the three frequencies shown in Figure 1-9 without announcement. 900 Hz 1400 Hz 1800 Hz 900 Hz 1400 Hz ETC s 0.33 s 0.33 s 1.0 s 0.33 s 0.33 s Figure 1-9. Special information tone. In the UK and countries following British telecommunication practices, the "number unobtainable tone" is used when the dialed number is not a working number. In the UK, this tone is continuous while in other countries, it is on/off modulated. Figure 1-10 shows a simplified diagram of the circuitry involved in the generation and transmission of call progress tones. Each analog call progress tone generated by the tone generator is converted to digital form and multiplexed in time by the CODEC and TSAC of the service circuit. The digitized and multiplexed tone is then routed to the telephone set of the subscriber who made the service request, via the switching circuit of the central office and the corresponding analog line interface. This is done by connecting the TX line of the service circuit (TX1 in Figure 1-10) to the RX line of the analog line interface (RX0 in Figure 1-10). 1-38
3 ANALOG LINE INTERFACE SWITCHING CIRCUIT T TX TX0 RX0 ANALOG TELEPHONE SET SLIC CODEC RX TX1 RX1 R TSAC SIGNALING CIRCUIT SERVICE CIRCUIT TX TONE GENERATOR A CODEC FROM CALL PROCESSOR RX DTMF DETECTOR B TSAC A B FROM CALL PROCESSOR TO CALL PROCESSOR FROM CALL PROCESSOR Figure Simplified diagram of the circuitry involved in the generation and transmission of call progress tones. The CODEC in the analog line interface demultiplexes the digitized call progress tone and converts it to analog form before it is sent to the SLIC which routes this signal to the telephone line. Notice that the path followed by call progress tones is somewhat the inverse path to the one followed by the DTMF dialing signals coming from the telephone set (compare the paths shown in Figures 1-7 and 1-10). Notice that as soon as the handset of a telephone set is lifted off the cradle, a service request is detected in the central office which immediately reacts by connecting the TX line of a service circuit to the RX line of the corresponding line interface via the switching circuit. This connection is released as soon as the call processor detects that the subscriber hangs up or the communication is established. Subscriber signaling for analog telephone sets is part of a general form of signaling referred to as in-band signaling. In-band signaling refers to signaling systems using audio tones (single frequency, two frequencies and multiple frequencies) whose frequencies are inside the conventional voice channel band (between 300 Hz to 1-39
4 3400 Hz), to convey signaling information. This allows voice channels (e.g. the SLIC and CODEC in analog line interfaces) to be used to carry signaling signals. Singlefrequency and two-frequency signaling systems use the to 3000-Hz portion, where less speech energy is concentrated. Ringing Signal Generation The ring generator provides the AC ringing voltage used to make analog telephone sets ring. The ring generator is part of the signaling circuit. Its output is connected to the ring relay of each analog line interface. In modern central offices, the ring generator output signal frequency and level are programmable via the call processor. This allows the equipment to comply with local standards for ringing signals. Procedure summary In the first part of the exercise, you will set up a central office with the Telephony Training System (TTS). In the second part of the exercise, you will determine how the call progress tones produced by a SERVICE CIRCUIT in the SIGNALING CIRCUIT of the Central Office are routed to a telephone set. In the third part of the exercise, you will measure the modulation intervals and the frequency components of basic call process tones, using the Oscilloscope and the Spectrum Analyzer. In the last part of the exercise, you will set the level and frequency of the RING GENERATOR output voltage at different values and observe the corresponding changes that occur in this voltage on the Oscilloscope screen. This will allow you to see that this voltage can be programmed to comply with local standards. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Refer to Appendix A of this manual to obtain the list of equipment required to perform this exercise. PROCEDURE Setting Up the Central Office * 1. Make sure that the Reconfigurable Training Module, Model 9431, is connected to the TTS Power Supply, Model Make sure that there is a network connection between the Reconfigurable Training Module and the host computer. 1-40
5 Install the Dual Analog Line Interface, Model 9475, into one of the analog/digital (A/D) slots of the Reconfigurable Training Module. Connect two analog telephone sets to the Dual Analog Line Interface. Make sure that the tone dialing mode is selected on each analog telephone set. CAUTION! High voltages are present on the standard telephone connectors of the Dual Analog Line Interface. Do not connect or disconnect the analog telephone sets when the Reconfigurable Training Module is turned on. Connect the AC/DC power converter supplied with each analog telephone set to one of the AC power outlets on the TTS Power Supply. Connect the DC power output jack of each AC/DC power converter to the DC power input connector on either of the analog telephone sets. Note: The analog telephone set requires an auxiliary DC power source for the digital display to be operative. * 2. Turn on the host computer. Turn on the TTS Power Supply, then the Reconfigurable Training Module. * 3. On the host computer, start the Telephony Training System software, then download the CO program to the Reconfigurable Training Module. The CO program configures the Reconfigurable Training Module so that it operates as a central office. Note: If the host computer is unable to download the CO program to the Reconfigurable Training Module, it may not be using the proper IP address. Have your instructor check if the computer is using the proper IP address to communicate with the Reconfigurable Training Module. * 4. On the host computer, set the address of the TSAC of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1 in the SIGNALING CIRCUIT to 03. Routing of the Call Progress Tones from a Service Circuit to a Telephone Set * 5. Connect Oscilloscope Probes 1 and 2 to TP4 (TONE GENERATOR output) and TP2 (TX1 line) of the SIGNALING CIRCUIT. Connect Oscilloscope Probes 3 and 4 to TP8 (CODEC demultiplexed PCM output) and TP17 (FRAME SYNC. signal) of ANALOG LINE INTERFA- CE A. 1-41
6 * 6. Start the Oscilloscope. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope: Channel 1 Mode Normal Sensitivity V/div Input Coupling DC Channel 2 Mode Normal Sensitivity V/div Input Coupling DC Channel 3 Mode Normal Sensitivity V/div Input Coupling DC Channel 4 Mode Normal Sensitivity V/div Input Coupling DC Time Base ms/div Trigger Source Ch 1 Level V Slope positive (+) Display Refresh Continuous * 7. Lift off the handset of telephone set A and listen to the dial tone in the handset earpiece of telephone set A. On the Oscilloscope screen, observe the waveform of the analog dial tone signal at TP4 of the SIGNALING CIRCUIT. This tone is produced by the TONE GENERATOR of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1 to indicate that dialing can begin. Replace the handset of telephone set A on the cradle. * 8. Lift off the handset of telephone set A while observing the Oscilloscope screen. Observe that PCM codes appear in the signal at TP2 (TX1 line) of the SIGNALING CIRCUIT. Replace the handset of telephone set A on the cradle. What do these PCM codes represent? 1-42
7 * 9. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope: Time Base µs/div Trigger Source Ch 4 Level V Lift off the handset of telephone set A. On the Oscilloscope screen, observe the relationship between the PCM signals at TP8 (CODEC demultiplexed PCM output) of ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A and TP2 (TX1 line) of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1. Replace the handset of telephone set A on the cradle. What relationship did you notice between the PCM signals? What does this indicate? * 10. Disconnect Probe 4 from TP17 of ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A, then connect it to TP7 (CODEC analog output) of this interface. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope: Channel 4 Sensitivity V/div Time Base ms/div Trigger Source Ch 1 Level V Lift off the handset of telephone set A. On the Oscilloscope screen, observe the relationship between the signals at TP7 (CODEC analog output) of ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A and TP4 (TONE GENERATOR output) of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1. Replace the handset of telephone set A on the cradle. What relationship did you notice between the two signals? What does this indicate? * 11. Lift off the handset of telephone set A and dial the number of telephone set B. 1-43
8 The ring back tone can now be heard in the handset earpiece of telephone set A, indicating that telephone set B is ringing. Do not answer the call. Observe the signals on the Oscilloscope screen. What is the relationship between these signals? What does this indicate? Replace the handset of telephone set A on the cradle. On the Oscilloscope, select the manual display refresh mode. * 12. Adjust the view in order to be able to simultaneously observe the TIME SLOT NUMBER displays of ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A and SERVICE CIRCUIT 1 in the SIGNALING CIRCUIT. Open a second window to display the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH and the TIME SLOT SELECTOR of the SWITCHING CIRCUIT. Set the TIME SLOT SELECTOR to 03. This will enable display of the connections made by the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH during time slot 3. * 13. Lift off the handset of telephone set A and dial the number of telephone set B. While telephone set B is ringing, observe the TSAC TX TIME SLOT NUMBER display of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1, the connection made by the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH of the SWITCHING CIRCUIT, and the TSAC RX TIME SLOT NUMBER display of ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A. Which time slot is assigned to SERVICE CIRCUIT 1 for transmission of multiplexed, digitized call progress tones to ANALOG LINE INTER- FACE A? What connection is made by the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH during time slot 3? 1-44
9 Which time slot is assigned to ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A for reception of multiplexed, digitized call progress tones? Why? * 14. While observing the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH, lift off the handset of telephone set B to answer the call and establish a communication. What happens to the connection made by this switch? Replace the handsets of telephone sets A and B on their cradle. * 15. From the observations you have made up to this point, explain how call progress tones produced by the TONE GENERATOR of a SERVICE CIRCUIT are routed to a telephone set. Note: The operation of the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH of the SWITCHING CIRCUIT will be covered in detail in Exercise 2-2. Close the window that displays the SPACE-DIVISION SWITCH and the TIME SLOT SELECTOR of the SWITCHING CIRCUIT. Modulation Intervals and Frequency Components of Basic Call Progress Tones * 16. Disconnect all the Oscilloscope Probes. Connect Oscilloscope Probe 1 and the Spectrum Analyzer Probe to TP4 (TONE GENERATOR output) of the SIGNALING CIRCUIT. * 17. Set the Oscilloscope time base to 5 ms/div. 1-45
10 * 18. Start the Spectrum Analyzer. Make the following settings on the Spectrum Analyzer: Center Frequency Hz Frequency Span Hz/div Amplitude Scale Log Maximum Input dbv Display Refresh Manual * 19. Have each of the call progress tones listed in Table 1-2 produced at the TONE GENERATOR output (TP4) of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1. For each tone, measure the approximate ON and OFF modulation intervals, using the Oscilloscope if necessary. Also, measure the frequency of each component in the spectrum of the tone, using the Spectrum Analyzer. (To get an accurate measurement of the frequency of the spectral components in the tone, it might be necessary to refresh the Spectrum Analyzer display several times until the peaks in the spectrum are well defined.) Record your results in Table 1-2. Note: To prevent the sampling time of the LVTTS instruments from being too long, reduce the Oscilloscope time base. This is particularly important when observing the frequency spectrum of the busy and receiver off-hook (ROH) tones. Use the following steps to produce the tones at TP4 of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1: Dial tone: Lift off the handset of telephone set A. Ring back tone: Lift off the handset of telephone set A and dial the number of telephone set B to make it ring. Busy tone: Lift off the handset of telephone set A, then lift off the handset of telephone set B. On the keypad of telephone set A, dial the number of telephone set B. Receiver off-hook tone: Lift off the handset of telephone set A and wait until the dial tone changes to the receiver off-hook tone. (On the Spectrum Analyzer, increase the Center Frequency to 1800 Hz and the Frequency Span to 200 Hz/div.) 1-46
11 CALL PROGRESS TONE Dial Ring back Busy Receiver off-hook ON (s) MODULATION INTERVALS OFF (s) FREQUENCY OF SPEC- TRAL COMPONENTS (Hz) Table 1-2. Modulation intervals and frequency components of the basic call progress tones. Replace the handset of each telephone set on the cradle. * 20. Lift off the handset of telephone set A. Dial a telephone number which is not that of telephone set B and listen to the special information tone (SIT) in the handset earpiece of telephone set A. Replace the handset of telephone set A on the cradle. What does the SIT consist of? What does it indicate? Close the Spectrum Analyzer. Changing the RING GENERATOR Output Voltage and Frequency * 21. Disconnect Oscilloscope Probe 1 and the Spectrum Analyzer Probe from TP4 of SERVICE CIRCUIT 1. Connect Oscilloscope Probe 1 to TP1 (RING GENERATOR output) of the SIGNALING CIRCUIT. * 22. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope: Channel 1 Sensitivity V/div Input Coupling AC Time Base ms/div Display Refresh Continuous * 23. The RING GENERATOR output voltage should now be displayed on the Oscilloscope screen. 1-47
12 Record below the RMS value and frequency of this voltage, as indicated on the Oscilloscope. RING GENERATOR RMS output voltage: V RING GENERATOR output voltage frequency: Hz * 24. On the host computer, set the RING GENERATOR output voltage to different values. After each new setting, observe the change in the RING GENERATOR output voltage on the Oscilloscope screen. Also, set the frequency of the RING GENERATOR output voltage to different values. After each new setting, observe the change in the frequency of the RING GENERATOR output voltage on the Oscilloscope screen. From your observations, can the level and frequency of the RING GENERATOR output voltage be programmed to comply with various local standards for ringing signals? Explain. * 25. On the host computer, close the Telephony Training System software. Turn off the TTS Power Supply, as well as the host computer (if it is no longer required). Disconnect the AC/DC power converters from the TTS Power Supply and the analog telephone sets. Disconnect the analog telephone sets from the Dual Analog Line Interface. Remove the Dual Analog Line Interface from the Reconfigurable Training Module. CONCLUSION In this exercise, you familiarized yourself with the generation of call progress tones and ringing signals. You learned that call progress tones are generated by tone generators in the service circuits of the signaling circuit. You learned that each call progress tone is digitized and time multiplexed by the CODEC and TSAC of the service circuit, and that it is routed to the telephone set of the subscriber who made the service request, via the switching circuit of the central office and the corresponding line interface. In fact, the path followed by the call progress tones is somewhat the inverse of the path followed by the analog DTMF dialing signals. You also saw that each call progress tone has its own frequency components and on/off 1-48
13 modulation intervals. Finally, you learned that the AC ringing signal used to make the telephone sets ring has a sinusoidal waveform and is produced by a ring generator located in the signaling circuit. You saw that, in the Telephony Training System, the RING GENERATOR output voltage level and frequency can be programmed to meet the requirements of local telephone standards. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the purpose of the call progress tones generated by the tone generators in the service circuits of the signaling circuit? 2. In North America and European countries that follow North American practices, under which condition will a special information tone (SIT) be sent to the subscriber? 3. Compare the path followed by the call progress tones produced by a service circuit to reach a telephone set with the path followed by the DTMF dialing signals coming from this telephone set to reach the service circuit. 4. Briefly describe what in-band signaling is. 5. What is the function of the ring generator in the signaling circuit? To which device of the line interfaces is the ring generator output intended to be connected? 1-49
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