Channel Alternation and Rotation in Narrow Beam Trisector Cellular Systems
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1 Channel Alternaton and Rotaton n Narrow Beam Trsector Cellular Systems Vncent A. Nguyen, Peng-Jun Wan, Ophr Freder Illnos Insttute of Technology-Communcaton Laboratory Research Computer Scence Department-Chcago, Illnos Emal: vnguyen@t.edu, wan@cs.t.edu, ophr@r.t.edu ABSTRACT Two 6 Narrow-Beam Trsector Cell (NBTC) frequency reuse plans, x(3+) and 2x(3+), that employ Channel Alternaton and Rotaton (CAR) scheme are presented. In CAR, each cell type s allocated one extra channel set that allows network desgner to rotate and alternate channels accordng to nearest front lobe nterference avodant strategy to enhance co-channel nterference rato (C/I) and allow deployment of tghter and non-nteger reuse factors thus ncrease system capacty. For a typcal cellular system that requres C/I of 4 db, 2x(3+) reuse plan ncreases system capacty by 2.5% over current frequency reuse plans. For system that requres 9 db or less, x(3+) reuse plan stll provdes at least one sector separaton nterval between co-channel sectors and mobles that, f employed, can ncrease system capacty up to 25%. CAR s smple and can be deployed n current trsector cellular systems wthout any modfcaton to the base staton (BS) equpment thus mposng no addtonal cost.. INTRODUCTION In cellular systems, the entre rado bandwdth s parttoned nto frequency channels, allocated, and reused n every group of N adjacent cells called reuse cluster. To provde suffcent co-channel nterference protecton system-wde, frequency channels must be reused at regular equdstant separaton ntervals called reuse dstance. Thus, N s generally restrcted wthn a dscrete set of rhombc values, e.g. 3, 4, 7. Tght frequency reuse or small N ncreases frequency reuse effcency, whch drectly determnes the system capacty. However, t decreases C/I, whch affects Qualty Of Servce (QOS) snce co-channel cells are located much closer together. Conversely, whle the cell sze s kept constant, large N or long reuse dstance nterval mproves C/I and QOS, however, reduces frequency reuse effcency. Due to the fast growng demand n moble servces and scarce rado spectrum, cellular network desgner must strve to acheve tghtest possble frequency reuse whlst mantan adequate nterference protecton. Two 6 Narrow-Beam Trsector Cell (NBTC) frequency reuse plans, x(3+) and 2x(3+), that employ CAR scheme are presented. For a typcal cellular system that requres C/I of 4 db, 2x(3+) reuse plan ncreases system capacty by 2.5% over the current NBTC and Interleaved NBTC (INBTC) 3x3 reuse plans. For systems that requres 9 db or less, x(3+) reuse plan s the tghtest trsector reuse plan that stll mantans at least one sector separaton nterval between co-channel cells that, f employed, can ncrease system capacty up to 25% over conventonal counterparts and 5% over the tghtest avalable INBTC 2x3 reuse plan. The remander of ths paper s organzed as follows: Secton II descrbes 6 drectonal antenna and current NBTC frequency reuse plans. In secton III, we dscuss channel assgnments and algorthms used n 2x(3+) and x(3+) reuse plans. In secton IV, we analyze the performance of the proposed plans and compare wth conventonal counterparts based on system capacty and worst C/I. Fnally, secton V concludes ths paper. 2. NARROW BEAM TRI-SECTOR CELLULAR SYSTEMS Unlke OMNI-drectonal antenna where energy power radates equally n all drectons, sectorzed cellular systems use drectonal antenna that concentrates energy power n the bore sght drecton (at ). Ths translates nto power gan, whch s expressed relatve to sotropc gan shown n Fg..a, where antenna pattern s assocated wth a man beam, two sde lobes, and a back lobe. Commonly drectonal antenna s determned by ts beam wdth spannng wthn +θ and - θ, where power voltage has reduced to about one half or -3 db of ts maxmal strength as llustrated n Fg..b. Fg. 2 depcts an actual 6 antenna s radaton pattern obtaned from [8]. Wth respect to the bore sght, the spannng regon wthn 3 and 33 defnes the 3 db antenna beam wdth, also commonly called the front lobe. Based on the receved sgnal strength at the cell boundary, we generally consder nterference from the drectons between 6 to 9 and 3 to 27 as sde lobe nterferences, and from 9 and 27, where voltage has dropped below % of ts maxmal strength, to 8 as back lobe nterference. Ths antenna radaton pattern wll be used to compute C/I n ths paper. Currently most cellular systems employ three to 2 drectonal antennae at each base staton (BS) [4,5]. In conventonal channel assgnment, 3 dsjoned channel sets are allocated to each cell type, assgned, and repeated unformly to mantan equdstant separaton ntervals among co-channels system-wde. Ths drectonal reuse scheme s generally called Nx3 reuse plan. Due to dscrete reuse cluster szes and unformed channel assgnments, conventonal trsectored cellular system has not taken full advantage of antenna drectvtes to maxmze frequency reuse effcency.
2 Fgure : a) Antenna drectvty and gan NBTC Cellular/PCS System utlzng three 6 drectonal antennae arranged n clover-leaf cell structure shown n Fg. 5b has also been deployed n second generaton cellular systems [4,5,6]. To dfferentate the two tr-sectored cellular systems, 2 drectonal system has been called Wde-Beam Trsector Cell (WBTC) [6]. In comparson wth WBTC system, NBTC has shown mprovement n coverage and C/I snce 6 antennas contour matches closely to the hypothetcal hexagonal coverage area. Fg. 3 depcts conventonal NBTC 3x3 reuse plan n whch 3 cells, A, B, and C, form a reuse cluster and each channel s assgned once n that partcular cluster. Thus, 9 channel sets are allocated to the cluster and reused unformly n adjacent clusters to provde equdstant separaton ntervals system-wde. Worst nterference scenaro s also llustrated, that s when moble staton (MS) s at the frnge of ts servng sector, e.g. sector 3, from whch front lobe nterferers from cochannel sectors are represented n dotted lnes and sde lobe co-channel nterferers are n dashed lnes. Back lobe nterferences are neglgble and neglected. Group-reuse channel assgnment scheme based on NTBC archtecture was proposed n [5]. In ths scheme, all channel sets are nterleaved, grouped nto 3 groups, and each group s assgned to sectors that pont n a partcular drecton. Typcal group-reuse plan for N=4 s shown n Fg. 4. In ths plan, the 3 groups of channels, {,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8}, and {9,,,2}, are assgned n pars, e.g. {,3} and {2,4}, to sectors n adjacent cells that pont n a partcular drecton and repeated par-wse n adjacent cells wth respect to cochannel reuse dstance. Ths channel assgnment scheme creates a 6-cell repeat pattern. Wthn whch, each channel set s repeated 4 tmes, thus N s also the reuse factor, N=4. Results presented n [5] ndcates that group-reuse plans N=4 yelds C/I about 7. db and N=6 provdes 8.6 db nterference protecton. However, due to par-wse channel assgnment, group reuse scheme lmts N wthn clusters of 4 and 6 cells. Yet, t too stll has not taken full advantage of antenna drectvtes to maxmze frequency reuse effcency. Fgure : b) 3 db beam wdth Fgure 2: 6 degrees antenna s radaton pattern Another archtecture called Interleaved NBTC (INBTC) was proposed n [3]. INBTC employs cell structure that antennae pont n 6 dfferent drectons nstead of 3 dfferent drectons as shown n Fg. 5. INBTC also employs Interleaved Channel Assgnment (ICA) scheme that uses N channel sets as common channel sets. The remanng Nx2 non-nterleavng channel sets are assgned n pars to each cell type and rotated n adjacent co-channel cell to avod front lobe nterference. INBTC further mproves C/I, thus allows deployment of smaller reuse cluster to enhance frequency reuse effcency. However, snce mplementaton s lmted wthn INBTC archtecture, modfyng exstng NBTC cell structure and relocatng cell stes wll carry sgnfcant cost. Fg. 6 depcts an INBTC 3x3 reuse plan, n whch each channel par, namely {,2}, {3,4}, and {5,6}, are assgned to a partcular cell type, and rotated n each adjacent co-channel cell on the same row. The other channel sets, {7,8,9}, are nterleaved, used as common channel sets, and assgned sequentally to sectors that pont drectly toward the co-channel cells on the same
3 Fgure 4: 4x3 group reuse plan and worst nterference scenaro Fgure 3: Conventonal NBTC 3x3 reuse plan and worst nterference scenaro row, and to sectors n adjacent cells that pont n the opposte drecton, shown n underlned. Due to channel rotaton and nterleavng assgnment, the repeat pattern has expanded to 36 cells; however, snce Nx3 channel sets are used and each channel set s repeated equally n the repeat pattern, the reuse factor remans equal N. Worst nterference scenaro s also llustrated, where MS s located at the edge and served by sector. 3. CHANNEL ALTERNATION AND ROTATION 3. Introducton In current tr-sectored cellular systems, each cell type has 3 dsjoned channel sets unformly assgned throughout the system. Ths results n N*3 channel sets system-wde and each channel s used once n a reuse cluster of N cells or equally n the reuse pattern; thus N s also the reuse factor. In CAR, each cell type s allocated one or more extra channel sets used for channel alternaton that results n 3+ x channel sets per cell type and N ( 3 + x) sets system-wde. Thus, CAR scheme can be generalzed and labeled N ( k + x), where k s the number of sectors n a cell and x s the number of alternate channel sets. The extra channel sets, called alternate channels, allow cellular network desgner to coordnate channel assgnment wth antenna drectvtes by rotatng and alternatng channels when strong front lobe nterference from nearest co-channel s present to enhance C/I and allow deployment of smaller N, thus ncrease frequency reuse effcency. CAR can be deployed n any cell structure wthout any modfcaton to BS equpment, thus t carres no extra cost x(3+) Reuse Plan In ths reuse plan, we employ 2-cell reuse cluster and allocate one alternate channel set to each cell type. a) INBTC b) NBTC Fg. 5. Antenna drectons shown as functons of degrees Fgure 6: INBTC 3x3 reuse plan and worst nterference scenaro
4 Fgure 8. CAR x(3+) reuse plan usng NBTC structure Fgure 7: CAR 2x(3+) reuse plan usng INBTC structure Thus, there are 2 cell types, namely A and B, and each cell type has 3+ = 4 channel sets, that results n 8 channel sets system-wde whch are allocated as follows: A={,3,5,7}, and B={2,3,6,8}. Based on CAR, we assgn channels as follows:. Label a rectangular tle comprsng Nx4 adjacent cells as shown n Fg From the 4 channel sets allocated to each partcular cell type, label 2 channels Alternatng Par (AP) and the other 2 channels Rotatng Par (RP). 3. Determne the drect front lobe nterferng sector (sector that ponts drectly toward ts adjacent cochannel cell). Assgn an AP channel to that sector. Assgn RP channels to the two remanng sectors. 4. Move to the next column-adjacent co-channel cell, rotate RP channels and alternate AP channel. 5. Reverse RP and AP channels. Thus, AP channels become RP channels and vce versa. 6. Move to the next co-channel row, Assgn an AP channel and RP channels to the frst cell on the row avodng strong front lobe nterference to and from nearest co-channel cells. 7. Move to the next column-adjacent co-channel cell, rotate RP channels and alternate AP channel. 8. Repeat from step 2 for type B cell. 9. Replcate the tle for system-wde mplementaton. Applng the algorthm descrbed above on INBTC system, we obtan 2x(3+) reuse plan depcted Fg. 7. Snce each cell s assgned only 3 out of 4 allocated 4 channel sets, there are ( 3 ) =4 unque patterns per cell type. Type A cell conssts of patterns A ={,3,5}, A 2 ={3,5,7}, A 3 ={,5,7}, and A 4 ={,3,7}, and type B cell conssts of patterns B ={2,4,6}, B 2 ={4,6,8}, B 3 ={2,6,8}, and B 4 ={2,4,8}. The repeatng pattern for 2x(3+) reuse plan consstng of 8 cells s shown n Fg. 7. In the frst row, RP channels 3 and 5 n cell A radate toward A 2 ; however, snce channels 3 and 5 n A 2 have been rotated, nterference s sgnfcantly reduced, as they become sde lobe nterferers. AP channel 7 n cell A 2 ponts drectly toward A, however only AP channel s used n A, nearest front lobe nterference s avoded. In adjacent co-channel row, AP channels become RP channels and vce versa, thus channels 3 and 5 become AP channels and and 7 become RP channels, whch are then assgned avodng drect and nearest front lobe nterference. Hence, n A 3, channel s assgned to the sector pontng toward A 2, whch does not contan channel. Also channel n cell A ponts n a dfferent drecton, thus nterference s mnmzed. These channels are then systematcally rotated and alternated n subsequent co-channel cell. Thus, the mpact of nearest front lobe nterference s avoded. 3.3 x(3+) Reuse Plan In x(3+) reuse plan, there s only one cell type; thus 4 channel sets are allocated system-wde, namely {,2,3,4}. Applng prevously descrbed CAR algorthm on a 4-cell tle, snce x(3+)=4, we obtan repeat pattern comprsng A ={,2,3}, A 2 ={4,3,2}, A 3 ={2,,4}, and A 4 ={3,4,} depcted n Fg. 8. Smlar to 2x(3+), on the frst row, RP channels 2 and 3 n cell A radate toward A 2 ; however, snce they have been rotated, nterference s sgnfcantly reduced. AP channel 4 n cell A 2 ponts drectly toward A, but only AP channel s used n A, nearest front lobe nterference s avoded. On adjacent row, channels and 4 become RP channels and 2 and 3 become AP channels, whch are assgned to each sector wth respect to nearest front lobe nterference avodant strategy. Thus from A 3, channel ponts to A 2, whch does not contan channel and channel n A s on ts sde lobe, hence avodng nearest front lobe nterference. These channels are then systematcally rotated and alternated n subsequent column-adjacent co-channel cell. On the other hand, all adjacent sectors that pont drectly to A 3 are assgned channel 3, whch s not beng used n the observed cell, therefore nearest front lobe nterference s avoded. The nearest co-channels are thus comng from second ter co-channel stes at reuse dstance R. Hence, at least one sector separaton between cochannel mobles s mantaned.
5 Fgure 9. Separaton ntervals n NBTC 2x3 reuse plan 4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 4. Reuse Separaton Intervals In order to provde at least one sector separaton nterval among moble users between co-channel sectors, n tr-sectored cellular systems requre reuse cluster N=3. At N=2, the separaton nterval between co-stes s d s =. 5R, however, n worse case, the separaton nterval from moble to the nearest cochannel ste s reduced to d = R. Ths correlaton ms 2 s llustrated n Fg. 9. Moble user (MS) communcates wth cell A 2 usng channel from dstance d ms = R at ts maxmal power wth respect to the cell sze, whle ts nearest co-channel A s located at only dstance = R. Wth the same dstance, MS2 d ms 2 also communcates wth cell A on channel, at normal antenna gan less than % of ts maxmal strength. Therefore, MS would cause sgnfcant nterference to A and MS2. Furthermore, at dstance d = R, back ms 2 lobe nterference on the down lnk drecton from cell A to MS s stll sgnfcant. Thus, reuse cluster N=2 s not practcal n conventonal channel assgnment. At N=, the proposed x(3+) reuse plan stll mantans a mnmum separaton nterval d s =. 5R between co-channel sectors. In worst case, when MS s at dstance 3 ms 2 d = R from ts servng cell A 3, CAR x(3+) stll provdes a separaton nterval d m = R to MS2 n the nearest co-channel sector and a comparable dstance to the nearest co-channel cell A, whle the dstance from MS2 to ts servng A s only at dstance = R. Fg. llustrates these correlatons. On d ms 2 ths note, we observe that CAR x(3+) s tghtest possble reuse plan proposed that stll allows at least sector separaton between mobles n any two cochannel sectors whle current system requres N=3 and INBTC requres at least N=2, yet, t s only applcable to specfc archtecture. Fgure. Separaton ntervals n CAR x(3+) reuse plan Nx3 channel sets are used and each channel s assgned once or equally n the repeat pattern, thus N s also the reuse factor. In CAR 2x(3+) and x(3+), each cell type has 4 channel sets and each channel set s reused 3 tmes n repeatng patterns of 4N cells. Thus, the reuse factor for CAR reuse plan can be generalzed as: s N = () j * k where s s the number of sectors n the repeatng pattern, j s the number of tmes each channel set s reused, and k s the number of sectors n a cell. Applyng (), we obtan reuse factors 2.66 and.33 for 2x(3+) and x(3+) reuse plans, respectvely. 4.3 C/I and Channel Capacty To analyze the performance of the proposed reuse plans, we assume that cell szes are equal and transmt at the same power. We neglect shadow fadng factor and consder only downlnk drecton (BS to moble) snce t s the performance lmtng drecton [3][5]. Thus, worst C/I for users located at the frnge of a servng cell s expressed as, C G( θ = ) D λ log n (2) I G( θ ) λ D = where subscrpt refers to the user servces. Thus, wth respect to the cell radus, s the dstance from MS to the servng BS, and th s the dstance from MS to co-channel BS; n represents the number of cochannel nterferers, λ s the path loss exponent set to 4. G ( θ ) and G(θ ) are antenna gans of MS from the th servng BS and co-channel BS at angle θ from the bore-sght, respectvely, and expressed n decbels as, D G( θ ) D db G( θ ) = (3) 4.2 Reuse Factor In current tr-sectorzed channel assgnment schemes,
6 Fgure : Moble at worst nterference locatons (A,B,C,D,E) n 2x(3+) reuse plan Applyng (2), (3), and 6 GSM antenna s radaton pattern obtaned from [8] and depcted n Fg. 2, we calculate C/I for all worst nterference scenaros n 2x(3+) and x(3+) depcted n Fg. and 2, respectvely, where moble locatons are shown n bolded square dots and denoted A to E. Worst C/I n each reuse plan s llustrated n Table and 2, whle Table 3 and 4 summarze worst C/I of all locatons, wthn whch F s the functon of degrees ndcatng antenna drectons. Observe that n 2x(3+), we employ INBTC archtecture, thus there are 6 man drectons, namely sectors F3, F9, F5, F2, F27, and F33, whle n x(3+) we use NBTC structure, wthn whch, the 3 man beam drectons are F3, F5, and F27. In 2x(3+), we observe that worst nterference locatons occur n sectors F9 and F27. Fg. represents one of the two worse sectors. Among the worst locatons at the cell boundary labeled A E n sector F27 (channel 3), user A and E are provded wth 4.4 db protecton level, whch s slghtly above the threshold requred n TDMA systems such as IS- 36. At the same locatons, user A also receves sgnals from sectors F5 (channel ) and F33 (channel 8), whle user E receves sgnals from sectors F3 (channel 7) and F2 (channel 6), whch provde 2.9, 23., 2.5, and 2 db, respectvely. Summary provded n Table III shows C/I and avalable sgnals of the remanng user locatons. Note that all sectors, except F27 and F9, provde C/I at and above 2 db, thus to mprove QOS n those worst sectors, network desgner can easly control power, e.g. down-tltng antennae n other sectors, to mnmze ther nterferences and acheve hgher QOS f desred. To provde 4 db C/I margn, WBTC 4x3 reuse plan requres 2 channel sets and INBTC and NBTC 3x3 reuse plans requre 9 channel sets, whch typcally provde 5.7 db, 6.9 db, and 8.8 db, respectvely. CAR 2x(3+) only uses 8 channel sets, thus channel Fgure 2: Moble at worst nterference locatons (A,B,C,D,E) n x(3+) reuse plan Co-Channel Ste Table Worst C/I n 2x(3+) reuse plan D θ G( θ ) db ( ) G ( θ ) D λ C E- C E-2 C E-3 C E-3 C E-3 C E-3 C/I 4.4 db Co-Channel Ste Table 2 Worst C/I n x(3+) reuse plan D θ G( θ ) db ( ) G ( θ ) D λ C -.E+ C E-5 C E-3 C E-4 C E-3 C E-4 C E-3 C E-5 C E-2 C E-2 C/I 7.7 db capacty s ncreased by 5% over WBTC 4x3 reuse plan and 2.5% over INBTC and NBTC 3x3 reuse plans. These comparsons are summarzed n Table 4. Table 5 shows worst C/I and sgnal avalablty n x(3+) reuse plan. Shown n Fg. 2, user C (n sector 4) experences the worst nterference, manly due to strong front lobe nterference from co-channels C 8 and C 9. At ths locaton, x(3+) reuse plan only provdes C/I at 7.7 db, whch s below the 9 db acceptable threshold n GSM system. However, user C also receves two QOS sgnals comng from sectors F3
7 Table 3 Worst C/I n 2x(3+) reuse plan User Sgnal avalablty and antenna drectons shown as functons of degrees F3 F9 F5 F2 F27 F33 A B C D E Table 4 Worst C/I n x(3+) reuse plan User Sgnal avalablty and antenna drectons shown as functons of degrees F3 F5 F27 A B C D E Table 5 Channel capacty based on 4 db requrement Reuse Plan Reuse Capacty Increment Factor Per Sector WBTC 4x % NBTC 3x3 3.% 33.33% INBTC 3x3 3.% 33.33% CAR 2x(3+) % 5.% Table 6 Channel capacty based on 9 db requrement Reuse Plan Reuse Capacty Increment Factor Per Sector WBTC 3x3 3.% NBTC 3x3 3.% INBTC 2x % 5.% CAR x(3+) % 25.% (channel 2) and F5 (channel 3) that provde C/I of 3 db from whch user C can use to transmt, f C/I-based ste dversty s mplemented. The remanng locatons are above 9 db requrements and shown n Table V. Due to tght frequency reuse, for envronments wth sgnfcant varatons such as unequal cell szes and shadow fadng, advance nterference suppresson technques such as antenna beam formng, frequency hoppng, and flterng are requred to mprove QOS. Yet, for 9 db requrement or less, x(3+) reuse plan s a vable soluton to enhance channel capacty, that f employed, can ncrease channel capacty by 25% over WBTC and NBTC 3x3 reuse plans and 5% over INBTC 2x3 reuse plan. 5. CONCLUSION In ths paper, we present two hgh capacty, tght frequency reuse plans namely CAR 2x(3+) and x(3+) that mprove channel capacty n tr-sectored cellular systems employng NBTC and INBTC structures. CAR provdes wreless network desgner the flexblty to alternate and rotate channels to avod front lobe nterference. It allows deployment of smaller and non-nteger reuse factors based on C/I requrements. In the proposed scheme, we acheve reuse factors N=.33 and N=2.66. At N=2.66 and based on 4 db requrement, 2x(3+) reuse plan ncreases channel capacty by 5% over WBTC system, and 2.5% over NBTC and INBTC systems. Two-cell reuse cluster s not practcal n tradtonal NBTC nsuffcent reuse separaton. INBTC 2x3 provdes a possble soluton for mprovng frequency reuse, however, t s restrcted wthn partcular cell structure. CAR x(3+), wth only -cell reuse, stll provdes at least one sector separaton between co-channel mobles and.5r between cochannel sectors. Wth advance technques n flterng, antenna engneerng, e.g. mult-beam or smart antenna and among others that can further reduce co-channel nterference, x(3+) s a vable soluton for mprovng channel capacty n future wreless system. CAR s smple and can be deployed n any trsectored cellular systems wthout modfcaton to BS equpment. Thus, t truly does not mpose any addtonal cost. REFERENCES [] V. A. Nguyen, P. Wan, and O. Freder, Channel alternaton and rotaton for tr-sectored drectonal antenna cellular systems, IEEE Vehcular Technology Conference, vol. 54, no., pp , Oct. 2. [2] V. A. Nguyen, P. Wan, and O. Freder, A modfed drectonal frequency reuse plan based on channel alternaton and rotaton, MILCOM 2, Oct. 2. [3] L.-C. Wang, A new cellular archtecture based on an nterleaved cluster concept, IEEE Transactons on Vehcular Technology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp , Nov [4] H. Tawfk, Frequency plannng consderatons for dgtal cellular systems. IEEE Vehcular Technology Conference, vol. 4, pp. 2 26, 99. [5] S. Faruque, Drectonal frequency reuse for cellular communcatons, IEEE Personal Wreless Communcatons, pp , 997. [6] L.-C. Wang, C. K. Chawla, and L. J. Greensten, Performance studes of narrow-beam trsector cellular systems, IEEE Vehcular Technology Conference, vol. 2, pp , 998. [7] J. Xang, A Novel two ste frequency reuse plan, IEEE Vehcular Technology Conference, pp , 996. [8] Andrew Corp., [9] C. C. Lee, R. Steele, Sgnal-to-nterference calculatons for modern TDMA cellular communcaton systems, IEE Proc. Commun., Vol. 42, No., pp. 2-26, Feb [] I. Katzela, M. Naghshneh, Channel assgnment schemes for cellular moble telecommuncaton systems: a comprehensve survey, IEEE Personal Communcatons, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3, June 996.
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